Yarukan Afrika

Tarihin Afrika

A shekara ta 1964, UNESCO ta kaddamar da cikakken bayanin Tarihin Afirka da nufin magance jahilcin tarihin Afirka. Kalubalen ya ƙunshi sake gina tarihin Afirka, da 'yantar da shi daga kyamar launin fata da ke biyowa daga cinikin bayi da mulkin mallaka, da haɓaka hangen nesa na Afirka. Don haka UNESCO ta yi kira ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Afirka da waɗanda ba na Afirka ba. Ayyukan ƙwararrun sun wakilci shekaru 35 na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masana tarihi fiye da 230 da wasu ƙwararru, kuma kwamitin kimiyya na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ya ƙunshi kashi biyu bisa uku na 'yan Afirka ne ke kula da shi.Afirka, nahiya mafi girma ta biyu (bayan Asiya), wanda ke rufe kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na ɗaukacin saman duniya. Nahiyar ta yi iyaka da yamma da Tekun Atlantika, daga arewa kuma ta yi iyaka da tekun Mediterrenean, a gabas da tekun Bahar Maliya da Tekun Indiya, a kudu kuma ta hade da ruwan tekun Atlantika da na Indiya.

Fadin fadin Afirka kusan mil 11,724,000 ne (kilomita 30,365,000), kuma nahiyar tana da nisan mil 5,000 (kilomita 8,000) daga arewa zuwa kudu da kusan mil 4,600 (kilomita 7,400) daga gabas zuwa yamma. Ƙarshen arewacinta shine Al-Ghīrān Point, kusa da Al-Abyaḍ Point (Cape Blanc), Tunisiya; iyakar kudancinta shine Cape Agulhas, Afirka ta Kudu; Gabas mafi nisa shine Xaafuun (Hafun) Point, kusa da Cape Gwardafuy (Guardafui), Somaliya; kuma iyakar yammacinta shine Almadi Point (Pointe des Almadies), akan Cape Verde (Cap Vert), Senegal. A arewa maso gabas, yankin Sinai ya hade Afirka da Asiya har zuwa lokacin da aka gina tashar Suez. Ba abin mamaki ba, bakin tekun Afirka—kilomita 18,950 (kilomita 30,500) tsayinsa—ya fi na Turai gajarta, domin akwai ƴan mashigai kaɗan da manyan ɓangarorin kogi.

A gefen gabar tekun Afirka da yawa tsibirai suna da alaƙa da nahiyar. Daga cikin wadannan Madagascar, daya daga cikin tsibiran da suka fi girma a duniya, shi ne ya fi muhimmanci. Sauran, ƙananan tsibiran sun haɗa da Seychelles, Socotra, da sauran tsibiran da ke gabas; Comoros, Mauritius, Réunion, da sauran tsibiran da ke kudu maso gabas; Hawan Yesu zuwa sama, St. Helena, da Tristan da Cunha zuwa kudu maso yamma; Cape Verde, tsibiran Bijagós, Bioko, da Sao Tomé da Principe zuwa yamma; da Azores da tsibirin Madeira da Canary zuwa arewa maso yamma.

Yankin Equator ya raba nahiyar kusan gida biyu, ta yadda yawancin Afirka ke cikin yankin masu zafi, wanda ke iyaka da arewa da Tropic of Cancer sannan a kudu da Tropic of Capricorn. Saboda kumburin da yammacin Afirka ya yi, yawancin yankin Afirka yana arewacin Equator. An ketare Afirka daga arewa zuwa kudu ta wurin firaminista (0° longitude), wanda ya wuce tazara kadan zuwa gabas da Accra, Ghana.

A zamanin d a an ce Girkawa sun kira nahiyar Libya da Romawa don kiranta Afirka, watakila daga Latin aprica ("rana") ko aphrike na Girkanci ("ba tare da sanyi") ba. Sunan Afirka, an fi amfani da shi ne a gabar tekun arewacin nahiyar, wanda a zahiri, ana daukarsa a matsayin wani yanki na kudancin Turai. Romawa, waɗanda a wani lokaci suke mulkin gaɓar tekun Arewacin Afirka, an kuma ce suna kiran yankin kudu da ƙauyukansu Afriga, ko kuma ƙasar Afrigs—sunan al’ummar Berber a kudancin Carthage.

Ana iya ɗaukar duk faɗin Afirka a matsayin babban tudu mai tsayi da ke tasowa daga ƴan ƴan ƴan gaɓar bakin teku da ya ƙunshi tsoffin duwatsun crystalline. Filayen filaye ya fi girma a kudu maso gabas kuma yana karkata zuwa ƙasa zuwa arewa maso gabas. Gabaɗaya za a iya raba filaye zuwa yankin kudu maso gabas da yanki arewa maso yamma. Yankin arewa maso yamma, wanda ya hada da Sahara (Hamada) da kuma yankin Arewacin Afirka da aka fi sani da Maghrib, yana da yankuna biyu masu tsaunuka - tsaunin Atlas da ke arewa maso yammacin Afirka, wadanda aka yi imanin cewa wani bangare ne na tsarin da ya mamaye kudancin Turai, kuma tsaunin Aggar (Hoggar) a cikin Sahara. Yankin kudu maso gabashin tuddai ya hada da Filaton Habasha, Plateau na Gabashin Afirka, da kuma - a gabashin Afirka ta Kudu, inda gefen tudu ya fado kasa cikin gyale - kewayon Drakensberg. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke da ban mamaki a cikin tsarin yanayin ƙasa na Afirka shine Tsarin Rift na Gabashin Afirka, wanda ke tsakanin 30 ° zuwa 40 ° E. Rigimar kanta ta fara arewa maso gabashin iyakar nahiyar kuma ta wuce kudu daga bakin tekun Red Sea zuwa Zambezi. Basin kogin.

Afirka ta ƙunshi dumbin albarkatu na ma'adinai, waɗanda suka haɗa da wasu manyan rijiyoyin man fetur na duniya, da ƙarfe, da duwatsu masu daraja da karafa masu daraja. Wannan arzikin ya yi daidai da ɗimbin albarkatun halittu waɗanda suka haɗa da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzuka na Afirka ta Tsakiya da shahararriyar yawan namun daji na gabashi da kudanci na nahiyar. Ko da yake har yanzu noma (musamman abinci) ya mamaye tattalin arzikin ƙasashen Afirka da yawa, cin gajiyar waɗannan albarkatu ya zama mafi mahimmancin ayyukan tattalin arziki a Afirka a ƙarni na 20.

Yanayin yanayi da sauran abubuwa sun yi tasiri sosai kan tsarin zaman mutane a Afirka. Yayin da ake ganin an ci gaba da zama a wasu yankuna ko žasa tun farkon wayewar bil'adama, manyan yankuna - musamman yankunan hamada na arewaci da kudu maso yammacin Afirka - sun kasance ba a mamaye su ba na tsawon lokaci. Don haka, ko da yake Afirka ita ce nahiya ta biyu mafi girma, tana da kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na al'ummar duniya kuma ana iya cewa ba ta da yawan jama'a. Bakar fata sun dade suna zama mafi girma a nahiyar, amma a lokutan tarihi kuma an sami manyan bakin haure daga Asiya da Turai. Daga cikin matsugunan kasashen waje a Afirka, na Larabawa ya yi tasiri mafi girma. Addinin Musulunci, wanda Larabawa ke dauke da su, ya yadu daga Arewacin Afirka zuwa yankuna da dama da ke kudu da hamadar sahara, ta yadda da yawa daga cikin mutanen yammacin Afirka sun zama musulunta.

Afrika

Wannan labarin ya yi la'akari da yanayin yanayin jiki da na ɗan adam na Afirka, sannan kuma tattaunawa game da fasalin yanayin ƙasa mai ban sha'awa na musamman. Don tattaunawa game da ɗayan ƙasashen nahiyar, duba irin waɗannan labaran kamar Masar, Madagascar, da Sudan. Ana kula da yankunan Afirka a ƙarƙashin taken Afirka ta Tsakiya, Gabashin Afirka, Arewacin Afirka, Kudancin Afirka, da Yammacin Afirka; Waɗannan labaran kuma sun ƙunshi babban jigon ci gaban tarihi da al'adun Afirka. Don tattaunawa game da manyan biranen nahiyar, duba irin waɗannan labaran kamar su Alexandria, Alkahira, Cape Town, Johannesburg, da Kinshasa. An tattauna batutuwa masu alaƙa a cikin wallafe-wallafen labarai, Afirka; adabi, Afirka ta Kudu; gine-gine, Afirka; fasaha, Afirka; rawa, Afirka; kiɗa, Afirka; wasan kwaikwayo, Afirka; fasaha da gine-gine, Masarautar; Musulunci; fasaha, Musulunci; da duniyar Musulunci.

Tarihin ma'adanai na Afrika

Nahiyar Afirka da gaske ta ƙunshi tsofin cratons na Precambrian guda biyar-Kaapvaal, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Kongo, da Afirka ta Yamma—waɗanda aka kafa tsakanin kimanin shekaru biliyan 3.6 da 2 da suka wuce kuma waɗanda a zahiri sun tsaya tsayin daka tun daga wancan lokacin; Waɗannan ƙuƙumman suna daure da ƙananan bel ɗin ninki waɗanda aka kafa tsakanin shekaru biliyan 2 da miliyan 300 da suka wuce. Duk waɗannan duwatsun an naɗe su da yawa kuma an daidaita su (wato, an canza su cikin tsari da tsari ta hanyar zafi da matsa lamba). Dutsen Precambrian ya bayyana a kusan kashi 57 cikin ɗari na saman nahiyar, yayin da sauran saman ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan marasa lahani da duwatsu masu aman wuta.

Tsofaffin duwatsu na zamanin Archean ne (watau kimanin shekaru 4.6 zuwa 2.5) kuma ana samun su a cikin wuraren da ake kira granite-gneiss-greenstone na Kaapvaal, Zimbabwe, da Kongo cratons. Sun ƙunshi launin toka, gneisses banded, granitoids iri-iri, da kuma wasu duwatsu masu aman wuta da aka adana da kyau waɗanda ke nuna shaidar extrusion na ƙarƙashin teku (watau fitar da kayan dutse a cikin narkakken siffa) da samuwar ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi. Nau'in dutsen komatiite shine bincike na musamman na waɗancan jerin tsaunuka kuma kusan an keɓe shi ga Archean Eon. An daidaita craton ta hanyar tectonically ta hanyar kutsawa mai girma zuwa ƙarshen Archean sannan kuma an rufe su da tsattsauran ra'ayi, wasu daga cikinsu sun ƙunshi mahimmin ma'aunin zinariya da ma'ajiyar uranium (misali, Tsarin Witwatersrand a Afirka ta Kudu).

Proterozoic Eon (Biliyan 2.5 zuwa kimanin shekaru miliyan 541 da suka gabata) yana da alaƙa da samuwar bel ɗin hannu da yawa, waɗanda ke da tsayi, kunkuntar yankuna na ƙaƙƙarfan nakasassu da duwatsun da ba a taɓa gani ba waɗanda ke faruwa tsakanin cratons kuma wataƙila ya haifar da karo tsakanin cratons saboda zuwa farantin tectonic matakai. Ana samun tsofaffin bel ɗin hannu a cikin dutsen Archean, kamar bel na Limpopo da ke raba Kaapvaal da ratsan Zimbabwe. An kafa ƙananan bel yayin wani taron thermotectonic na nahiyar da aka fi sani da Eburnian (shekaru 2.2 zuwa biliyan 1.8 da suka wuce), wanda ya haifar da taron Birimian a yammacin Afirka, taron Ubendian a gabas ta tsakiya na Afirka, da kuma manyan duwatsu a Angola. Har yanzu ƙananan bel na taron kibaran thermotectonic (shekaru biliyan 1.2 zuwa 950 da suka wuce) ana samun su a gabashi da Kudancin Afirka.

Ƙarshen Precambrian ya kasance alama ce ta wani babban taron samar da bel na wayar hannu wanda aka sani da shirin Pan-African (kimanin shekaru 950 zuwa 550 da suka wuce), wanda ya haifar da bel mai ninki mai tsayi, irin su bel na Mozambique tare da gabashin gabar tekun Afirka. , Belin Damara da Katanga da suka tashi daga Namibiya zuwa Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kongo da Zambiya, bel ɗin Kongo ta Yamma tsakanin Angola da Gabon, bel ɗin Dahomey-Ahaggar tsakanin Ghana da Aljeriya, da bel ɗin Mauritanide daga Senegal zuwa Maroko. An rubuta juyin halittar marigayi Precambrian na musamman a cikin abin da ake kira Garkuwan Larabawa-Nubian na arewa maso gabashin Afirka da Larabawa. A can, an ƙirƙira manyan duwatsu masu aman wuta da dutsen granitoid a cikin tsibiri-arc, saitin bakin ruwa-wani yanayi mai kama da na kudu maso yammacin Tekun Pasifik na yanzu. An ba da izinin yin amfani da duwatsu zuwa tsohuwar nahiyar Afirka, wanda gefensa a lokacin yana kusa da Kogin Nilu na yanzu, ta hanyar raguwa mai kama da waɗanda aka gani a yau. (Subduction ya ƙunshi gangaren gefen farantin lithospheric ɗaya ƙarƙashin na wani inda irin waɗannan faranti guda biyu suka yi karo.)

Abubuwan da ke cikin tsohuwar cratons ba su shafi abubuwan da suka faru na tectonic na sama ba, da sedimentary na intracratonic da jerin volcanic da suka taru a cikin manyan kwanduna. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan su ne tudun ruwa na Transvaal a kan craton na Kaapvaal wanda ya ƙunshi ma'adinan tama mai mahimmanci na tattalin arziki; kasar Kongo; da yammacin Afirka ta Yamma, tare da kauri mai kauri na Proterozoic sediments ciki har da fitaccen sararin sama wanda ke nuna babban taron glaciation a ƙarshen Precambrian.

Bayan Precambrian, tarihin geologic na Afirka yana da abubuwan da suka faru: samuwar bel a cikin Paleozoic Era (kimanin 541 zuwa 252 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce) a Afirka ta Kudu ( Cape fold bel), Maroko (Ben Anti-Atlas) , da Mauritania (ƙarfin Mauritanide) da ke iyaka da tsofaffin cratons; Volcanism basaltic volcanism kimanin shekaru miliyan 230 zuwa 200 da suka wuce a Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya, da Gabashin Afirka, da aka sani da Tsarin Karoo, wanda wataƙila yana da alaƙa da farkon wargajewar babbar nahiyar Gondwana; samuwar wani matashin bel na tsaunuka a arewa maso yammacin Afirka kimanin shekaru miliyan 100 zuwa 40 da suka gabata sakamakon karo da aka yi tsakanin faranti na Afirka da Turai, tare da rufe tekun kakanni na Bahar Rum (Tethys Sea); da ci gaban Tsarin Rift na Gabashin Afirka a lokacin Cenozoic Era (wato, kusan shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata), wanda ya kai ga buɗe Tekun Bahar Rum, ratsa arewa maso gabas na farantin Larabawa, da faɗuwar tsohuwar ɓawon burodi na Afirka. tare da dogayen kwaruruka masu tsayi, tare da yawan aman wuta.

Yan kunan Afrika

Afirka, nahiya mafi girma ta biyu, tana iyaka da Tekun Bahar Rum, Bahar Maliya, Tekun Indiya, da Tekun Atlantika. An raba kusan daidai da rabi ta wurin Equator. Za a iya la'akari da yanayin yanayin yanayin Afrika, muhalli, albarkatu, da tarihin ɗan adam daban. Afirka tana da manyan yankuna takwas na zahiri: Sahara, Sahel, tsaunukan Habasha, savanna, gabar tekun Swahili, dazuzzuka, manyan tafkunan Afirka, da kudancin Afirka. Wasu daga cikin wadannan yankuna sun mamaye manyan sassan nahiyar, irin su Sahara da Sahel, yayin da wasu ke zama saniyar ware, kamar tsaunukan Habasha da manyan tabkuna. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yankuna yana da al'ummomin dabbobi da tsirrai na musamman.

Sahara dai ita ce hamadar zafi mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya kai murabba'in kilomita miliyan 8.5 (kilomita miliyan 3.3), daidai da girman kasar Brazil ta Kudancin Amurka. Ma'anar ɓarkewar arewacin Afirka, hamada ce ke da kashi 25 cikin ɗari na nahiyar. Sahara tana da nau'ikan siffofi na zahiri, gami da ergs, regs, hamadas, da oases. Ergs, wanda ya mamaye kashi 20 cikin 100 na hamadar sahara, yashi ne da ya kai tsawon daruruwan kilomita a tsayin sama da mita 300 (kafa 1,000). Ergs sun mamaye yawancin Aljeriya da Libya, da wasu sassan Mali da Najeriya. Ergs na iya ƙunsar gishiri mai yawa, wanda ake sayar da shi don amfanin masana'antu da abinci. Rijista filaye ne na yashi da tsakuwa waɗanda ke da kashi 70 cikin ɗari na Sahara. Tsakuwar na iya zama baki, ja, ko fari. Rijista sune ragowar gadajen teku da gadajen kogi amma yanzu sun kusa rashin ruwa.

Hamadas suna da tudun dutse da dutse masu tsayi waɗanda suka kai tsayin mita 3,353 (ƙafa 11,000). Sun hada da tsaunin Atlas, wanda ya tashi daga kudu maso yammacin Maroko zuwa arewa maso gabashin Tunisia; tsaunin Tibesti na kudancin Libya da arewacin Chadi; da tsaunin Aggar da ke kudancin Aljeriya.Oasis wata cibiya ce ta ruwa a cikin hamada, galibi ta hanyar maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, rijiyoyi, ko tsarin ban ruwa. Kimanin kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar Sahara na rayuwa ne a cikin tsaunuka, wanda ya kai murabba'in kilomita 2,071 (mil murabba'in 800) na sararin hamada. Dabbobi da tsire-tsire na yankin Sahara sun dace da yanayin bushewar yankin. Kodan jerboa, nau'in rodents, suna samar da fitsari mai yawan gaske wanda ke rage asarar ruwa. Rakumin dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) yana kiyaye ruwa ta hanyar canza yanayin jikinsa don kada ya yi gumi yayin da rana ta yi zafi. Kunamar tana iyakance ayyukanta zuwa dare, tana shiga cikin yashi mai sanyaya da ke ƙasa da rana. A matsayin mafarauci, kunama kuma tana shanye ruwa daga naman ganimarta.

Tsire-tsire na Sahara sun tsira saboda tushen tsarin da ke nutsewa har zuwa mita 24 (ƙafa 80) a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. A wasu sassa na Sahara, tsirran ba za su iya yin tushe ko kaɗan ba. A cikin hamadar kudancin Libya, alal misali, babu ciyawar da ke wanzuwa fiye da kilomita 195 (mil 120).

Yankin Sahel ƴan ƴan ƙanƙara ƴan ƙanƙara ne na ƙasa mai ɓarkewa wanda ke samar da wani yanki na canji tsakanin Sahara zuwa arewa da savannas zuwa kudu. An yi shi ne da filayen da ba a taɓa gani ba wanda ya kai kusan kilomita 5,400 (mil 3,300) a faɗin Afirka, daga Senegal zuwa Sudan. Yankin Sahel ya ƙunshi ɗimbin raƙuman ruwa na Nijar, ɗaya daga cikin koguna mafi tsayi a Afirka. Sai dai abin takaicin shi ne, kasa mai albarka ta Sahel tana saurin zama hamada sakamakon fari da sare itatuwa da kuma noma sosai. Ana kiran wannan tsari da kwararowar hamada.

Al'ummomin yankin na Sahel na ci gaba da neman karancin ruwa da ciyayi. Ita ce gerbil ta Senegal (Taterillus pygargus), wadda ita ce mafi yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa a yankin Sahel kuma mai girman santimita kaɗan kawai, na cinye kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na tsiron Sahel.

Koren ciyayi na yankin Sahel na fitowa ne kawai a lokacin damina, inda manoma kan yi saurin girbe shi ko kuma dabbobi su cinye su. Baobabs (Adansonia digitata) fari ne kuma bishiyoyi masu jurewa wuta tare da kututtuka waɗanda galibi suna da faɗin mita 15 (ƙafa 50) kuma tsayin ya kai mita 26 (ƙafa 85). Acacia, wanda tsarin tushensa mai zurfi ya dace da yanayin da ba shi da ɗanɗano, yana cikin itatuwan da aka fi samun su a yankin Sahel. Cram-cram, ciyawa ce mai kauri, ita ce abincin farko ga makiyayan Sahel kamar shanun zebu (Bos indicus).

Tsaunukan Habasha sun fara haɓaka shekaru miliyan 75 da suka wuce, yayin da magma daga rigar duniya ta ɗaga babban kubba na tsohon dutse. An raba wannan kubba daga baya yayin da ɓawon nahiya na Afirka ya rabu, wanda ya haifar da tsarin Great Rift Valley. A yau, wannan kwari ya ratsa tsaunukan Habasha daga kudu maso yamma zuwa arewa maso gabas. Tsaunukan Habasha na da kashi 80 cikin 100 na tsaunukan Afirka mafi tsayi. Kyakkyawar yanayin tsaunuka ya dace da nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe. Nau'i na asali irin su walia ibex (Capra walie), akuyar daji da ke cikin karewa, da gelada (Theropithecus gelada) suna zaune a cikin tudu da matsuguni na tsaunin Simien. Mafi kyawun nau'in tsaunuka masu alama shine watakila wolf na Habasha (Canis simensis).

Kogin Swahili yana da nisan kilomita 1,610 (mil 1,000) tare da Tekun Indiya daga Somaliya zuwa Mozambique. Ƙwayoyin murjani na kusa da tsibiran shinge suna kare bakin tekun daga mummunan yanayi. Babu rayuwar dabbobi da yawa a gabar yashi na Swahili. Giwa mai launin zinari (Rhynchocyon chrysopygus), rodent mai cin kwari tare da dogon hanci, ya zama ruwan dare. Karamin ɗan fari, ɗan fari wanda aka fi sani da jaririn daji yana zaune a wurare masu tsiro a gabar tekun Swahili. Jarirai na daji, waɗanda suke da manyan idanu don farauta da dare, suna ciyar da kwari, 'ya'yan itace, da ganye. Waɗannan ƙarin wuraren ciyayi suna kan ƴan ƴan ƴaƴan ƴan ƴan ƴaƴan ƴan ƴan ƴan gaɓar teku. Noma mai yawa ya rage bambance-bambancen nau'ikan tsire-tsire a cikin wannan yanki na bakin tekun Swahili. Gandun daji na Mangrove sune ciyayi mafi yawan gaske. Mangroves sun fallasa tsarin tushen, yana ba da damar bishiyoyi su sha iskar oxygen kai tsaye daga iska da kuma daga ƙasa mara kyau.

Yawancin dazuzzukan dajin na Afirka an lalata su ta hanyar ci gaba, noma, da gandun daji. A yau, kashi 80 cikin 100 na gandun daji na Afirka yana da yawa a Afirka ta Tsakiya, kusa da Kogin Kongo. Dazuzzukan dazuzzuka na Afirka suna da nau'ikan rayuwar dabbobi iri-iri; Faci mai nisan kilomita shida (mile huɗu) zai iya ƙunsar nau'ikan tsuntsaye har 400, nau'in malam buɗe ido 150, da nau'ikan amphibian 60. Muhimman dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da giwayen daji na Afirka (Loxodonta cyclotis), gorillas, baƙar fata colobus biri (Colobus satanas), da okapi (Okapi johnstoni), ɗan jaki mai kama da raƙuma.

Turewar tururuwa tana daya daga cikin nau'in dazuzzukan dazuzzukan Afirka da suka fi kai hari. Tururuwan tuƙi suna motsawa cikin ginshiƙan har zuwa miliyan 20 a fadin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka kuma za su ci komai daga millipedes masu guba zuwa dabbobi masu rarrafe da ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Al’ummar dazuzzukan dazuzzuka na Afirka sun ma fi bambanta, inda aka yi kiyasin nau’in tsiro 8,000. Fiye da 1,100 na waɗannan nau'ikan suna da yawa, ko kuma ba a samun su a wani wuri a duniya. Kashi 10 cikin 100 na tsire-tsire da ke dazuzzukan Afirka ne kawai aka gano.

Manyan Tafkuna suna cikin ƙasashe tara waɗanda ke kewaye da Babban Rift Valley. Yayin da nahiyar Afirka ta rabu da yankin Larabawa, manyan tsage-tsafe masu zurfi sun samu a saman duniya. Wadannan tsaga daga baya sun cika da ruwa. Wannan tsarin yanayin ƙasa ya haifar da wasu manyan tafkuna masu zurfi da zurfi a duniya.

Akwai manyan tafkuna bakwai na Afirka: Lake Albert, Lake Edward, tafkin Kivu, tafkin Malawi, tafkin Tanganyika, tafkin Turkana, da tafkin Victoria. Tafkin Victoria, tafkin mafi girma a Afirka, shine tushen kudancin kogin Nilu, kogin mafi tsayi a duniya. Yankin Babban Tafkuna na Afirka yana da nau'ikan rayuwar dabbobin ruwa da na ƙasa. Kifi sun haɗa da perch Nile mai nauyin kilo 45 (laba 100) da cichlid mai tsawon santimita 2.5 (inci ɗaya). Dabbobin savanna masu ƙaura, irin su wildebeest, suna amfani da tabkuna a matsayin ramukan ruwa. Hippos (Hippopotamus amphibius) da crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) suna kiran yankin gidansu.

Manyan Tafkuna sun mamaye komai daga dazuzzuka zuwa al'ummomin shuka na savanna. Duk da haka, nau'o'in cin zarafi irin su hyacinth na ruwa (Eichhornia crassipes) da papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) sun fara mamaye dukkan iyakokin teku, suna barazana ga dabbobi da tsire-tsire. Yankin kudancin Afirka ya mamaye yankin Kaapvaal craton, wani rumbun tukwane da ke da shekaru sama da biliyan 2.6. Abubuwan da ke da ban mamaki na kudancin Afirka sun haɗa da tuddai da tsaunuka, kamar kewayon Drakensberg.

Yankunan Afrika

Kudancin Afirka ita ce tsakiyar sanannan wuraren ajiyar Afirka, waɗanda ke kare nau'ikan dabbobi kamar zakuna, giwaye, baboons, farar karkanda (Ceratotherium simum), da zebras na Burchell (Equus quagga burchellii). Sauran nau'ikan dabbobi masu mahimmanci sun haɗa da impala (Aepyceros melampus), nau'in barewa, da kuma springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), nau'in gazelle wanda zai iya tsoma ƙafafu da yawa zuwa iska don guje wa mafarauta. Yankin Cape Floral na Kudancin Afirka na ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi wadata ga tsirrai a duniya. Yayin da yankin Cape Floral ya ke da kasa da kashi 0.5 na Afirka, yana da kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 na tsiron nahiyar. The king protea (Protea cynaroides), furen ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu, ana samunsa a yankin Cape Floral.

Kasuwanci Bayi a Afrika

A tsawon lokacin cinikin bayin Atlantika, daga kimanin 1526 zuwa 1867, an saka wasu maza da mata da yara miliyan 12.5 da aka kama a cikin jiragen ruwa a Afirka, kuma miliyan 10.7 sun isa Amurka. Cinikin bayin Atlantika da alama ya kasance mafi tsada a rayuwar ɗan adam a cikin duk ƙaura na duniya mai nisa. 'Yan Afirka na farko sun tilasta yin aiki a Sabuwar Duniya sun bar Turai a farkon karni na sha shida, ba daga Afirka ba. Tafiyar farko da ke ɗauke da bayi daga Afirka zuwa Amurka wataƙila ta yi tafiya a cikin 1526.

Adadin mutanen da aka kwashe daga Afirka ya kai 30,000 a kowace shekara a cikin 1690s da 85,000 a kowace shekara bayan karni. Fiye da mutane takwas cikin goma na Afirka da aka tilastawa shiga cinikin bayi sun tsallaka Tekun Atlantika tsakanin 1700 zuwa 1850. A cikin shekaru goma na 1821 zuwa 1830 an ga mutane sama da 80,000 suna barin Afirka a cikin jiragen ruwa na bayi. Fiye da fiye da miliyan ɗaya—kashi ɗaya cikin goma na waɗanda aka kwashe a zamanin cinikin bayi—sun biyo baya cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa.

A shekara ta 1820, kusan 'yan Afirka huɗu na kowane Bature sun ketare Tekun Atlantika; kusan hudu daga cikin mata biyar da suka tsallaka Tekun Atlantika sun fito ne daga Afirka. Yawancin bayin Afirka da aka kawo zuwa Arewacin Amurka na Burtaniya sun isa tsakanin 1720 zuwa 1780. 'Yan Afirka da aka kai Brazil sun zo da yawa daga Angola. 'Yan Afirka da aka kai su Arewacin Amurka, gami da Caribbean, sun bar galibi daga Yammacin Afirka.

Fiye da kashi 90 cikin 100 na ’yan Afirka da aka bautar da su an aika su zuwa Caribbean da Kudancin Amirka. Kusan kashi 6 cikin 100 na mutanen Afirka da aka kama an aika kai tsaye zuwa Arewacin Amurka na Burtaniya. Duk da haka a shekara ta 1825, yawan jama'ar Amurka sun haɗa da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mutanen zuriyar Afirka a Yammacin Duniya. Hanyar Tsakiyar ta kasance mai haɗari da ban tsoro. An raba jinsin; maza da mata da yara sun kasance tsirara, an tattara su tare; kuma an daure mutanen tsawon lokaci mai tsawo. Kusan kashi 12 cikin 100 na wadanda suka hau ba su tsira da ransu ba.An fara cinikin bayi na Transatlantic a karshen karni na 15 a Najeriya. A shekara ta 1471, ma’aikatan jiragen ruwa na Portugal da ke fatan buga sana’ar zinari ta sahara sun yi la’akari da gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma har zuwa yankin Neja-Delta, kuma sun sayar da kayayyaki na Turai don sana’o’in cikin gida da kuma bayi, na baya-bayan nan ya zama mai riba sosai. Tun farko dai Turawa sun kama ‘yan Najeriya a hare-haren da suke kai wa al’ummomin da ke gabar teku, amma da bukatar hakan ta karu sai suka dogara ga bayi da sarakunan yankin, ‘yan kasuwa, da manyan jami’an soji su ba su, inda suka ba wa wadannan jami’an rum, bindigogi, dawakai, kayayyakin masana’antu. da kyalle mai kyau na muslin.

A shekara ta 1490, an kai bayi fiye da 3,000 a shekara zuwa Portugal da Spain daga Afirka. Tare da fadada Turai da mulkin mallaka na Yammacin Indiya da Amurka, abin da ke da ƙananan kasuwa a cikin hauren giwa, zinari, da bayi ya rikide zuwa babbar cinikayyar duniya. Daga kashi uku na karshe na karni na 16 zuwa farkon karni na 19, 'yan kasuwan Fotigal, sannan Dutch, sannan Faransanci da Ingila sun fadada cinikin bayi na Afirka a duniya. An samu riba mai yawa, galibi Turawa ne, amma kuma wasu ‘yan Afrika kadan ne suka ci gajiyar tattalin arziki, galibi a gabar tekun kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. A tsawon wannan lokaci na cinikin bayi sama da miliyan 3.5 daga Najeriya zuwa Amurka ta Arewa da Kudancin Amurka da kuma yankin Caribbean. Karamin ciniki kuma ya kasance zuwa Turai da sauran yankuna.

A cikin yin amfani da dillalan gida don samar da fursunoni, cinikin bayi ya lalata tsarin zamantakewa, siyasa, da addini na zamani tare da lalata tsarin kasuwanci da aka daɗe ana amfani da shi, tare da mai da kasuwannin da ke kan hanyoyin kasuwancin da ke ƙetare sahara zuwa tashoshin kai farmakin bayi. Gasa tsakanin ƙabilu na gida a cikin cinikin bayi ya kasance mai tsanani kuma ya sa yaƙe-yaƙe na cikin gida ya ba da ɗumbin ɗumbin bayin da aka kama. Su ma kungiyoyin da ke da hannu wajen samar da mafi yawan bayi (Aro, Oyo da Hausa) sun fuskanci rikice-rikice na cikin gida da kokawa, sai ga garuruwan Yarabawa sun shiga yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin su don sarrafa cinikin bayi. A arewa, haramcin shari'a na Musulunci na bautar da musulmi ya haifar da haɓaka musulunta don guje wa bautar - duk da cewa yunƙurin tattalin arziƙin ya tabbatar da cewa musulmai mahara ne ko kuma wasu maƙwabta na maƙwabta suka kama Musulmai da yawa.

A lokacin da aka kawar da bauta a farkon karni na 19, aka maye gurbinsa da cinikin dabino mai riba, Arewacin Najeriya ya zama al'umma mai santsi sosai, kuma Legas da sauran garuruwan da ke gabar teku a yankin kudancin Delta sun tashi a matsayin muhimman cibiyoyi na tattalin arziki da Turawa suka dade. tuntuɓar juna, saita mataki don ƙarfafa polarization wanda zai faru a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A duk fadin Najeriya, an sauya tsarin shugabancin gargajiya (na siyasa da na addini) kuma a wasu lokuta an wargaza su, lamarin da ya kai ga gallazawa da tashe-tashen hankula da suka sa kasar ta yi nisa da mulkin mallaka. Ƙarfin soja da samun damar shiga kayan Turai a yanzu sun yi ƙoƙarin tantance wanda ke iko da yankuna daban-daban a Yammacin Afirka, tare da ƙananan ƙabilun al'ummomin da ke tsakiyar Belt sau da yawa suna yin hasarar zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi - ciki har da waɗanda suka canza zuwa Anglicanism a Kudu da kuma Halifancin Sakkwato a Arewa—dukkan biyun Turawa ne suka fifita su.

Birtaniya ta haramta cinikin bayi a shekara ta 1807, shawarar da ta kasance duka al'adu da tattalin arziki. Ci gaban Protestantism na bishara a ƙarshen 1700s ya ba da murya mai mahimmanci ga tattaunawa game da bauta; ’yan mishan sun fahimci cewa juya bayi zuwa Kiristanci bai dace da yadda bayi suke bi da su ba. Masu wa’azin bishara kuma sun soma aiki a Afirka, kuma suna jin cewa matsalolin da “babban nahiya” ke fuskanta sakamakon bauta ne kai tsaye. Idan aka kawar da bauta, sun yi imani cewa Kiristanci da wayewa za su yaɗu. A shekara ta 1772, Quakers ya matsawa gwamnatin Burtaniya don kawar da bautar da ake yi a Biritaniya, sannan ta kafa mulkin mallaka na Saliyo, inda aka tura tsoffin bayi.

Dalili na biyu na kawo karshen juyin juya halin masana'antu da tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin shuka. Bayi duka ma'aikatan masana'antu ne da kuma matalauta abokan cinikin kayayyakin Biritaniya. Birtaniya ta tura manufar "kasuwancin halal" a matsayin maye gurbin bauta, musamman samar da dabino, wanda ake nema a Turai. Duk da haka, noman dabino ya ƙarfafa bautar cikin gida don samar da aiki don aikin dabino da kuma jigilar dabino daga ciki zuwa ga 'yan kasuwa a bakin teku. Kuma, har yanzu ana aika bayi a cikin jiragen ruwa da suka tashi daga garuruwan da ke bakin teku.

Kasuwanci Bayi a Afrika

Turawan Ingila sun fara aikin ‘yan sanda a bakin teku, suna katse jiragen bayi da sakin fursunonin. Daga cikin wadannan bayin da aka sako sun hada da Samuel Ajayi Crowther, wanda ya tashi a makarantar CMS kuma ya ci gaba da zama Bishop na Anglican na farko na Afirka. Ƙarshen cinikin bayi da bunƙasa kasuwanni daban-daban, da kuma faɗaɗa kasuwannin kayayyakin Biritaniya, sune matakan gamawa da mulkin mallaka.

Kasashen Afrika

Afirka ita ce nahiya ta biyu mafi girma kuma mafi yawan jama'a bayan Asiya. Yana rufe kusan kashi 6% na jimillar saman duniya, kuma ita ce kawai nahiya da ke shimfidawa a fadin hemispheres hudu. An yi la'akari da ƙasa mafi tsufa, an yi imanin cewa ita ce gidan mutum na farko. Nahiyar kuma gida ce ga hamada mafi girma a duniya - Sahara. Dangane da labarin kasa, an raba Afirka zuwa manyan yankuna biyar:

• Arewacin Afirka

• Gabashin Afirka

• Afirka ta Tsakiya

• Afirka ta Kudu

• Afirka ta Yamma

Ga wasu abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da Afirka:

Yanayi na - 30.3 km²

Adadin ƙasashe 54 (tare da 'yancin kai na biyu)

Mafi girma ƙasa (ta yanki) Aljeriya

Yawan jama'a (2021) biliyan 1.37

Mafi yawan al'ummar Najeriya

Yawan harsunan da ake magana sama da harsuna 2,000 a fadin nahiyar

Mafi girma a tsibirin Kahon Afirka (Somaliya, Habasha, Eritrea, da Djibouti)

Dutsen Kilimanjaro mafi tsayi a Tanzaniya

Kogin Nilu mafi tsayi

Akwai kasashe 54 masu cin gashin kansu a Afirka kamar haka yadda muka lissafa kowace kasa da birnin ta:

Yankin Babban Birnin Kasa km2 Yawan Jama'a

Aljeriya Algiers 2,381,740 miliyan 44.6

Angola Luanda 1,246,700 miliyan 33.9

Benin Port-Novo 112,620 miliyan 12.4

Botswana Gaborone 600,370 miliyan 2.3

Burkina Faso Ouagadougou 274,200 miliyan 21.4

Ƙofar Burundi 27,830 miliyan 12.2

Kamaru Yaounde 475,440 miliyan 27.2

Tekun Cape Verde 4,033 561,898

Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya Bangui 622,984 miliyan 4.9

Chadi N'Djamena 1,284,000 miliyan 16.9

Comoros Moroni 2,170,888,4

Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo 2,345,410 miliyan 92.3

Djibouti Djibouti 23,000 miliyan 1

Masar Alkahira 1,001,450 miliyan 101.4

Equatorial Guinea Malabo 28,051 miliyan 1.4

Eritrea Asmara 121,320 miliyan 6

Swatini Mbabane 17,363 miliyan 1.1

Habasha Addis Ababa 1,127,127 miliyan 117.8

Gabon Libreville 267,667 miliyan 2.2

Ghana Accra 239,460 miliyan 31.7

Guinea Conakry 245,857 miliyan 13.4

Guinea-Bissau Bissau 36,120 miliyan 2

Ivory Coast Abidjan, 322,460 miliyan 27

Kenya Nairobi 582,650 miliyan 54.9

Lesotho Maseru 30,355 miliyan 2.1

Laberiya Monrovia 111,370 miliyan 5.1

Libya Tripoli 1,759,540 miliyan 6.9

Madagascar Antananarivo 587,040 miliyan 28.4

Malawi 118,480 miliyan 19.6

Mali Bamako 1,240,000 miliyan 20

Mauritania Nouakchott 1,030,700 miliyan 4.7

Mauritius Port Louis 2,040 miliyan 1.2

Morocco Rabat 446,550 miliyan 37.3

Mozambique Maputo 801,590 miliyan 32.1

Namibiya Windhoek 825,418 miliyan 2.5

Nijar Niamey 1,267,000 miliyan 25.1

Najeriya Abuja 923,768 miliyan 211.4

Jamhuriyar Congo Brazzaville 342,000 miliyan 5.6

Rwanda Kigali 26,338 miliyan 13.2

Sao Tome da Masarautar Sao Tome 1,001,223,3

Senegal Dakar 196,190 miliyan 17.1

Seychelles Victoria 455 98,908

Saliyo Freetown 71,740 miliyan 8.1

Somaliya Mogadishu 637,657 miliyan 16.3

Afirka ta Kudu Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Pretoria 1,219,912 miliyan 60

Sudan ta Kudu Juba 619,745 miliyan 11.3

Sudan Khartoum 1,861,484 miliyan 44.9

Tanzania Dodoma 945,087 miliyan 61.4

Gambiya Banjul 11,300 miliyan 2.4

Togo Lome 56,785 miliyan 8.4

Tunisiya Tunisiya 163,610 miliyan 11.9

Uganda Kampala 236,040 miliyan 47.1

Zambia Lusaka 752,614 miliyan 18.9

Zimbabwe Harare 390,580 miliyan 15

Taswira Yawan Mutanen AfrIka

Somaliland, da yammacin Sahara, yankuna biyu ne masu cin gashin kansu da har yanzu ba a amince da su a matsayin kasashe masu cin gashin kai a Afirka ba.

Wuraren Bude Ido a Afrika

Mafi Shahararrun Wuraren yawon buɗe ido a Afirka

Afirka na da yalwar da za ta ba masu yawon buɗe ido, amma wasu shahararrun abubuwan jan hankali sun haɗa da:

Serengeti National Park. Wannan wurin shakatawa na kasa yana cikin Tanzaniya kuma Gidan Tarihi ne na Duniya. Gidan shakatawa na gida ne ga dabbobi sama da miliyan 2 a Afirka, kuma yana buɗe wa jama'a don yawon shakatawa na yau da kullun ko ma na mako-mako. Har ila yau, inda Babban Hijira ke faruwa - wani taron shekara-shekara wanda daji ke yin ƙaura daga Serengeti zuwa Masai Mara a ƙasar Kenya.

Lake Nakuru. Ana samun tafkin a cikin dajin na Lake Nakuru a Kenya- daya daga cikin wuraren shakatawa da aka fi ziyarta a yankin. Yana aiki a matsayin mafaka ga yawancin nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari. Duk da haka, tafkin yana da ruwan hoda mai launin ruwan hoda, wanda ya mamaye yankin gaba daya, kuma daga sama, kawai za ku iya ganin launin ruwan hoda maimakon tafkin.

Dutsen tebur. Ana zaune a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, Dutsen Table shine wurin da aka fi ziyarta a wannan yanki, tare da baƙi miliyan 4.2 kowace shekara. Ba kamar sauran tsaunuka masu tsayi ba, ana kiran dutsen “Table dutsen” saboda saman samansa. Bugu da ƙari, tana da flora da fauna iri-iri, kuma kowane baƙo zai iya bincika yankin ta hanyar igiyar igiya ko ta hanyar hawan dutse kawai.

Okavango Delta. Da aka sani da "Jewel of the Kalahari," Okavango Delta wani abu ne da ya kamata a gani a Afirka. Wannan wuri mai tsarki na ruwa yana girma zuwa ninki biyu girmansa a lokacin damina - ya zama mafi girma a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa a duniya. Yana cikin Botswana, gida ne ga nau'ikan namun daji da yawa da sabbin nau'ikan da kimiyya ta gano a baya, don haka kuna da damar bincika ɗayan manyan abubuwan al'ajabi na yanayi.

Dala na Masar. Akwai dala sama da 100 da aka gano a Masar - mafi shaharar dala Giza. Wadannan gine-ginen wasu tsofaffin gine-gine ne da mutum ya yi, kuma daya daga cikinsu - Pyramid na Khufu - wani bangare ne na abubuwan al'ajabi guda bakwai na duniya.

Wuraren Bude ido a Afrika

Lake Retba. An samo shi a Senegal, ana kiran sunan Retba bayan launin ruwan hoda na musamman. Saboda yawan gishirin, algae "Dunaliella salina" yana bunƙasa, yana mai da tafkin ruwan hoda kuma wani lokacin har da jini.

Yarukan Afrika

Kasashen Afirka

Ƙasa, Harsuna na hukuma da na ƙasa, Sauran Harsunan da ake magana

Larabci Aljeriya,

Harsunan Berber, yaruka huɗu (ta gyaran tsarin mulki) Faransanci

Angola Fotigal kunkuntar Bantu kamar Umbundu da sauran harsunan Afirka.

Fon Faransanci na Benin da Yarbanci (mafi yawan yarukan yare a kudu), harsunan kabilanci (aƙalla manyan shida a arewa).

Botswana Setswana (harshen ƙasa da ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin yarukan), Ingilishi shine yaren kasuwanci na hukuma kuma ana yaɗa shi a cikin birane.

Burkina Faso Harsunan Faransanci na asalin Afirka na dangin Sudan wanda kashi 90% na al'ummar kasar ke magana.

Burundi Kirundi, Swahili na Faransa (tare da tafkin Tanganyika da a yankin Bujumbura).

Kamaru Turanci, Faransanci 24 manyan kungiyoyin harsunan Afirka.

Cape Verde Portuguese Kaboverdianu (Crioulo) (haɗin kalmomin Portuguese da Afirka ta Yamma).

Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya Faransanci, Sangho (harshen harshe da harshen ƙasa) Banda, Gbaya da sauran harsunan kabilanci.

Chadi Faransanci, Larabci Sara (a kudu), fiye da 120 harsuna daban-daban da yaruka.

Comoros Larabci, Shikomoro na Faransanci (haɗin Swahili da Larabci).

Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo Lingala Faransanci (harshen kasuwanci na yare), Kingwana (yaren Kiswahili ko Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba.

Kongo, Jamhuriyar Lingala na Faransa da Monokutuba (harsunan kasuwanci na yare), yawancin harsunan gida da yaruka (wanda Kikongo ya fi yaɗuwa).

Cote d'Ivoire Faransanci yaruka 60 na asali tare da Dioula mafi yawan magana.

Djibouti Faransanci, Larabci Somaliya, Afar

Misira Larabci Turanci da Faransanci sun fi fahimtar azuzuwan ilimi.

Equatorial Guinea Mutanen Espanya, Faransanci pidgin Turanci, Fang, Bubi, Ibo.

Tigrinya Eritrea (Tigrigna), Larabci, Turanci Tigré (babban harshe na biyu), Afar, Bedawi, Kunama, sauran harsunan Cushitic.

Habasha Amharic Tigrinya, Oromo, Gurage, Somali, Arabic, 80 sauran harsunan gida, Turanci (babban harshen waje da ake koyarwa a makarantu)

Harsunan Bantu na Gabon kamar Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi.

Gambiya, Mandinka na Ingilishi, Wolof, Fula, sauran yarukan asali na asali.

Harsunan Ingilishi na Ghana (ciki har da Akan, Adangme, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, da Ga)

Guinea Faransanci (masu magana da 15-20%) takwas na ƙasa harsuna, Soussou (Susu, a Guinea bakin teku), Peulh (Fulani, a Arewacin Guinea), Maninka (Upper Guinea), Kissi (Kissidougou Yanki), Toma da Guerze (Kpelle) a cikin gandun daji na Guinea; da kabilu daban-daban masu yarensu.

Guinea-Bissau Portuguese Crioulo (cakude na Fotigal da Afirka), sauran harsunan Afirka.

Kenya Turanci, Kiswahili yawancin harsunan asali.

Lesotho Sesotho (kudancin Sotho), Turanci Zulu, Xhosa.

Laberiya Turanci 20% wasu harsunan kabilanci 20, waɗanda kaɗan daga cikinsu ana iya rubuta su kuma ana amfani da su a cikin wasiƙa.

Libya Larabci Italiyanci, Turanci, duk ana fahimtar su sosai a manyan biranen.

Madagascar Faransa, Malagasy

Malawi Turanci, Nyanja (Chichewa, Chewa) Lomwe, Tumbuka, Yao, wasu harsuna masu mahimmanci a yanki.

Bambara na Faransanci na Mali (Bamanakan), Larabci da yarukan Dogoso, Fulfulde, Koyracini, Senoufou, da Mandinka/Malinké (Maninkakan), Tamasheq kuma ana yaɗa su.

Mauritania Larabci Hassaniya Larabci, Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof, Faransanci

Mauritius Turanci, Faransanci Creole, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bhojpuri

Harshen Berber Larabci na Maroko, Faransanci galibi harshen kasuwanci, gwamnati, da diflomasiyya.

Fotigal na Mozambique (wanda kashi 27% na yawan jama'a ke magana a matsayin yare na biyu) Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, wasu harsunan asali masu yawa.

Namibia Turanci 7% Afrikaans na gama gari na yawancin jama'a da kuma kusan kashi 60% na fararen fata, Jamusanci 32%, harsunan asali: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama.

Nijar Faransa Hausa, Djerma

Nijeriya Turanci Hausa, Yarbanci, Igbo (Ibo), Fulatanci, Ijaw, Ibibio da wasu harsuna kusan 250 na asali da kabilu daban-daban ke magana da su.

Réunion Faransanci Creole yadu amfani

Rwanda (Kinyarwanda, Bantu vernacular) Faransanci, Ingilishi Kiswahili (Swahili) da ake amfani da su a cibiyoyin kasuwanci.

Saint Helena Turanci

Sao Tomé da Principe Portuguese

Senegal Faransa Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka

Seychelles Turanci, Faransa Creole

Saliyo Turanci (amfani na yau da kullun yana iyakance ga ƴan tsiraru) Mende (babban harshen yare a kudu), Temne (babban harshen yare a arewa), Krio (Creole na Ingilishi yaren farko na 10% na yawan jama'a amma 95%) sun fahimta.

Somaliya Somaliya Larabci, Italiyanci, Turanci

Afirka ta Kudu harsunan hukuma 11, gami da Afrikaans, Ingilishi, isiNdebele, Pedi, Sesotho (Sotho), siSwati (Swazi), Xitsonga (Tsonga), Tswana, Tshivenda (Venda), isiXhosa, isiZulu

Sudan/Sudan ta Kudu Larabci Nubian, Ta Bedawie, yaruka daban-daban na Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Harsunan Sudan, Turanci. bayanin kula: shirin "Arabization" a cikin tsari

Swaziland Turanci (kasuwancin gwamnati da ake gudanarwa cikin Ingilishi), siSwati

Tanzaniya, Ƙasar Jamhuriyar Kiswahili (Swahili), Kiunguju (sunan Swahili a Zanzibar), Turanci (harshen kasuwanci na farko, administra).