William Henry Harrison
William Henry Harrison (9 ga Fabrairu, shekara ta 1773 - 4 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1841) hafsan sojan Amurka ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Amurka na tara na kwanaki 31 a cikin shekarar 1841, ya zama shugaban ƙasa na farko da ya mutu a ofis kuma mafi gajarta aiki Shugaban Amurka a cikin tarihi.Mutuwarsa ta haifar da taƙaitaccen rikicin tsarin mulki game da maye gurbin shugaban, kamar yadda a lokacin tsarin mulki bai yi hakan babayyana karara abin da ya kamata a yi idan rasuwar shugaban kasar.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Harrison a lardin Charles City, na Virginia. Ya kasance ɗa ne ga Mahaifin da ya kafa Benjamin Harrison V kuma kakanin uba ga Benjamin Harrison, shugaban 23rd na Amurka. Harrison shine shugaban ƙasa na ƙarshe da aka haifa azaman baturen Ingila a cikin Goma Sha Uku. A lokacin da yake aikin soja na farko, ya halarci Yaƙin Fallen Timbers na 1794, nasarar sojojin Amurka wanda ya kawo ƙarshen Yaƙin Indiyawan Arewa maso Yamma. Daga baya, ya jagoranci rundunar sojan yaƙi da haɗin gwiwar Tecumseh a Yaƙin Tippecanoe a 1811,inda ya sami laƙabin "Old Tippecanoe". An yi masa karin girma zuwa babban janar a rundunar soji a yakin 1812, sannan a 1813 ya jagoranci sojojin Amurka da mahayan dawakai a yakin Thames a Upper Canada.
Berkeley Shuka (mahaifar Harrison) a cikin Charles City County, Virginia Harrison shine na bakwai kuma ƙarami ɗan Benjamin Benjamin Harrison V da Elizabeth (Bassett) Harrison, an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu, 1773 a Berkeley Plantation, gidan dangin Harrison tare da Kogin James a Charles City County, Virginia. Ya kasance memba ne na shahararren dan siyasan da ke da asalin Ingilishi wanda kakanninsa suka kasance a Virginia tun daga 1630s kuma shugaban Amurka na karshe da ba a haife shi ba a matsayin ɗan Amurka. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai tsire-tsire na Budurwa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin wakili ga Majalisar inasashen Duniya (1774–1777) kuma wanda ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar Samun 'Yanci. Mahaifinsa ya kuma yi aiki a majalisar dokokin Virginia kuma a matsayin gwamna na biyar na Virginia (1781-1784) a cikin shekarun lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. Babban yayan Harrison Carter Bassett Harrison ya wakilci Virginia a Majalisar Wakilai (1793-1799).
Siyasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harrison ya fara aikin siyasa ne lokacin da ya yi murabus daga aikin soja a ranar 1 ga watan Yuni, 1798 kuma ya yi kamfen tsakanin abokai da danginsa don samun mukami a cikin yankin Arewa Maso Yammaci. Babban amininsa Timothy Pickering yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati, kuma ya taimaka masa ya sami shawarar maye gurbin Winthrop Sargent, sakataren yanki mai barin gado. Shugaba John Adams ya nada Harrison a matsayin a watan Yulin 1798. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai rikon mukamin gwamna a lokacin rashin halartar Gwamna Arthur St. Clair.
Ya shiga harkokin siyasa ne a shekarar 1798, lokacin da aka nada shi sakataren yankin arewa maso yamma, sannan a shekarar 1799 aka zabe shi a matsayin wakilin yankin a majalisar wakilai. Biyushekaru bayan haka, ya zama gwamnan sabuwar kafa yankin Indiana, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa 1812. Bayan Yaƙin 1812, ya koma Ohio inda aka zaɓe shi ya wakilci gundumar ta 1 ta jihar a Gidan a 1816. A 1824, ya an zabe shi zuwa Majalisar Dattawan Amurka; wa’adin nasa ya yanke ta hanyar nada shi a matsayin Minista Plenipotentiary ga Gran Colombia a watan Mayu 1828. Bayan haka, ya koma rayuwa ta kashin kai a North Bend, Ohio har sai da aka tsayar da shi a matsayin dan takarar Jam’iyyar Whig na shugaban kasa a zaben 1836; ya kayar da mataimakin shugaban Democrat Martin Van Buren. Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, jam'iyyar ta sake zaɓe shi tare da John Tyler a matsayin abokin takararsa, kuma taken yakin neman na Whig shi ne "Tippecanoe da Tyler Too". Sun kayar da Van Buren a zaben shugaban kasar Amurka na 1840, wanda hakan yasa Harrison ya zama Whig na farko da ya ci shugabancin kasar.
Shugabancin Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yana dan shekara 68 a lokacin da aka rantsar da shi, Harrison shi ne mutum mafi tsufa da ya hau kujerar shugabancin Amurka, wani bambanci da ya rike har zuwa 1981, lokacin da aka rantsar da Ronald Reagan yana da shekara 69.Saboda gajeren lokacinsa, malamai da masana tarihi sukan manta da sanya shi a cikin tarihin shugaban kasa. Koyaya, masanin tarihi William W. Freehling ya kira shi "mafi yawan mutane a cikin sauyin yankuna arewa maso yamma zuwa Upper Midwest a yau.
| William Henry Harrison | |
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Aikin Soja
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Farkon aikin soja
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 16 ga Agusta, 1791, an ba Harrison izini a matsayin bawan soja a cikin runduna ta 1 a cikin awanni 24 da ganawa da Lee. Yana da shekaru 18 a lokacin. Da farko an tura shi Fort Washington, Cincinnati a yankin Arewa maso Yamma inda sojojin ke cikin yakin Indiyawan Arewa maso Yamma da ke gudana.
Matsayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harrison ya sami matsayi zuwa Laftana bayan Manjo Janar "Mad Anthony" Wayne ya karbi jagorancin runduna ta yamma a cikin 1792 biyo bayan mummunan kayen da ya sha karkashin Arthur St. Clair. A cikin 1793, ya zama mai taimaka wa Wayne kuma ya koyi yadda ake ba da umarni ga sojoji a kan iyakar Amurka; ya halarci nasarar da Wayne ya yanke a yakin Fallen Timbers a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 1794, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin Indiyawan Arewa maso Yamma.Harrison ya kasance mai sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Greenville (1795) a matsayin sheda ga Wayne, babban mai shiga tsakani na Amurka A karkashin yarjejeniyar, kawancen Indiyawa sun ba da wani yanki na filayensu ga gwamnatin tarayya, inda suka bude kashi biyu bisa uku na Ohio don sasantawa.
Murabus
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harrison ya samu daukaka zuwa Captain a watan Mayu 1797 kuma ya yi murabus daga aikin Soja a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1798.
Aure da iyali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harrison ta hadu da Anna Tuthill Symmes na North Bend, Ohio a shekarar 1795 lokacin da yake da shekaru 22. Ta kasance 'yar Anna Tuthill da Alkali John Cleves Symmes, wadanda suka yi aiki a matsayin kanar a yakin Juyin Juya Hali kuma wakiliyar Majalisar Tarayyar. 9 Harrison ya nemi alƙali ya ba shi izinin auren Anna amma aka ƙi, don haka ma'auratan suka jira har sai Symmes ya tafi kan kasuwanci. Daga nan suka yi tsalle suka yi aure a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1795 a gidan Arewa Bend na Dr. Stephen Wood, ma'aji na yankin Arewa maso Yamma. Sun yi balaguro a Fort Washington, tunda Harrison har yanzu yana kan aikin soja. Alkali Symmes ya fuskance shi makonni biyu bayan haka a wani abincin dare na ban kwana ga Janar Wayne, yana mai tsananin bukatar sanin yadda yake niyyar tallafawa dangi. Harrison ya amsa, "da takobina, da hannuna na dama, yallabai."Harrison ya yi nasara a kan surukinsa, wanda daga baya ya sayar da filin Harrisons mai girman kadada 160 (65 ha) na Arewacin Bend, wanda ya ba Harrison damar gina gida da fara gona.
Harrisons suna da yara goma: Elizabeth Bassett (1796-1846), John Cleves Symmes (1798-1830), Lucy Singleton (1800-1826), William Henry (1802-1838), John Scott (1804-1878) mahaifin Amurka mai zuwa. shugaban kasa Benjamin Harrison, Biliyaminu (1806-1840), Mary Symmes (1809-1842), Carter Bassett (1811-1839), Anna Tuthill (1813-1865), James Findlay (1814-1817). Anna ta kasance cikin rashin lafiya a lokacin aure, musamman saboda yawan cikin da take da shi, amma duk da haka ta wuce William da shekaru 23, tana mutuwa 25 ga Fabrairu, 1864 a 88.
Bayan fage
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Farfesa Kenneth R. Janken ya yi ikirarin, a cikin tarihinsa na Walter Francis White, cewa Harrison ta haifi ’ya’ya shida daga wata ba-Amurke Ba-Amurkiyar da aka bautar da ita mai suna Dilsia. Tabbacin ba shi da takardu kuma ya dogara ne da tarihin dangin White na baka. Labarin ba shi da tabbas, ganin yadda Harrison ke ci gaba da zama a galibin wuraren da ba a bautar da bayi daga shekara goma sha bakwai.
Bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarsa a 1793, Harrison ya gaji wani yanki na dukiyar gidansa ta Virginia, gami da kusan kadada 3,000 (12 km2) na ƙasar da bayi da yawa. Ya kasance yana aikin soja a lokacin kuma ya sayar da dan uwansa ga dan uwansa
Majalisar Amurka
Harrison yana da abokai da yawa a cikin masarautar gabas kuma da sauri ya sami suna a tsakanin su a matsayin shugaba mai iyaka. Ya gudanar da kasuwancin kiwo mai nasara wanda ya bashi yabo a duk yankin Arewa maso Yamma. Majalisa ta yi doka game da manufofin ƙasa wanda ke haifar da tsadar ƙasa, kuma wannan ya zama abin damuwa na farko ga mazauna a cikin Yankin; Harrison ya zama zakararsu don rage waɗancan farashin. Yawan Yankin Arewa Yamma sun kai adadin da za su iya samun wakilai a Majalisa a watan Oktoba 1799, kuma Harrison ya tsaya takara. Ya yi kamfen don karfafa ƙaura zuwa yankin, wanda hakan ya haifar da zama ƙasa. Harrison ya kayar da Arthur St. Clair Jr. da kuri’a daya don zama wakili na farko a majalisar yankin Arewa maso Yamma a shekarar 1798 yana da shekaru 26. Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ta shida daga 4 ga Maris, 1799 zuwa 14 ga Mayu, 1800. Ba shi da ikon jefa kuri'a kan kudirin doka, amma an ba shi izinin aiki a kwamiti, gabatar da dokoki, da kuma yin muhawara Ya zama shugaban Kwamitin kan Publicasar Jama'a kuma ya inganta Dokar Landasa ta 1800, wanda ya sauƙaƙa sayan filaye a Yankin Arewa maso Yamma a ƙananan yankuna a farashi mai sauƙi. An sanya farashin sayarwa don filayen jama'a a $ 2 a kowace kadada,] kuma wannan ya zama muhimmiyar gudummawa ga saurin ƙaruwar yawan jama'a a cikin Yankin. Harrison shima yayi aiki a kwamitin da ya yanke shawarar yada za'a raba Yankin zuwa kananan sassa, kuma sun bada shawarar a raba shi gida biyu. Bangaren gabas ya ci gaba da kasancewa da suna Arewa maso Yamma kuma ya ƙunshi Ohio da gabashin Michigan; bangaren yamma ya kasance yankin Indiana kuma ya kunshi Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, wani yanki na yammacin Michigan, da gabashin gabashin Minnesota. Sabbin yankuna biyu an kafa su bisa ƙa'ida a cikin 1800 biyo bayan wucewar 2 Ranar 13 ga Mayu, 1800, Shugaba John Adams ya nada Harrison a matsayin gwamnan Yankin Indiana, dangane da alaƙar sa da yamma da kuma alamun siyasa na tsaka tsaki. An kama Harrison ba tare da ya sani ba kuma ya yi jinkirin karbar mukamin har sai ya samu tabbaci daga Jeffersonians cewa ba za a cire shi daga mukamin ba bayan sun sami iko a zabuka masu zuwa. Majalisar Dattawa ta tabbatar da gwamnan sa kuma ya yi murabus daga majalisar ya zama gwamnan jihar Indiana na farko a cikin 1801.
Gwamnan yankin Indiana
Duba kuma: Tarihin bautar a cikin Indiana da Yankin Indiana Harrison ya fara aikinsa ne a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1801 a Vincennes, babban birnin Yankin Indiana. Shugabannin kasa Thomas Jefferson da James Madison dukkansu mambobi ne na Democratic-Republican Party, kuma sun sake nada shi gwamna a 1803, 1806, da 1809. Ya yi murabus a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1812 don ci gaba da aikin soja a lokacin YaƙinAn sanya Harrison ya jagoranci gwamnatin farar hula ta Gundumar Louisiana a cikin 1804, wani ɓangare na Yankin Louisiana wanda ya haɗa da ƙasa a arewacin 33rd. A watan Oktoba, gwamnatin farar hula ta fara aiki kuma Harrison ya kasance babban shugaban zartarwa na gundumar Louisiana. Ya gudanar da lamuran gundumar har tsawon makonni biyar har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa yankin na Louisiana a ranar 4 ga watan Yulin 1805, kuma Birgediya Janar James Wilkinson ya hau kujerar gwamna. An sanya Harrison ya jagoranci gwamnatin farar hula ta Gundumar Louisiana a cikin 1804, wani ɓangare na Yankin Louisiana wanda ya haɗa da ƙasa a arewacin 33rd. A watan Oktoba, gwamnatin farar hula ta fara aiki kuma Harrison ya kasance babban shugaban zartarwa na gundumar Louisiana. Ya gudanar da lamuran gundumar har tsawon makonni biyar har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa yankin na Louisiana a ranar 4 ga watan Yulin 1805, kuma Birgediya Janar James Wilkinson ya hau kujerar gwamna.
A cikin 1805, Harrison ya gina gida irin na shuka kusa da Vincennes wanda ya sa masa suna Grouseland, yana ishara ga tsuntsayen da ke cikin kadarar; gidan mai daki 13 na daya daga cikin tubali na farko a yankin, kuma ya kasance matattarar zamantakewar rayuwa da siyasa a yankin a lokacin da yake gwamna. Babban yankin yankin ya koma Corydon a 1813, kuma Harrison ya gina gida na biyu a kwarin Harrison dake kusa. Ya kafa Jami'ar Jefferson a Vincennes a cikin 1801 wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin Jami'ar Vincennes a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 1806.
Harrison yana da iko da dama a cikin sabon yankin, gami da ikon nada jami'ai na yanki da kuma raba yankin zuwa kananan gundumomin siyasa da kananan hukumomi. Daya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko shi ne samun mukami zuwa kasashen Indiya wanda zai ba da damar sasantawa a nan gaba da kuma kara yawan mutanen yankin, wanda hakan ya zama sharadin zama kasa. Ya kasance da sha'awar fadada yankin don dalilai na kashin kansa, haka kuma, saboda nasarorin siyasa suna da nasaba da kasancewar jihar Indiana. Shugaba Jefferson ya sake nada Harrison a matsayin gwamnan yankin Indiana a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1803, kuma ya ba shi ikon tattaunawa da kulla yarjejeniyoyi da Indiyawa.Tsakanin 1803 da 1809, ya kula da yarjejeniyoyi 11 tare da shugabannin Indiya waɗanda suka ba gwamnatin tarayya sama da kadada 60,000,000 (240,000 km2), gami da ɓangare na uku na Indiana da galibi na Illinois. Yarjejeniyar ta 1804 ta St. Louis tare da Quashquame ta bukaci kabilun Sauk da na Meskwaki su mika mafi yawan yammacin Illinois da wasu sassan Missouri ga gwamnatin tarayya. Da yawa daga cikin Sauk sunji haushin wannan yarjejeniya da asarar kasashe, musamman Black Hawk, kuma wannan shine babban dalilin da yasa suka goyi bayan Birtaniyya a lokacin Yaƙin 1812. Harrison yayi tunanin cewa Yarjejeniyar Grouseland (1805) ta sanyaya wasu daga cikin Indiyawa, amma tashin hankali ya kasance babba a kan iyakokin. Yarjejeniyar ta Fort Wayne (1809) ta kawo sabon tashin hankali lokacin da Harrison ya sayi kadada sama da miliyan 2.5 (10,000 km2) wanda Shawnee, Kickapoo, Wea, da Piankeshaw ke zaune; ya sayi filin daga ƙabilar Miami, waɗanda ke ikirarin mallaka. Ya hanzarta aiwatar da yarjejeniyar ta hanyar bayar da tallafi mai yawa ga kabilun da shugabanninsu don ya kasance yana aiki kafin Jefferson ya bar ofis kuma gwamnatin ta canza. Matsayin da ke nuna goyon baya ga bautar Harrison ya sanya shi ba shi da farin jini a wurin masu ba da fatawa game da bautar ta yankin Indiana, kamar yadda ya yi ƙoƙari da yawa don gabatar da bautar a cikin yankin. Bai yi nasara ba saboda yadda ƙungiyar ke ci gaba da adawa da bautar. A cikin 1803, ya nemi Majalisa da ta dakatar da Labari na VI na Dokar Arewa maso Yamma na tsawon shekaru 10, matakin da zai ba da izinin bautar a Yankin Indiana. A ƙarshen lokacin dakatarwar, 'yan ƙasa a cikin yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin dokar za su iya yanke shawara da kansu ko za su ba da izinin bautar. Harrison ya yi ikirarin cewa dakatarwar ta zama dole don karfafa sulhu kuma zai sa yankin ya ci gaba ta fuskar tattalin arziki, amma Majalisa ta yi watsi da ra'ayin.A cikin 1803 da 1805, Harrison da waɗanda aka nada alƙalai na ƙasa sun zartar da dokoki waɗanda ke ba da izinin bautar da ba da izini ga mashawarta don ƙayyade tsawon sabis ɗin. Yankin Yankin Illinois ya gudanar da zabubbukan manya da kananan majalisun dokoki a karo na farko a shekarar 1809. An zabi mambobin kananan hukumomi a baya, amma gwamnan yankin ya nada mambobi a gidan na sama. Harrison ya samu sabani da majalisar dokoki bayan da bangaren da ke adawa da bautar ya hau karagar mulki, kuma yankin gabashin yankin Indiana ya bunkasa ya hada da yawan masu kin bautar. [60] Babban taron Yankin ya yi taro a 1810, kuma sashinta na bautar da bayi ya soke dokokin shigar da doka da aka kafa a 1803 da 1805.Bayan 1809, ikon siyasa na Harrison ya ƙi yayin da majalisar dokokin yankin Indiana ta karɓi ƙarin iko kuma yankin ya ci gaba zuwa jihar. Zuwa 1812, ya koma can ya ci gaba da aikin soja. Jefferson shine marubucin farko na Dokar Arewa maso Yamma, kuma ya kulla yarjejeniya ta sirri tare da James Lemen don kayar da yunkurin bautar bayi da Harrison ya jagoranta. Duk da cewa shi kansa bawa ne. Jefferson ba ya son bautar ya fadada zuwa Yankin Arewa maso Yamma, saboda ya yi imanin cewa yakamata ma'aikata su ƙare. Ya ba da gudummawar dala 100 don ƙarfafa Lemen, wanda ya ba da waɗannan kuɗin ga wasu ayyuka masu kyau, sannan kuma daga baya ya ba da $ 20 don taimakawa kuɗin dasa cocin wanda daga baya ake kira Bethel Baptist Church. Lemen ya dasa coci-coci a Illinois da Indiana don dakatar da yunkurin bautar da bayi. A Indiana, dasa cocin yaki da bautar da mutane ya sanya ‘yan kasar sanya hannu kan wata takarda da shirya siyasa don kayar da kokarin Harrison na halatta bautar a yankin. Jefferson da Lemen sun taimaka sosai wajen fatattakar yunƙurin Harrison a cikin 1805 da 1807 na faɗaɗa bautar a cikin yankin.
Janar din soja Tecumseh da Tippecanoe
Yaƙin Tecumseh da Yaƙin Tippecanoe Resistanceungiyar gwagwarmaya ta Indiya ta ci gaba da haɓaka da fadada Amurka ta hanyar jagorancin Shawnee 'yan uwan Tecumseh da Tenskwatawa (Annabi) a cikin rikici wanda ya zama sananne da Yaƙin Tecumseh. Tenskwatawa ya gamsar da kabilun cewa Babban Ruhu zai kiyaye su kuma babu wata cutarwa da za ta same su idan suka tashi kan masu bautar. Ya karfafa juriya ta hanyar fadawa kabilun da su biya fararen yan kasuwa rabin abin da suke binsu kuma su yi watsi da duk hanyoyin turawan, gami da sutturar su, musk dinsu, musamman muskin.Hoton 1915 na Tecumseh, an yi imanin za a kwafin zane na 1808 A watan Agusta 1810, Tecumseh ya jagoranci jarumai 400 zuwa Kogin Wabash don ganawa da Harrison a Vincennes. Suna sanye da fenti na yaƙi, kuma ba zato ba tsammani da farko sun tsoratar da sojoji a Vincennes. An raka shugabannin kungiyar zuwa Grouseland, inda suka hadu da Harrison. Tecumseh ya dage kan cewa yarjejeniyar ta Wayne Wayne haramtacciya ce, yana mai cewa kabila daya ba za ta iya sayar da fili ba tare da amincewar sauran kabilun ba; ya nemi Harrison ya soke shi kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Amurkawa kada suyi yunƙurin sasanta ƙasashen da aka siyar a cikin yarjejeniyar. Tecumseh ya sanar da Harrison cewa ya yi barazanar kashe shugabannin da suka sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar idan har suka aiwatar da sharuddanta kuma cewa hadakansa na kabilu na bunkasa cikin sauri. Harrison ya ce Miamis sun mallaki ƙasar kuma suna iya siyar da ita idan sun ga dama. Ya yi watsi da iƙirarin Tecumseh na cewa duk Indiyawan sun zama ƙasa ɗaya. Ya ce kowace kabila na iya samun hurda da Amurka daban idan suka ga dama. Harrison yayi jayayya cewa Babban Ruhu zai sanya dukkan kabilun suyi magana da yare ɗaya idan zasu kasance al'umma ɗaya Tecumseh ya ƙaddamar da "musanyar magana", a cikin maganganun wani ɗan tarihi, amma Harrison ya kasa fahimtar yaren nasa. Wani abokin Shawnee na abokantaka da Harrison ya sanya bindigarsa daga gefe don fadakar da Harrison cewa jawabin Tecumseh na haifar da matsala, kuma wasu shaidu sun ruwaito cewa Tecumseh yana karfafa gwiwar mayaka su kashe Harrison. Da yawa daga cikinsu sun fara cire makamansu, wanda ke wakiltar wata babbar barazana ga Harrison da garin, wanda ke da yawan mutane 1,000 kawai. Harrison ya zare takobinsa, kuma jaruman Tecumseh sun ja da baya lokacin da jami'ai suka gabatar da bindigoginsu don kare shi. Cif Winamac ya kasance aboki da Harrison, kuma ya yi watsi da hujjojin Tecumseh kuma ya gaya wa mayaƙan cewa su dawo gida cikin kwanciyar hankali tunda sun zo cikin kwanciyar hankali. Kafin barinsa, Tecumseh ya sanar da Harrison cewa zai nemi kawance da Birtaniyya idan ba a warware yarjejeniyar ba. Bayan taron, Tecumseh yayi tafiya don ganawa da yawancin kabilun yankin, da fatan samar da hadaddiyar kungiya don yakar Amurka
Tecumseh yana tafiya a cikin 1811 lokacin da Sakataren War William Eustis ya ba Harrison izinin yin zanga-zangar adawa da ƙungiyar a matsayin nuna ƙarfi. Ya jagoranci sojoji a arewa tare da mutane 950 don tsoratar da Shawnee don yin sulhu, amma kabilun sun kai harin bazata a farkon Nuwamba 7 a Yakin Tippecanoe. Harrison ya kayar da sojojin kabilanci a filin Annabawa kusa da Kogin Wabash da Tippecanoe, kuma an yaba shi a matsayin gwarzo na ƙasa kuma yaƙin ya zama sananne. Kodayake sojojinsa sun sha wahala 62 sun mutu kuma 126 sun ji rauni yayin yakin kuma Shawnee kawai ya ji rauni 150, hangen nesan annabin Shawnee na kariya ta ruhaniya ya lalace. Cuman uwan Tecumseh, “Annabi”, da rundunoninsu sun gudu zuwa Kanada kuma kamfen ɗin su na haɗa ƙabilun yankin don ƙin yarda da cin amana tare da ci gaba da rayuwar ‘yan asalin ya ci tura.
Lokacin da yake ba da rahoto ga Sakatare Eustis, Harrison ya sanar da shi cewa yaƙin ya faru ne kusa da Kogin Tippecanoe kuma yana jin tsoron afkuwar harin fansa. Farkon aika-aikar ba ta bayyana ko wane ɓangare ne ya ci nasara a rikicin ba, kuma da farko sakataren ya fassara shi a matsayin cin kashi; aikin da aka biyo baya ya bayyana halin da ake ciki. Lokacin da ba hari na biyu ya zo ba, shan kashi Shawnee ya fi tabbata. Eustis ya bukaci sanin dalilin da yasa Harrison bai dauki matakan kariya ba wajen karfafa sansaninsa don kai hare-hare, kuma Harrison ya ce ya dauki matsayin da karfi sosai. Rigimar ita ce ta haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin Harrison da Sashin Yaki wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa Yaƙin 1812.
'Yan jarida ba su buga labarin yakin ba da farko, kuma wata jaridar Ohio ta yi kuskuren fassara sakon farko na Harrison don nuna cewa an kayar da shi.A watan Disamba, duk da haka, yawancin manyan takardu na Amurka suna ɗaukar labarai akan yaƙin, kuma fushin jama'a ya karu akan Shawnee. Amurkawa sun zargi Birtaniyya da ingiza kabilun cikin rikici da kuma ba su bindigogi, kuma Majalisar ta zartar da kudurori da ke Allah wadai da Biritaniya game da katsalandan cikin harkokin cikin gidan Amurka. Majalisa ta ba da sanarwar yaƙi a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1812,kuma Harrison ya bar Vincennes don neman alƙawarin soja.
Yakin 1812
Wannan hoton na Harrison da farko ya nuna shi cikin fararen hula ne a matsayin wakilin majalisa daga yankin Arewa maso Yamma a 1800, amma an kara suturar bayan da ya shahara a Yaƙin 1812. Barkewar yaƙi tare da Birtaniyya a 1812 ya haifar da ci gaba da rikici da Indiyawa a Arewa maso Yamma. Harrison yayi aiki na wani dan lokaci a matsayin babban janar a cikin mayakan Kentucky har sai da gwamnati ta bashi aiki a ranar 17 ga watan Satumba don ya jagoranci Sojojin na Arewa maso yamma. Ya karɓi albashin sojan tarayya don aikinsa, sannan ya kuma karɓi albashin gwamnan yanki daga Satumba zuwa 28 ga Disamba, lokacin da ya yi murabus a hukumance ya ci gaba da aikin soja. Amurkawa sun sha kashi a kawancen Detroit. Janar James Winchester ya ba Harrison mukamin birgediya-Janar, amma Harrison shi ma yana son shi kadai ne kwamandan sojoji. Shugaba James Madison ya cire Winchester daga kwamanda a watan Satumba, kuma Harrison ya zama kwamandan sabbin mayaka. Birtaniyyawa da kawayensu na Indiya sun fi sojojin Harrison yawa, don haka Harrison ya gina matsuguni a lokacin sanyi lokacin Kogin Maumee a arewa maso yammacin Ohio. Ya sanya masa suna Fort Meigs don girmamawa ga gwamnan Ohio Return J. Meigs Jr .. Ya sami ƙarfafawa a 1813, sannan ya ɗauki matakan ya jagoranci sojojin arewa zuwa yaƙi. Ya ci nasara a Yankin Indiana da Ohio kuma ya sake kama Detroit, kafin ya mamaye Upper Canada (Ontario). Sojojinsa sun ci turawan Ingila a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1813 a yakin Thames, inda aka kashe Tecumseh. Wannan yakin mai mahimmanci shine ɗayan manyan nasarorin Amurka a cikin yaƙin, na biyu kawai ga Yakin New Orleans
A cikin 1814, Sakataren War John Armstrong ya rarraba kwamandan sojoji, inda ya ba Harrison mukamin "mai komawa baya" tare da ba da jagorancin gaban ga daya daga cikin wadanda ke karkashin Harrison. Armstrong da Harrison sun sami sabani game da rashin daidaito da tasiri wajen mamaye Kanada, kuma Harrison ya yi murabus daga aikin soja a watan Mayu. Bayan yakin ya kare, majalisa ta binciki murabus din Harrison kuma ta tabbatar da cewa Armstrong ya wulakanta shi a lokacin yakin neman zabensa kuma cewa murabus din nasa yayi daidai. Majalisa ta ba Harrison lambar zinariya saboda ayyukan da ya yi a lokacin Yaƙin 1812.
Harrison da Gwamnan Yankin Michigan Lewis Cass ne ke da alhakin tattauna yarjejeniyar sulhu da Indiyawa.Shugaba Madison ya nada Harrison a watan Yunin 1815 don taimakawa a tattauna yarjejeniya ta biyu da Indiyawa wacce ta zama sananne da Yarjejeniyar ta Springwells, inda kabilun suka ba da babban fili a yamma, suna ba da karin fili don sayan Amurkawa da sasantawa.
Postwar rayuwa Dan siyasar Ohio
Poster yana yaba abubuwan da Harrison yayi John Gibson ya maye gurbin Harrison a matsayin gwamnan yankin Indiana a 1812, kuma Harrison ya yi murabus daga aikin soja a 1814 kuma ya koma ga danginsa a North Bend. Ya noma gonarsa kuma ya faɗaɗa gidan gonar katako, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya dawo cikin rayuwar jama'a. An zabe shi ne a 1816 don kammala wa’adin John McLean a Majalisar Wakilai, inda ya wakilci gundumar majalisa ta 1 ta Ohio daga 8 ga Oktoba 8, 1816 zuwa Maris 3, 1819. Ya ki ya zama Sakataren Yaki a karkashin Shugaba Monroe a 1817. Ya kasance an zabe shi ga Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Ohio a 1819 kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa 1821, bayan ya fadi zaben gwamnan Ohio a 1820. Ya yi takarar kujera a Majalisar amma a 1822 ya kayar da kuri’u 500 ga James W. Gazlay. An zabe shi ga Majalisar Dattijan Amurka a 1824, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 20 ga Mayu, 1828. 'Yan uwan yammacin yamma a Majalisar sun kira shi "Buckeye", wani lokaci ne na nuna kauna da ke da alaka da asalin bishiyar Ohio buckeye. Ya kasance mai zaben shugaban kasar Ohio a 1820 na James Monroe da kuma Henry Clay a 1824.An nada Harrison a 1828 a matsayin karamin minista ga Gran Colombia, don haka ya yi murabus daga Majalisar ya yi aiki a sabon mukamin nasa har zuwa ranar 8 ga Maris, 1829. Ya isa Bogotá a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1828 kuma ya ga yanayin Colombia yana baƙin ciki. Ya ba da rahoto ga Sakataren Gwamnati cewa kasar na dab da fadawa cikin rikici, gami da ra’ayinsa cewa Simón Bolívar na gab da zama mai mulkin kama-karya. Ya rubuta tsawatarwa ga Bolívar, yana mai cewa "mafi karfi a cikin dukkan gwamnatoci shi ne wanda ya fi kyauta" sannan ya yi kira ga Bolívar da ya karfafa ci gaban dimokiradiyya. A martaninsa, Bolívar ya rubuta cewa Amurka "da alama Providence ne ya shirya ta addabi Amurka da azaba da sunan 'yanci", ra'ayin da ya samu daukaka a Latin Amurka. Andrew Jackson ya hau karagar mulki a watan Maris na 1829, kuma ya tuno da Harrison domin ya nada nasa matsayin
Citizenan ƙasa mai zaman kansa
Harrison ya dawo Amurka daga Colombia ya zauna a gonarsa a North Bend, Ohio, yana rayuwa cikin ritaya dangi bayan kusan shekaru arba'in yana aikin gwamnati. Bai tara wata dukiya ba a lokacin rayuwarsa, kuma ya dogara da abin da ya tara, ɗan ƙaramin fansho, da kuɗin shigar gonarsa. Ya yi noman masara kuma ya kafa injinan sarrafa abubuwa don samar da wuski, amma sakamakon giya ya dame shi ga masu sayan sa kuma ya rufe kayan. A cikin wani jawabi ga Hukumar Noma ta Gundumar Hamilton a 1831, ya ce ya yi zunubi wajen yin wuski kuma yana fatan wasu za su yi koyi da kuskurensa kuma su daina samar da giya. A cikin wadannan shekarun farko, Harrison ya kuma samu kudi daga gudummawar da ya bayar a James Hall's Memoir na Ayyukan Jama'a na William Henry Harrison, wanda aka buga a 1836. A waccan shekarar, ya yi takarar shugaban kasa bai yi nasara ba a matsayin dan takarar Whig. Tsakanin 1836 da 1840, ya yi aiki a matsayin Magatakarda na Kotuna don Gundumar Hamilton. Wannan aikinsa ne lokacin da aka zabe shi shugaban kasa a 1840. A wannan lokacin, ya haɗu da abolitionist da kuma Karkashin Jirgin Ruwa George DeBaptiste wanda ke zaune a Madison kusa da nan. Su biyun sun zama abokai, kuma DeBaptiste ya zama bawan kansa, yana tare da shi har zuwa mutuwarsa. Harrison yayi yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa a karo na biyu a 1840; an buga littattafai sama da goma a kan rayuwarsa a lokacin, kuma mutane da yawa sun yaba da shi a matsayin gwarzo na ƙasa.
1836 yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa
Babban labarin: 1836 zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka Hoton James Lambdin, 1835 Harrison shine dan takarar Arewa Whig na shugaban kasa a 1836, daya daga cikin sau biyu kawai a tarihin Amurka lokacin da babbar jam'iyyar siyasa ta tsayar da dan takarar shugaban kasa sama da daya da gangan (jam'iyyar Democrats ta tsayar da yan takara biyu a 1860). Mataimakin shugaban kasa Martin Van Buren shine dan takarar Democrat, kuma yana da farin jini kuma ana ganin zai iya lashe zaben tare da dan takarar Whig daya. Manufar Whig ita ce ta zabi mashahurin Whigs a yanki, ya hana Van Buren kuri'un zabe 148 da ake bukata don zabe, sannan ya tilasta wa Majalisar Wakilai yanke shawarar zaben. Sunyi fatan cewa Whigs zasu mallake majalisar bayan babban zaben. Wannan dabarar za ta gaza, duk da cewa, yayin da 'yan Democrats ke da rinjaye a majalisar bayan zaben. Harrison ya gudu a duk jihohin da ba bayi ba sai Massachusetts, da kuma a cikin jihohin bayi na Delaware, Maryland, da Kentucky. Hugh L. White ya yi takara a sauran jihohin bayi in banda South Carolina. Daniel Webster ya yi takara a Massachusetts, da Willie P. Mangum a Kudancin Carolina. Tsarin ya sha kasa sosai, yayin da Van Buren ya lashe zaben da kuri’un zabe 170. Girgizar sama da kuri'u sama da 4,000 a Pennsylvania zai ba da kuri'un zaben 30 na jihar ga Harrison kuma da an yanke hukuncin zaben a Majalisar Wakilai.
1840 yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa
Babban labarin: William Henry Harrison yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na 1840 Rubutun Chromolithograph na William Henry Harrison Taswirar Zabe ta 1840 Harrison shine dan takarar Whig kuma ya fafata da shugaba mai ci Van Buren a zaben 1840. An zaɓe shi a kan membobin ƙungiyar da ke da rigima, irin su Clay da Webster, kuma ya dogara da kamfen ɗin sa a kan tarihin sojan sa da kuma kan raunin tattalin arzikin Amurka wanda firgita na 1837 ya haifar.
Whigs din da ake yi wa lakabi da Van Buren "Van Ruin" domin a zarge shi da matsalolin tattalin arziki. Su kuma 'yan Democrats, sun yi wa Harrison ba'a inda suka kira shi "Granny Harrison, babban hafsan sojan gona" saboda ya yi murabus daga aikin soja kafin Yaƙin 1812 ya ƙare. Za su tambayi masu jefa kuri'a menene sunan Harrison idan aka rubuta baya: "Babu Sirrah". Sun kuma jefa shi a matsayin dattijo, dattijo wanda ba a son taba wanda zai gwammace "ya zauna a cikin gungumen sa yana shan cider mai wuya" fiye da halartar gwamnatin kasar. Wannan dabarun ya ci tura lokacin da Harrison da abokiyar takararsa John Tyler suka ɗauki katako na katako da cider mai wuya kamar alamomin kamfen. Yaƙin neman zaɓen nasu ya yi amfani da alamomin a kan alluna da fastoci da kuma ƙirƙirar kwalaben sandar mai taushi kamar ɗakunan katako, duk don haɗa 'yan takarar da "mutum na kowa".
Harrison ya fito ne daga wani attajiri, mai kula da bautar Virginia, amma duk da haka kamfen nasa ya daukaka shi a matsayin mai ƙasƙantar da kan iyakoki a salon da Andrew Jackson ya yada, yayin gabatar da Van Buren a matsayin attajiri mai kima. Misalin da ba za a manta ba shi ne Oration Cokali na Zinare wanda wakilin Whig na Pennsylvania Charles Ogle ya gabatar a cikin House, yana yin ba'a da salon rayuwa mai kyau na Van Buren da kuma kashe kudi mai yawa.Whigs sun kirkiri waka wanda mutane zasu tofa ruwan taba a yayin da suke rera "wirt-wirt," wannan kuma ya nuna banbanci tsakanin yan takara daga lokacin zabe Tsohon Tukwici ya sanya gashin gida, ba shi da riga mai ƙyalli: wirt-wirt, Amma Matt yana da farantin zinariya, kuma yana da ɗan squirt: wirt-wirt!
Whigs suna alfahari da rikodin soja na Harrison da kuma saninsa a matsayin gwarzo na Yakin Tippecanoe. Taken yakin neman zaben "Tippecanoe da Tyler, Too" ya zama daya daga cikin shahararrun a siyasar Amurka. Harrison ya sami gagarumar nasara a Kwalejin Zabe, kuri’un zabe 234 yayin da Van Buren ya samu 60, duk da cewa kuri’un da aka kada sun fi kusa. Ya samu kashi 53 cikin 100 na yawan kuri’un da aka kada zuwa na Van Buren na kashi 47, tare da tazarar kasa da kuri’u 150,000
Shugabancin kasa (1841) Shugabancin William Henry Harrison
Maris 4, 1841 - 4 ga Afrilu, 1841 Majalisar Duba jerin Zabe 1840 Kujerar Fadar White House Van Martin Van BurenJohn Tyler 1840s hatimin shugaban Amurka.png Hatimin Shugaban kasa (1840-1850) Gajeriyar shugabancin Manyan nasarorinsa na shugaban kasa sun hada da kafa kawancen masu kada kuri'a a duk fadin kasar wanda ya lashe shugabancin ga Whigs, da kuma zabar majalisar ministocin Whig ta farko. Ya daidaita bangarorin jam'iyyun da yawa kuma ya shirya don zartar da babban kudirin doka na Whig. Matar Harrison Anna ba ta da lafiya don tafiya lokacin da ya bar Ohio don bikin rantsar da shi, kuma ta yanke shawarar ba za ta bi shi zuwa Washington ba. Ya roki gwauruwa dan marigayiyar Jane da ta raka shi kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki na wani dan lokaci. amma mutuwar Harrison tana nufin Anna ba ta taɓa zuwa Washington ba.
Lokacin da Harrison ya zo Washington, yana so ya nuna cewa har yanzu shi jarumi ne na Tippecanoe kuma shi mutum ne mai ilimi da tunani fiye da yadda ake nuna kamfen din baya. Ya sha rantsuwa a ranar Alhamis, 4 ga Maris, 1841, rana mai sanyi da danshi. Ya nuna karfin gwiwa a lokacin sanyi ya zabi kada ya sa babbar riga ko hula, ya hau dawakai zuwa bikin maimakon a cikin karusar da aka ba shi, kuma ya gabatar da jawabi mafi tsawo a tarihin Amurka a kan kalmomi 8,445. Ya ɗauki kusan awanni biyu kafin ya karanta, duk da cewa abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa Whig Daniel Webster sun shirya shi tsawon lokaci. Ya hau kan tituna a cikin faretin buɗewa, ya tsaya na layin karɓar sa’o’i uku a Fadar White House, kuma ya halarci ƙwallo uku na bikin a wannan maraice, ciki har da ɗaya a Saloon na Carusi mai taken ƙwallan “Tippecanoe” tare da 1,000 baƙin da suka biya dala 10 ga kowane mutum (daidai yake da $ 297 a shekarar 2020). Adireshin gabatarwar ya kasance cikakkun bayanai game da shirin Whig, da gaske watsi da manufofin Jackson da Van Buren. Harrison yayi alkawarin sake kafa bankin Amurka tare da fadada karfin bashi ta hanyar bayar da kudin takarda a tsarin Amurka na Henry Clay. Ya yi niyyar jinkirta hukuncin Majalisar a kan al'amuran doka, tare da rage amfani da ikonsa na veto, da kuma juya tsarin lalatar Jackson. Ya yi alkawarin amfani da taimakon ne don samar da kwararrun ma'aikata, ba wai don bunkasa matsayinsa a cikin gwamnati ba Clay ya kasance shugaba ne na Whigs kuma dan majalisa mai karfin iko, sannan kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa mai cike da takaici a karan kansa, kuma yana sa ran samun babban tasiri a cikin gwamnatin Harrison. Ya yi biris da tsarin dandalinsa na rusa tsarin "ganimar" kuma ya yi kokarin yin tasiri kan ayyukan Harrison gabanin da lokacin dan gajeren shugabancinsa, musamman wajen gabatar da abubuwan da yake so game da ofisoshin Ministocin da sauran nade-naden shugaban kasa. Harrison ya yi watsi da ta'addancin sa: "Mista Clay, ka manta ni ne Shugaban Kasa. Rikicin ya ta'azzara ne lokacin da Harrison ya sanya sunan Daniel Webster a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati, wanda shi ne babban abokin hamayyar Clay don iko da Whig Party. Harrison shima ya bayyana ne don baiwa magoya bayan Webster wasu mukamai na matukar son su. Abinda kawai ya bashi ga Clay shine ya sanya sunan abokin karawarsa John J. Crittenden zuwa mukamin Babban Lauya. Duk da wannan, rikicin ya ci gaba har zuwa mutuwar shugaban. Clay ba shi kadai ba ne wanda ke fatan cin gajiyar zaben Harrison. Hordes na masu neman ofis sun zo Fadar White House, wanda (a lokacin) a bude yake ga duk wadanda ke son ganawa da shugaban. Mafi yawan kasuwancin Harrison a tsawon wa'adin shugabancin sa na tsawon wata guda ya ƙunshi manyan ayyukan zamantakewa da karɓar baƙi a Fadar White House. An shawarci Harrison da ya samar da tsarin gudanarwa a shugabancinsa kafin rantsarwar; ya ƙi, yana so ya mai da hankali kan bukukuwan. Saboda haka, masu neman aiki suna jiransa a kowane lokaci kuma sun cika Babban Girman, ba tare da an fara aiwatar da tsari da tantance su ba. Harrison ya rubuta a wata wasika mai kwanan wata 10 ga Maris, "Yawan mutanen da ke kirana suna tursasa ni sosai don ba zan iya ba da kulawa ta kowane fanni na kaina ba. Shugaban Amurka na Gundumar Columbia Alexander Hunter ya tuno lamarin da ya sa masu neman ofis suka kewaye Harrison wadanda ke hana shi zuwa taron majalisar ministoci; lokacin da aka yi watsi da rokon da ya yi musu na neman shawara, daga karshe Harrison "ya karbi rokonsu, wanda ya cika masa hannu da aljihu". Wani tarihin kuma na wannan lokacin ya sake bayyana cewa zauren ya cika sosai wata rana da rana cewa don hawa daga ɗayan zuwa na gaba, dole ne a taimaki Harrison ta taga, yin tafiya tsawon White House a waje, kuma a taimake shi ta wani taga. Harrison ya dauki alkawalinsa na sake fasalin nade-naden mukamai, ya ziyarci kowane sashe na zartarwa domin lura da ayyukanta tare da bayar da umarni ta hanyar Webster ga dukkan sassan cewa zabar ma'aikata da za'a yi la’akari da dalilan kora. Ya yi tsayayya da matsin lamba daga wasu Whigs akan taimakon bangaranci. Wata kungiya ta isa ofishinsa a ranar 16 ga Maris don neman a cire dukkan ‘yan Democrats daga kowane ofis da aka nada, sai Harrison ya yi shela cewa,“ Don haka ka taimake ni Allah, zan yi murabus daga ofishina kafin in zama mai laifi irin wannan! Majalisar tasa ta yi ƙoƙari ta hana yin nadin John Chambers a matsayin Gwamnan Iowa don goyon bayan abokin Webster James Wilson. Webster yayi kokarin danna wannan shawarar a taron majalisar zartarwa na ranar 25 ga Maris, kuma Harrison ya nemi ya karanta a bayyane wata rubutacciyar wasika wacce aka rubuta kawai "William Henry Harrison, Shugaban Amurka". Sannan ya sanar: “William Henry Harrison, Shugaban Amurka, yana gaya muku,‘ yan’uwa, cewa, Wallahi, John Chambers zai zama gwamnan Iowa! Harrison kawai aikin hukuma shine sakamakon kiran Majalisa cikin taro na musamman. Shi da Clay sun yi sabani kan wajibcin irin wannan zama, kuma majalisar ministocin ta Harrison ta nuna a rabe take, don haka shugaban ya yi fatali da ra'ayin. Clay ya matse shi akan zama na musamman a ranar 13 ga Maris, amma Harrison ya ƙi amincewa da shi kuma ya gaya masa cewa kar ya sake ziyartar Fadar White House, amma ya yi masa magana ne kawai a rubuce. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, duk da haka, Sakataren Baitulmalin Thomas Ewing ya ba da rahoto ga Harrison cewa kudaden tarayya suna cikin mawuyacin halin da gwamnati ba za ta iya ci gaba da aiki ba har sai zaman Majalisar da aka saba shiryawa a watan Disamba; Ta haka ne Harrison ya tuba, kuma ya yi shelar zama na musamman a ranar 17 ga Maris saboda "yanayin yanayin kudaden shiga da kudaden kasar". Za a fara zaman a ranar 31 ga Mayu kamar yadda aka tsara idan Harrison ya rayu.
Administration and cabinet
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Mutuwa da jana'iza
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Mutuwar Harrison, Afrilu 4, 1841 Ranar 26 ga Maris, 1841, Harrison yayi rashin lafiya tare da alamun sanyi. Likitansa, Dr. Thomas Miller, ya ba da hutu; Harrison bai iya hutawa da rana ba don taron jama'a a Fadar White House, kuma a wannan daren ya zaɓi maimakon karɓar baƙi tare da abokan sojojinsa. Washegari, an kame shi da sanyi yayin taron majalisar zartarwa kuma an kwantar da shi; zuwa safiyar ranar 28 ga Maris yana da zazzabi mai zafi, a lokacin ne aka kirawo wasu gungun likitoci don yi masa magani. Ka'idar da ta yadu a lokacin ita ce rashin lafiyarsa ta samo asali ne sakamakon rashin kyawun yanayi a bikin rantsar da shi makonni uku da suka gabata. Wasu kuma sun lura cewa a cikin 'yan kwanakinsa na farko a ofis, Harrison da kansa ya yi tafiya da safe don sayan kayan masarufi (da saniyar madara ga Fadar White House) a kasuwannin Washington, tare da yanayin har yanzu yana sanyi kuma kasuwannin a tsakiyar filayen. (Ya ƙare yawo da safe bayan masu neman ofis sun fara bin sa zuwa kasuwanni.Da zaran likitocin suka kwantar da shi a kan gado suka kwance shi, sai suka gano shi da cutar ciwon huhu na huhu ta dama, kuma suka sanya kofuna masu zafin jiki a jikinsa kuma suka yi jerin gwanon jini don fitar da cutar. Waɗannan hanyoyin sun kasa kawo ci gaba, don haka likitocin suka yi masa magani da ipecac, man castor, calomel, mustard plaster, kuma a ƙarshe tare da dafaffiyar cakuda ɗanyen mai da Virginia maciji. Duk wannan ya kara raunana Harrison kuma likitoci sun yanke shawarar cewa ba zai warke ba. Jama'ar Washington sun lura da rashin halaccinsa daga ɗayan majami'un biyu da ya halarta a ranar Lahadi, Maris 28. Da farko, ba sanarwa a hukumance da aka yi game da rashin lafiyar Harrison, wanda ya iza jita-jitar jama'a da damuwa tsawon lokacin da ya kasance ba ya ganin jama'a. A karshen wata, dimbin jama’a sun taru a wajen fadar ta White House, suna ta zulumi yayin jiran wani labari game da halin da shugaban ke ciki, wanda sannu a hankali ya kara ta’azzara yayin da lokaci ya wuce. Harrison ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1841, kwanaki tara bayan rashin lafiya kuma daidai wata daya bayan shan rantsuwar ofis; shi ne shugaban kasa na farko da ya mutu a kan mulki. Jane McHugh da Philip A. Mackowiak sun yi nazari a cikin Clinical Infectious Diseases (2014), suna nazarin bayanan Dr. Miller da bayanan da suka nuna cewa samar da ruwa a Fadar White House ya kasance yana da tushe daga najasa, kuma sun yanke shawarar cewa watakila ya mutu ne sanadiyyar tashin hankali saboda "zazzabin ciki" (taifod ko zazzabin paratyphoid). Kalmominsa na ƙarshe sun kasance ne ga likitan da ke kula da shi, kodayake ana tsammanin an ba da shi ne ga Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa John Tyler: Yallabai, ina fata ka fahimci ainihin manufofin gwamnati. Ina fata a aiwatar da su. Ba ni tambayar komai. An fara zaman makoki na kwanaki 30 bayan mutuwar shugaban. Fadar White House ta dauki bakuncin shagulgula daban-daban na jama'a, wanda aka tsara bayan al'adun jana'izar masarautar Turai. An kuma gudanar da taron jana'izar ne kawai a ranar 7 ga Afrilu a cikin East Room na Fadar White House, bayan haka aka kawo akwatin gawar Harrison zuwa makabartar Congressional da ke Washington, DC inda aka sanya shi a cikin Gidan Jama'a. Solomon Northup ya ba da labarin jerin gwanon a Shekaru goma sha biyu bawa. Washegari aka yi babban gasa a Washington. Rurin igwa da kararrawar kararrawa sun cika iska, yayin da gidaje da yawa suka kasance a rufe da katako, kuma tituna sun kasance baƙi da mutane. Yayin da rana ta ci gaba, jerin gwanon ya bayyana, yana zuwa a hankali ta hanyar Avenue, karusa bayan karusar, a cikin dogon zango, yayin da dubbai dubbai suka bi ta ƙafa-duk suna motsawa zuwa sautin kiɗan mara daɗi. Suna ɗauke da gawar Harrison zuwa kabarin. Na tuna sosai yadda gilashin taga zai farfashe ya yi kasa, bayan kowane rahoto na igwa suna harbe-harbe a makabartar. A waccan watan Yuni, an kawo gawar Harrison ta jirgin kasa da kuma gabar ruwa zuwa North Bend, Ohio, kuma an binne shi a ranar 7 ga Yuli a cikin kabarin dangi a taron na Mt. Nebo yana kallon Kogin Ohio wanda a yanzu shine William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial.
Tasirin mutuwa
Tunawa da William Henry Harrison a Arewacin Bend, Ohio Mutuwar Harrison ta jawo hankali game da shubuha a cikin Mataki na II, Sashe na 1, Sashi na 6 na Tsarin Mulki game da maye gurbin shugaban. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya baiyana karara ga mataimakin shugaban kasa da ya karbe “iko da aikin” na shugaban kasa a yayin da shugaban ya tsige shi, ko ya mutu, ko ya sauka, ko kuma ya kasa aiki, amma ba a san ko mataimakin shugaban ya zama shugaban Amurka a hukumance. , ko kuma kawai a ɗan lokaci ya karɓi iko da ayyukan wannan ofishin, a cikin batun maye gurbinsa.
Majalisar ministocin Harrison ta dage cewa Tyler "Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa ne da ke aiki a matsayin Shugaba". Tyler ya yi tsayin daka kan ikirarinsa na mukamin shugaban kasa da kudurinsa na amfani da cikakken ikon shugabancin. Majalisar ministocin ta nemi shawara tare da Babban Jojin Roger Taney kuma suka yanke shawara cewa, idan Tyler ya yi rantsuwar shugaban kasa, zai hau kujerar shugaban kasa. Tyler ya tilasta kuma aka rantsar dashi a ofis a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1841. Majalisa ta yi taro a watan Mayu kuma, bayan ɗan gajeren muhawara a majalisun biyu, sun zartar da ƙuduri wanda ya tabbatar da Tyler a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na sauran lokacin Harrison. Misalin da ya kafa a cikin 1841 an bi shi sau bakwai lokacin da shugaban kasa mai ci ya mutu, kuma an rubuta shi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki a shekarar 1967 ta hanyar Sashe na Daya na Kwaskwarimar Ashirin da biyar.
Gabaɗaya, mutuwar Harrison ta kasance abin kunya ga Whigs, wanda ke fatan zartar da kuɗin fito da aiwatar da matakan tallafawa tsarin Amurka na Henry Clay. Tyler ya yi watsi da ajandar Whig, ya yanke jiki ya fice daga jam'iyyar.Mutane uku sun yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a cikin shekara guda kalandar: Martin Van Buren, Harrison, da Tyler. Wannan ya faru ne kawai a wani lokaci, lokacin da Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, da Chester A. Arthur kowannensu yayi aiki a cikin 1881.
Legacy Harrison akan hatimin jihar Indiana, Batu na 1950
Suna na tarihi Harrison (a hagu) a Kotun Kotun Tippecanoe County, Lafayette, Indiana Daga cikin abubuwan da Harrison ya bari har abada akwai jerin yarjejeniyoyin da ya tattauna ko kuma ya sanya hannu tare da shugabannin Indiya a lokacin da yake gwamnan yankin Indiana. A matsayin wani bangare na tattaunawar yarjejeniyar, kabilun sun ba da filaye da yawa a yamma wanda ya samar da karin fili don siye da sasantawa.Tasirin Harrison na tsawon lokaci ga siyasar Amurka ya hada da hanyoyin yakin neman zabensa, wadanda suka kafa harsashin dabarun yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na zamani. Harrison ya mutu kusan kwata-kwata. Majalisa ta zabi uwargidansa Anna a matsayin fanshon gwauruwa na shugaban kasa na $ 25,000,shekara guda na albashin Harrison (kwatankwacin kusan $ 627,000 a shekarar 2020). Ta kuma sami damar aika wasiku kyauta kyauta. Dan Harrison John Scott Harrison ya wakilci Ohio a majalisar wakilai tsakanin 1853 da 1857. Jikan Harrison Benjamin Harrison na Indiana ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa na 23 daga 1889 zuwa 1893, wanda ya sanya William da Benjamin Harrison su ka kasance jikokin jikoki biyu na shugabanni.
Girmamawa da girmamawa
Babban labarin: Jerin abubuwan tunawa da William Henry Harrison A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2009, Mint ɗin Amurka ta saki tsabar kuɗi na tara a cikin Shirin Tsabar Kuɗi na Shugaban $asa 1, mai ɗaukar kamannin Harrison. An tara tsabar kudi 98,420,000. Yawancin abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi an gina su don girmama Harrison. Akwai mutum-mutumin mutum-mutumi a cikin garin Indianapolis, Cincinnati's Piatt Park, the Tippecanoe County Courthouse, Harrison County, Indiana, and Owen County, Indiana. Tiesananan hukumomi da garuruwa da yawa suma suna da sunansa. Har wa yau Villaauyen Arewa Bend, Ohio, har yanzu yana girmama Harrison kowace shekara tare da fareti wani lokaci a kusa da ranar haihuwarsa ta 9 ga Fabrairu. Babban hedkwatar Janar William Henry Harrison a Franklinton (yanzu wani ɓangare na Columbus, Ohio) yana bikin Harrison. Gidan shine hedkwatar sojan sa daga 1813 zuwa 1814, kuma shine kadai gini da ya rage a Ohio hade da shi.
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- La'anar Tippecanoe
- Jerin shugabannin Amurka
- Jerin shugabannin Amurka ta hanyar kwarewar da ta gabata
- Jerin shugabannin kasar Amurka da suka mutu a ofis
- Shugabannin Amurka kan tambarin wasiƙar Amurka
- Tsarin Jam’iyya Na Biyu
Bayani Ambato
"William Henry Harrison". Histungiyar Tarihin Fadar White House. An adana daga asali ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2021.
"Harrison ya mutu sakamakon cutar nimoniya".
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Harrison, William Henry". Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (edita na 11). Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. shafi na 25-26.
Buescher, John. "Tippecanoe da Walking Canes too". Koyarwar Tarihi. An dawo da 8 ga Oktoba, 2011.
Langguth, A. J. (2006). Ungiyar 1812: Amurkawan da Suka Yi Yaƙin Na biyu na 'Yanci, New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2618-6. shafi na. 206\
Freehling, William (Oktoba 4, 2016). "William Henry Harrison: Rayuwa A Takaice". Charlottesville, Virginia: Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Miller, Jami'ar Virginia. An dawo da Maris 8, 2019.
Freehling, William (Oktoba 4, 2016). "William Henry Harrison: Tasiri da kuma gado". Charlottesville, Virginia: Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Miller, Jami'ar Virginia. An dawo da Maris 9, 2019.
Nelson, Lyle Emerson. Shugabannin Amurka a kowace shekara. I. shafi. 30.
"William Henry Harrison Biography". Game da Fadar White House: Shugabanni. white.gov. An adana daga asali ranar 22 ga Janairun 2009. An sake dawowa 19 ga Yuni, 2008.
Owens 2007, p. 3.
Smith, Howard; Riley, Edward M., eds. (1978). Benjamin Harrison da Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. Virginia a cikin juyin juya halin. Williamsburg, VA: Hukumar Bicentennial ta Yankin Virginia. shafi na 59-65. OCLC 4781472.
Barnhart & Riker 1971, shafi. 315.
"Carter Bassett Harrison". Littafin Tarihin Tarihi na Majalisar Amurka. Majalisar Amurka. An dawo da Satumba 14, 2016.
Freehling, William (Oktoba 4, 2016). "William Henry Harrison: Rayuwa Kafin Fadar Shugaban Kasa". Charlottesville, Virginia: Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Miller, Jami'ar Virginia. An dawo da Maris 8, 2019.
Gugin & St. Clair 2006, p. 18.
Madison & Sandweiss 2014, p. 45.
Owens 2007, p. 14.
Rabin, Alex (Janairu 25, 2017). "Tare da kammala karatun Penn a Ofishin Oval a karon farko, ga fasalin tsohon Shugaba William Henry Harrison a lokacin Jami'a". The Daily Pennsylvania. An dawo da Afrilu 3, 2019. Langguth 2007, shafi na. 16.
Gugin & St. Clair 2006, p. 19.
Owens 2007, shafi na 14, 22.
Owens 2007, p. 27.
Langguth 2007, shafi na. 160.
Owens 2007, shafi na 21, 27-29.
Owens 2007, p. 39.
Madison & Sandweiss 2014, p. 46.
Owens 2007, shafi na 38-39.
Dole, Bob (2001). Babban Mashahurin Shugaban Kasa: - Ina fata ina cikin wannan Littafin. Simon da Schuster. shafi na. 222. ISBN 9780743203920.
Owens 2007, p. 40.
"William Henry Harrison: Sahihan bayanai". Charlottesville, Virginia: Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Miller, Jami'ar Virginia. Satumba 26, 2016. An dawo da Maris 9, 2019.
Owens 2007, p. 56.
Kenneth Robert Janken. Fari: Tarihin rayuwar Walter White: Mista NAACP New York: Jaridar New York, 2003, shafi na 3
Gail Collins. William Henry Harrison: Jerin Shugabannin Amurka: Shugaban na 9, 1841 Times Books, Henry Holt da Kamfanin, 2012, p.103
"Rijistar tarihi da ƙamus na Sojan Amurka: daga ƙungiyarta, 29 ga Satumba, 1789, zuwa Maris 2, 1903". archive.org. Washington: Gwamnati. Buga. Kashe 1903.
Kore 2007, p. 9.
Gugin & St. Clair 2006, shafi na 19-20.
Owens 2007, shafi na 41-45.
de, Saint-mémin, Charles balthazar julien fevret. "[William Henry Harrison, Shugaban Amurka na 9, hoton kai-da-kafada, bayanin dama]". An dawo a watan Agusta 5, 2016.
"National Park Service - Shugabannin (William Henry Harrison)". www.nzafartu.v An dawo a watan Agusta 5, 2016.
"Harrison, William Henry, (1773-1841)". Littafin Tarihin Tarihi na Majalisar Amurka. An sake dawo da Fabrairu 4, 2009.
Owens 2007, shafi na 45-46.
Bibliography
Barnhart, John D.; Riker, Dorothy L., eds. (1971). Indiana zuwa 1816: Lokacin mulkin mallaka. Tarihin Indiana. I. Indianapolis: Ofishin Tarihin Indiana da anaungiyar Tarihin Indiana.
Bolívar, Simón (1951). Bierck, Harold A. Jr. (ed.). Rubutun da aka zaba na Bolívar. II. New York: Turawan Mulkin Mallaka. ISBN 978-1-60635-115-4. tattara ta Lecuna, Vicente, fassara ta Bertrand, Lewis
Mai haihuwa, Walter R. (2005). 1812: Yaƙin da Ya Kafa Nationasa. New York: HarperCollins (Harper Mai Shekaru). ISBN 978-0-06-053113-3.
Burr, Samuel Jones (1840). Rayuwa da Lokacin William Henry Harrison. New York: R. W.Pomeroy. An dawo da Satumba 14, 2016.
Calhoun, Charles William (2005). Benjamin Harrison: Shugaban Kasa na 23 na 1889-1893. Shugabannin Amurka. 23. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-6952-5.
Carnes, Alamar C.; Mieczkowski, Yanek (2001). Attajirin Tarihin Routledge na Kamfen din Shugaban Kasa. Routledge Atlases na Tarihin Amurka. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92139-8.
Cleaves, Freeman (1939). Tsohon Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison da Lokacinsa. New York: 'Ya'yan C. Scribner.
Funk, Arville (1969). Littafin zane na Tarihin Indiana. Rochester, IN: Littafin Litattafan Kirista.
Kore, Meg (2007). William H. Harrison. Breckenridge, CO: Littattafan ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya. ISBN 978-0-8225-1511-1 .; ga yara
Greiff, Girma-Yuni (2005). Tunawa, Bangaskiya da Zato: Siffar Jama'a a Waje a Indiana. Indianapolis: Indiana Tarihin Kamfanin Tarihi na Tarihi. ISBN 0-87195-180-0.
Gugin, Linda C.; St. Clair, James E., eds. (2006). Gwamnonin Indiana. Indianapolis: Indiana Tarihin Kamfanin Tarihi na Tarihi da Ofishin Tarihin Indiana. ISBN 0-87195-196-7.
Hall, James (1836). Tunawa da Ayyukan Jama'a na William Henry Harrison, na Ohio. Philadelphia, PA: Maɓalli & Biddle. An dawo da Satumba 14, 2016.
Langguth, A. J. (2007). Ungiyar 1812: Amurkawa waɗanda Suka Yi Yaƙin Na biyu na 'Yanci. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-3278-1.
Madison, James H.; Sandweiss, Lee Ann (2014). Hoosiers da Labarin Ba'amurke. Indianapolis: Indiana Tarihin Kamfanin Tarihi na Tarihi. ISBN 978-0-87195-363-6.
Owens, Robert M. (2007). Hammer na Mista Jefferson: William Henry Harrison da Asalin Manufofin Indiyawan Amurka. Norman, Yayi: Jami'ar Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3842-8.
Taylor, William Alexander; Taylor, Aubrey Clarence (1899). 'Yan jihar Ohio da kundin ci gaba: daga shekara ta 1788 zuwa 1900 ... 1. Jihar Ohio.
Kara karantawa
Booraem, Hendrik (2012). Yaro na Juyin Juya Hali: William Henry Harrison da Duniyarsa, 1773–1798. Jami'ar Kent ta Jami'ar. Cheathem, Mark R. Zuwan Dimokiradiyya: Kamfen din Shugaban Kasa a Zamanin Jackson (2018) Ellis, Richard J. Old Tukwici da Sly Fox: Zaɓen 1840 da Yin Nationasashen Nationungiya (U na Kansas Press, 2020) nazarin kan layi Graff, Henry F., ed. Shugabannin: Tarihin Tunani (na 3 ed. 2002) akan layi Jortner, Adam (2012). Gumakan Annabawa: Yaƙin Tippecanoe da Yaƙin Tsarkaka na Yankin Amurka. Jami'ar Oxford ta Latsa. ISBN 978-0-19-976529-4. Peterson, Norma Lois. Shugabannin William Henry Harrison da John Tyler (U na Kansas Press, 1989). Pirtle, Alfred (1900). Yaƙin Tippecanoe. Louisville: John P. Morton & Co./ Labaran Laburare. shafi na. 158. ISBN 978-0-7222-6509-3. kamar yadda aka karanta wa Filson Club. Shade, William G. "'Tippecanoe da Tyler ma': William Henry Harrison da karuwar mashahurin siyasa." A cikin Joel H. Silbey, ed., Wani Aboki ga Antebellum Shuwagabannin 1837-1861 (2013), shafi na 155-72. Skaggs, David Curtis. William Henry Harrison da Nasara na Ohioasar Ohio: Yakin ronasa a Yakin 1812 (Jami'ar Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014) xxii.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Tarihin Fadar White House Majalisar Wakilan Amurka. "William Henry Harrison (id: H000279)". Littafin Tarihin Tarihi na Majalisar Amurka. William Henry Harrison Papers - Laburaren Majalisa William H. Harrison a Babban Tarihin Ohio Takardu na William Henry Harrison, 1800-1815, Jagorar Tattara bayanai, anaungiyar Tarihin Indiana Sanarwa game da William Henry Harrison wanda ke gab da mutuwa William Henry Harrison ALS, 10 ga Maris, 1841: Jama'a da yawa sun Caccake shi Wakilin William Henry Harrison na Sirri Yayin da yake Ofishin Shapell Manuscript Bayani kan Harrison, kowane memba na majalisar ministocin sa da Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa William Henry Harrison Tarihi da Fayil na Gaskiya Tarihin rayuwar Appleton da Stanley L. Klos Peckham, Howard Henry (2000). William Henry Harrison: Matashi Tippecanoe. ISBN 9781882859030. "Hoton Rayuwa na William Henry Harrison", daga Shugabannin Amurka na C-SPAN: Hotunan Rayuwa, 10 ga Mayu, 1999 William Henry Harrison a FindAGrave
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