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'Yanci na ilimi a Gabas ta Tsakiya

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'Yanci na ilimi a Gabas ta Tsakiya

'Yancin ilimi a Gabas ta Tsakiya batu ne da ake ta cece-kuce da shi, wanda kuma ya dauki hankulan yanki da na duniya baki daya. A yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA), gabaɗaya, gwamnatocin kama-karya duk sun nuna wani matakin adawa da kowane irin ’yanci, na ilimi ba tare da la’akari da irin tsarin mulkin da suke da shi ba. 'Yanci ga masana ilimi don yin bincike, bincike, koyarwa da sadar da ra'ayoyi ko bayar da rahoton gaskiya ba tare da an yi musu barazana ko tsanantawa ko tare da yiwuwar rasa matsayinsu ba, ana tantance su ko kuma takura musu. Abin da ke ba da gudummawa ga cin zarafi na 'yancin ilimi shi ne cewa su ne abubuwa masu mahimmanci ga gwamnatoci don ci gaba da mulkinsu kuma baya ga wannan batu, yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin jihohi da na basasa da kuma rikice-rikice na ciki da kuma shiga waje na iya lalata tsarin ilimi da cibiyoyi. Bugu da ƙari, dangane da tsarin mulki, tsaro ko barazanar ƙasa na iya zama hujja don shaƙa ko dakatar da bincike da muhawara na ilimi. Ƙuntatawa kan ƴancin ilimi kuma ya shafi batutuwan bincike, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan takura, kodayake waɗannan na iya zama masu ban sha'awa da cancantar bincike.

Fage

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Akwai kungiyoyi da yawa da ke magance yadda ake tauye 'yancin ilimi da bayar da rahoton muryoyin malaman ilimi, ta hanyar buga wasiƙun da aka aika zuwa ga manyan jama'a da ma al'ummomin duniya.

Malamai Masu Hatsari

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Malamai a Hadarin wata hanyar sadarwa ce ta duniya da aka shirya a harabar birnin New York na Jami'ar New York, a Amurka. Manufar wannan kungiya ita ce tallafa wa malaman da ke fuskantar barazana da ingantawa da kare 'yancin ilimi. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan wannan hanyar sadarwa shine aikin Sa ido kan 'Yancin Ilimi.

An bayar da rahoton shari'o'i daga aikin Sa ido kan 'Yanci na Ilimi

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Shirin Sa Ido 'Yanci na Ilimi [1] ya ba da rahoton hare-hare kan 'yancin ilimi da al'ummomin ilimi mafi girma. Ya dogara ne akan ingantattun hanyoyin samun bayanai, gami da rahotanni daga masu sa ido na sa kai, sannan a tabbatar da su. Bisa ga Cibiyar Kula da 'Yancin Ilimi, wanda ke ba da rahoto tun daga 2010 zuwa yanzu, akwai nau'o'in cin zarafi daban-daban game da batun. [2] Game da Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, AFM tana yin rajistar shari'o'i a: Turkiyya, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Iran, Lebanon, Siriya, Isra'ila, Kuwait, Yemen, Iraki, Palestine (OPT), Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Masar, Morocco, Libya da Tunisia.

Nau'in cin zarafi

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Academic Freedom Monitor yana gano nau'ikan cin zarafi kamar haka:

  • Kisa, tashin hankali ko bacewa
  • Ba daidai ba dauri / tsare
  • Laifin da ba daidai ba
  • Ƙuntatawa kan tafiya ko motsi
  • Fitowar fansa ko asarar matsayi/kore daga karatu
  • Wasu muhimman abubuwan da suka faru [3]

Kwamitin Yancin Ilimi

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Ƙungiyar Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya (MESA) ƙungiya ce da ke haɗuwa da malamai da kuma sanar da mutane masu sha'awar yankin MENA. Wannan ƙungiyar ita ce mai tallata Jarida ta kasa da kasa ta Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma tana da manufar haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da sadarwa da haɓaka ilmantarwa game da Gabas ta Tsakiya. [4] Daya daga cikin fagagen da take magana akai game da 'yancin ilimi. Wannan ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙiri wani kwamiti kan 'Yancin Ilimi (CAF), wanda ke da nufin kawar da duk wani cikas game da musayar ilimi da duk wani hani ga malaman ilimi da ke zuwa su ma daga gwamnatoci. [5]

Turkiyya

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Tarihi

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'Yancin ilimi a Turkiyya ya kasance ta hanyar sauye-sauye da sauyi. [6] Yawancin lokaci ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, rashin isa kuma yana da alaƙa da siyasa a cikin ƙasa. [7] [8] [9] An dauki matakan gyare-gyare da dama a tarihin kasar Turkiyya wadanda ke da nufin sake fasalin tsarin tafiyar da harkokin ilimi da kuma yin tasiri ga 'yancin karatu. [8] [10] Shirin sake fasalin farko ya kasance a cikin 1933, yayin da Atatürk ya gayyaci Malche don sake fasalin Jami'ar Istanbul (Istanbul Darülfünun) . [11] [8] Ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyaren da ya sanya dokar ta 2252 ta kasance bisa ga jami'o'in da ke da 'yanci. A cikin 1946, Dokar Lamba 4936 ta ba wa jami'o'i yancin da ba a taɓa gani ba, kamar yadda ake ganin masana ilimi a matsayin masu kula da dimokuradiyya na biyu bayan soja. [8] Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya a cikin 1953 ta zartar da dokokin da za su lalata ikon jami'o'in kan kasafin kudinsu, ritayar malaman ilimi da hakkokinsu na aiki. [7] Waɗannan hare-haren kan ƴancin ilimi an yi su ne da nufin kame farfesoshi daga shiga harkokin siyasa na bangaranci wanda ya haifar da dakatar da malamai da dama da kuma hana musu girma. [7] Juyin mulkin na 1960 dai ana kallonsa a matsayin wani alkawari na sauya sheka da jam’iyyar DP ta yi kan ‘yancin cin gashin kan jami’o’i, domin ta dauki malaman jami’o’i a ma’aikatun gwamnati, wadanda aka zaba domin rubuta kundin tsarin mulki da sauran muhimman ayyuka. Sai dai kuma gwamnatin juyin mulkin 1960 ta yi mamaki ta kori malaman jami'a 147 da ba su amince da wasu 'yan mulkin sojan ba. [7] A cikin 1973, an sake fasalin manyan makarantu tare da ƙarin ikon mallakar Majalisar Interuniversity (ÜAK), yayin da a lokaci guda aka ba jami'o'i cikakken 'yancin kai. [10] [8]

Majalisar Ilimi mai zurfi (YÖK)

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An aiwatar da Dokar Ilimi mafi girma na yanzu a cikin 1981 bayan juyin mulkin 1980 . [8] [10] Dokar ta ci gaba da cewa, "jami'o'i tsarin shari'a ne wanda sassan da aka zaba a cikinsu ke gudanarwa da kulawa. Ba za a iya cire sassan jami'o'i, malamai da mataimakan koyarwa daga mukamansu ba tare da dalili ba daga hukumomi a wajen jami'a" (YÖK 2007). [12] Amma duk da haka 'yancin ilimi ya dogara sosai ga Majalisar Ilimi mai zurfi (YÖK) yayin da sake fasalin ya koma don ƙirƙirar ƙarin tsari mai mahimmanci a kusa da YÖK a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi kula da kasafin kuɗi, aikin ma'aikata da zaɓin ɗalibai. [6] Doka ta fayyace suna, lamba da horon kowace baiwa ko makarantar sana'a. [9] Yayin da jami'o'i za su iya kafa sassan, amincewarsu yana ƙarƙashin majalisa. [9]

Malaman Ilimi don Zaman Lafiya

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A ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2016, an fitar da takarda mai taken "Ba za mu kasance Jam'iyyar wannan Laifi ba" . Masana ilimi 1,128 daga jami'o'i 89 a Turkiyya, da masana ilimi da masu bincike sama da 355 daga kasashen waje ciki har da alkaluma irin su Noam Chomsky, Judith Butler, Etienne Balibar, Immanual Wallerstein da David Harvey da farko sun sanya hannu kan wani rubutu da ke kira ga kasar Turkiyya da ta kawo karshen tashin hankalin da ta ke yi da kuma shiryawa. yanayin shawarwari. Takardar koken ta yi Allah wadai da ayyukan tsaron da gwamnatin Turkiyya ke yi a kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya wanda ya lalata al'ummar Kurdawa tare da dawo da shirin zaman lafiya . A martanin da shugaban kasar Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ya yi, ya kaddamar da wani kamfe mai kakkausar murya yana tozarta malaman jami'o'i a cikin jawabai akalla biyar - inda ya ce su azzalumai, daidai da 'yan ta'adda, tushe da duhu - tare da neman a kakaba musu takunkumi. A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2016, an tsare wasu malaman makaranta guda uku Muzaffer Kaya, Esra Mungan da Kıvanç Ersoy. Ersoy yana koyarwa a sashin lissafi a Jami'ar Mimar Sinan da Mungan a sashin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Boğazici. An kori Kaya daga sashin aikin jin dadin jama'a a Jami'ar Nişantaşı saboda sanya hannu kan takardar. An tsare su sannan wata kotu ta daure su kwana guda bayan da Erdoğan ya yi kira da a fadada laifukan ta'addanci a hada da furuci da ya ce "yana aiki da manufar 'yan ta'adda," wanda zai shafi sana'o'i kamar 'yan jarida, 'yan siyasa da masu fafutuka. Kalaman nasa sun zo ne bayan harin bam da aka kai a ranar 13 ga watan Maris wanda ya kashe mutane 37 a tsakiyar birnin Ankara.

Tauye ‘yancin karatun boko da suka hada da tuhuma, kora, tsarewa da cin zarafin jama’a da ake yi wa Jami’an zaman lafiya ya koma kan gaba bayan yunkurin juyin mulkin ranar 15 ga watan Yuli da kuma dokar ta-baci da ta biyo baya a Turkiyya. Kimanin dalibai 822 na kungiyar Academic for Peace ne aka gurfanar da su gaban kuliya, sannan an yanke wa malamai sama da 200 hukuncin zaman gidan yari, wasu da ake tuhuma da laifin " farfaganda ga kungiyar 'yan ta'adda" a karkashin doka ta 7(2). [13] [14] Kimanin malamai 549 aka cire tare da dakatar da su daga aikin gwamnati tare da dokar ko korarsu, tilastawa yin murabus ko tilastawa yin ritaya. [14]

A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2019, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Turkiyya ta yanke hukuncin da ya yanke hukuncin cewa hukuncin daurin rai da rai da aka yanke wa kungiyar Academic for Peace da laifin " farfagandar kungiyar 'yan ta'adda" ya keta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. A martanin da kotun tsarin mulkin ta yanke, malaman jami'o'i 1,066 daga jami'o'i daban-daban ne suka fito suka nuna adawa da hukuncin a wata sanarwar da suka fitar, inda suka ce hukuncin ya sabawa lamirin jama'a. An fara fitar da sanarwar tare da masu sa hannun 1,071, duk da haka, an ƙara wasu sa hannun ba tare da izini ba ko maimaita sau biyu suna kawo lambar zuwa 1,066. Har yanzu ana tauye haƙƙin Ƙungiyoyin Ilimin Zaman Lafiya domin da yawa ba a biya su diyya ba kuma ba a bar su su dawo da mukamansu ba.

Masar

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Tarihi

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Masar na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da ƴancin ilimi ba haƙƙi ne da ake cin moriyar su ba. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1990, malaman jami'a a Masar sun fuskanci nau'o'in danniya da dama tare da jure cin zarafi da yawa kamar hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, tofin Allah tsine, da cin zarafi daga mutane da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, musamman masu kishin Islama, da jami'an gwamnati. [15] A gefe guda, akwai hukumomin ƙasar Masar suna amfani da 'yan sanda, masu nadin siyasa, da ƙa'idoji da dokoki don sarrafa rayuwar jami'a. A gefe guda kuma masu kaifin kishin Islama na kai hare-hare ta zahiri da kuma kai hare-hare a bainar jama'a domin su ce uffan kan abubuwan da suka shafi manyan makarantu. [16] Dukkan abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwar jami'a da suka hada da aji, ayyukan dalibai, bincike, zanga-zangar harabar jami'a sun shafi zalunci na gwamnati da na sirri. Furofesa da ɗaliban sun sami kansu suna tauyewa kuma suna ba da damar ketare “layi ja” na siyasa, addini, da jima'i. [15] Jiha ce ke sarrafa alƙawuran ɗalibai da haɓakawa. Ayyukan ɗalibai suna iyakance sau ɗaya a wajen aji, kuma galibi ana amsa zanga-zangar harabar da ƙarfi. Duk waɗannan abubuwan suna ba da gudummawa ga tabarbarewar yanayin 'yancin ilimi a Masar da kuma koma bayan yanayin ilimi gabaɗaya.

zamanin Sisi

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Yayin da Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Masar na 2014, wanda aka fitar a karkashin mulkin Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, ya tabbatar da cewa "jahar ta ba da tabbacin 'yancin kai na jami'o'i, makarantun kimiyya da harshe" da kuma "ta himmatu wajen samar da ilimin jami'a daidai da ingancin duniya. Ma'auni, da bunkasa ilimin jami'a kyauta a jami'o'i da cibiyoyi na jihohi kamar yadda doka ta tanada", [17] Har ila yau kasar Masar ta saba wa tanade-tanaden kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ta hanyoyi daban-daban na danniya a kokarin da take na dakile 'yancin ilimi. Mataki na 23 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya yi ikirarin cewa " Jihar ta ba da ’yancin yin bincike na kimiyya kuma tana ƙarfafa cibiyoyinta.”"Egypt's Constitution of 2014" (PDF). Constituteproject.org. p. 16. Constituteproject.org . p. 16. Duk da haka, 'yancin binciken kimiyya sau da yawa ana yin shisshigi da kuma hana shi a lokuta daban-daban daga hukumomin jihohi. An bayyana jami'o'in da ke karkashin mulkin Sisi a matsayin "suna fuskantar mafi karancin matakan [18] yanci na ilimi da kasar ta taba samu ." A cikin shekarar ilimi ta 2014, an kama dalibai 761 da kuma korar dalibai 281 [18] Bugu da ƙari, jihar ta yanke hukuncin kisa ga wani malamin jami'a saboda ya rubuta labarai masu mahimmanci game da tsarin mulki da kuma zarge shi da "makirci don lalata tsaron kasa". [18] da kama wasu da dama da suka jajirce wajen sukar gwamnatin. Har ila yau, jihar tana sa ido kan abubuwan da ke shigowa ba kawai binciken da ke fitowa ba. Jami'o'i da yawa suna soke karatunsu na karatu a ƙasashen waje ko kuma suna yanke haɗin gwiwarsu da jami'o'in ƙasashen waje. Misali Jami'ar Ain Shams ta Alkahira ta soke shirinta na karatu a kasashen waje zuwa Turkiyya sannan Jami'ar Damanhour ta dakatar da hadin gwiwa da cibiyoyin kasashen waje. [18] Bugu da ƙari, El-Sisi ya ba da sanarwar hana duk wani balaguron ilimi a wajen Masar wanda ba shi da izinin Tsaron Jiha a baya. Ta wannan hanyar, jihar za ta iya sarrafa irin tarukan da za a iya halarta da kuma hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su. Duk da cewa wannan doka da sauran laifuka da yawa, bisa ga kasidun da aka ambata a sama, sun saba wa kundin tsarin mulki, har yanzu ana aiwatar da su.

Cin zarafi

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Akwai lokuta daban-daban na take hakkin ilimi a Masar. Wadannan kadan ne daga cikinsu. Farfesa Kholoud Saber ya sa jami'ar Alkahira ta dakatar da karatun ta a kasashen waje. Tana yin karatun digiri na uku kan tallafin karatu a Jami'ar Katolika ta Leuven a Belgium, wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba 2015, lokacin da aka umarce ta da ta koma Masar bayan shawarar Ma'aikatar Ilimi mai zurfi a cikin Disamba 2015. [19] An kama Fanny Ohier, dalibin Faransa Masters, kuma daga baya aka kore shi daga Masar. Ta na aiki ne a wata kungiyar matasa ta 6 ga Afrilu, kungiyar da gwamnati ta haramta saboda ana zarginta da bata sunan jihar da kuma leken asiri. [20] Ba a ba ta wani dalilin kama ta da jami'an Masar suka yi ba, amma ta ji cewa jami'an 'yan sanda suna ikirarin "tana da abokai marasa kyau." [20]

A wani misali kuma, an tsare wani malami kuma dan jarida Ismail Alexandrani, a watan Nuwamba 2015, bayan ya dawo Masar daga wani taron bita a Jamus. Ofishin jakadancin Masar a Berlin a fili ya shawarci masanin, wanda ya kasance "mai sukar take hakkin dan Adam a Masar da manufofin yaki da ta'addanci a yankin Sinai," da kada ya zo taron bita mai taken "Rusa Masar mai kishin Islama" [21] A lokacin da Mr. Alexandrani ya isa Masar, an kwace fasfo dinsa kuma an yi masa tambayoyi sama da sa’o’i 19 kafin a kama shi “saboda zargin ‘shiga da goyon bayan kungiyar ta’addanci’ da kuma yada labaran karya da ke da alaka da hargitsa tsaron jama’a da kuma cutar da jama’a. " [21]

Patrick Zaki dalibin Masar ne na digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Bologna, Italiya, wanda aka tsare a Masar tun 7 ga Fabrairu, 2020. [22] Zaki tana karatun digiri na biyu na Erasmus Mundus a fannin mata da nazarin jinsi a jami'ar Bologna. Wakilan Italiya 26 na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai sun rubuta wata wasika zuwa ga jakadan Italiya a Alkahira, Giampaolo Cantini, suna neman yanke shawara don sakin Patrick Zaki. [23]

Giulio Regeni

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Ɗaya daga cikin labarun da aka fi sani game da halin da ake ciki na 'yancin ilimi a Masar shine batun dan takarar PhD na Italiya Giulio Regeni, mai bincike a Jami'ar Cambridge a Birtaniya. An fara gano Giulio Regeni a gawarsa, a wajen birnin Alkahira, mako guda bayan da aka ayyana bacewarsa a ranar 25 ga watan Janairun 2016, wanda ya yi daidai da cika shekaru biyar da juyin-juya halin Masar, kuma jikinsa ya nuna karara na azabtarwa da duka. [24] Dan takarar PhD yana binciken ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Masarawa a Jami'ar Amurka ta Alkahira a lokacin da aka kashe shi. Yayin da jami'an gwamnati suka ci gaba da cewa wasu gungun mutane ne suka yi garkuwa da Regeni tare da kashe shi, masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa da na Masar sun yi ikirarin cewa gwamnatin Masar ce ta kai shi ga bincikensa. [24] Kisan giulio Regeni har yanzu ba a warware shi ba. Batun mai binciken, da kuma ci gaba da daure daruruwan malamai da dubban dalibai da kuma hani daban-daban a kan 'yancin ilimi suna nuna cewa akwai ainihin "ba ingantawa ba amma, a maimakon haka, ƙarin ƙarfafa iko, da asarar 'yancin kai da 'yanci. a Masar babban ilimi, kazalika da shrinkiHing  sarari don bincike mai mahimmanci da magana a Masar gabaɗaya. " [24]

Isra'ila

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Tarihi

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A cikin 1990s, ilimin kimiyya na Isra'ila yana da halin buɗe ido da hangen nesa na jama'a game da batutuwan da aka yi muhawara kamar tarihin sake fasalin yakin 1948 wanda ke neman hanyar shiga cikin al'ummar ilimi. Duk da haka, tare da Intifada na biyu da abubuwan da suka biyo baya, waɗannan halayen sun ɓace a hankali saboda bacewar jam'iyyun hagu na Isra'ila, wanda a gaskiya ya yi amfani da shi don karbar bakuncin babban ɓangare na ilimin kimiyya na Isra'ila kuma lokacin da matsayi na hagu ya fara canzawa, wannan ya rinjayi yanayin ilimi. da kyau. [25]

Ilimin Falasdinawa

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Wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da kasa sun bayyana cewa halin da ake ciki na aikin soja [26] tare da manufofinsa na sakamakon gama gari [27] da kuma hana shiga, kamar wuraren bincike da gina katanga tsakanin Isra'ila da Yammacin Kogin Jordan, a cikin Yankin Falasdinawa da aka mamaye ya shafi samun ilimi ga Falasdinawa. [28] A haƙiƙa, kai tsaye bayan farkon Intifada na farko, ikon da ɗaliban Jami'o'in Yammacin Kogin Jordan ke da ikon yin karatu da ci gaba da karatunsu ya ragu, yayin da daga baya, a cikin 2006, an ba da izinin shiga Isra'ila ga Falasɗinawa. daliban jami'o'in Isra'ila. Wadannan hanyoyin suna tafiya tare da jerin ƙin shiga da zama na masu bincike da ɗalibai, duka masu riƙe fasfo na ƙasashen waje da kuma haifaffen Falasdinu, waɗanda suka yi barazanar iya ɗaukar matakin ilimi da bincike mai kyau a jami'o'in Falasɗinawa. [29] [28]

Human Rights Watch ta bayar da rahoton cin zarafi daban-daban da hukumomin Isra'ila suka yi kan dalibai, a fannin ilimi da ilimi. A shekara ta 2007, an hana dalibai 670 daga Gaza samun ilimi mai zurfi a kasashe irin su Masar, Jordan, Jamus, Birtaniya da Amurka, ta hanyar hana musu izinin ficewa. A jimilce adadin mutanen Gazan da aka hana fita daga Gaza ya kai mutane 6400 kuma hakan ya biyo bayan mamayar da Hamas ta yi a yankin da kuma Isra'ila da ke iko da iyakar Gaza. Waɗannan ɗaliban da suka tafi karatunsu sun sake kasancewa cikin tarko lokacin da suka dawo gida don bazara. Ko da lokacin da suka sami izinin ficewa, an dakatar da ɗalibai a hanyar wucewar fasinja a Erez, tare da hujjar "damuwa da tsaro".

A watan Yunin 2008, kungiyar ta sake bayyana yadda nuna wariya da hukumomin Isra'ila ke yi ya hana dalibai Falasdinawa da yawa daga zirin Gaza zuwa kasashen waje ko kuma yammacin gabar kogin Jordan don samun ingantaccen ilimi. [30] Dangane da damar zuwa kasashen waje kuwa, a shekara ta 2008, an karkatar da tallafin da aka ware wa Falasdinawa da aka zaba don yin karatu a Amurka saboda babu yadda za a yi wa wadannan daliban su bar Gaza. Don rashin samun visa, tallafin da aka ƙaddara ga ɗaliban Gaza an tura su zuwa ɗalibai a Yammacin Kogin Jordan. Kungiyar ta yi nuni da wajibci da hakki ga wadancan daliban don samun damar zuwa manyan makarantu a kasashen waje, tunda dama a zirin Gaza ba ta da iyaka. Misali, babu wani nau'i mai yawa na digiri, na farko da na biyu, a cikin jami'o'i hudu da ake da su. Haka kuma, babu cikakken digirin digiri na uku, kuma malamai da malamai daga waje gwamnatin Isra'ila ba ta yarda su shiga da koyarwa a Gaza ba.

An ce wannan katangar a fili take ga yarjejeniyar Geneva ta hudu, saboda wajibcin da Isra'ila ke da shi na tabbatar da hakkokin al'ummar da ke karkashinta, daga cikinsu akwai 'yancin walwala da neman ilimi, bai dace ba ko kadan. Sai dai a cewar dokar kasa da kasa, ba a mamaye Gaza tun da Isra'ila ba ta da wani sansanin soji a Gaza kuma Gaza tana da nata gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta. [31]

Ilimin Isra'ila

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sauran nau'o'in ƙuntatawa game da 'yancin ilimi sun shafi malaman Isra'ila, irin su Ilan Pappe, Bayahude Isra'ila, wanda aka tilasta wa yin murabus daga Jami'ar Haifa a 2007 saboda aikinsa na ilimi da kuma matsayinsa na siyasa, kamar kauracewa ilimi na Isra'ila. Masanin ya fara bincike kan tarihin kafuwar kasar Isra'ila tare da bayyana mahangar tarihi mai bita dangane da yakin 1948. Ya samu tare da iyalansa barazanar kisa. [32]

A cikin hira da Ma'an News, a cikin Fabrairu 2014, an tambaye shi game da 'yancin ilimi a Isra'ila kuma musamman game da kwarewarsa. Ya ce:

"'Yancin fadin ilimi a Isra'ila yana kama da ra'ayin Isra'ila ta zama dimokuradiyyar Yahudawa. Kuna ɗaukar ra'ayi na duniya - kowa yana da 'yancin yin ra'ayinsa kuma kowa yana da 'yancin zama wani ɓangare na dimokuradiyya - kawai tare da sharadi ɗaya: cewa duniya ba ta haɗa da zargi akan Sihiyoniya ba kuma cewa dimokuradiyya za ta tabbatar da rinjaye Yahudawa. ko da wane irin al’umma ne da hakikanin yanayin kasa.” [32]

Iran

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci na Iran na 1979, an kashe daruruwan malamai da dalibai a sakamakon wani kazamin yakin neman zabe da nufin tauye 'yancin ilimi, shiru da rashin yarda, da tilasta daidaiton tunani. [33] An keta yancin fadin albarkacin baki, haduwa, da taron lumana na dubban dalibai da malamai ta hanyoyi daban-daban na zalunci, azabtarwa da tsarewa. Dalilan da suka sa aka kama su da azabtarwa sun hada da "halartar tarukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba", " farfagandar adawa da tsarin ", zuwa "cin mutuncin shugaban kasa ko jami'an gwamnati." [33] Sauran dubun dubatar ɗalibai da membobin malamai an tilasta musu barin karatunsu da ayyukansu kuma zuwa gudun hijira. [33] Waɗannan hare-hare kan ƴancin ilimi sun ci gaba har tsawon shekarun 1980 kuma sun zama babban siffa na sabuwar jamhuriyar da aka kafa. Abin ban sha'awa, a jami'o'i ne inda aka samar da ''rubutu' na farko na juyin juya hali, da nufin kawar da Shah. [33] Lallai, jami'o'i sun zo ne don wakiltar ''wuri'' inda ake yin jawabai maras kyau. Amma duk da haka, sun zama farkon harin da aka kai musu bayan faduwar mulkin da kuma hawan Ayatullah Khumaini . [33]

Zamanin Zamani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A mara tausayi Hukumomin Iran sun yi kamfen na danniya yancin ilimi a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata. An tsare malamai da dalibai akai-akai, ana tursasa su da korarsu daga jami'o'i saboda akidarsu, siyasa da fafutukar lumana. [34] An kara yin amfani da tursasawa da hanyoyin danniya bayan zaben shugaba Mahmoud Ahmadinejad a shekara ta 2005. [34] Na biyun yayi yunƙurin Musuluntar da manhajar ilimi ta hanyar tsarkake shi daga tasirin duniya da na yamma. Haka kuma, an hana dimbin dalibai da malamai shiga jami'o'i, biyo bayan wata manufar "tauraro" da ta hukunta wadanda ba su bi ra'ayin siyasa da zamantakewar jihar ba. Gwamnatin shugaba Ahmadinejad ta kuma bullo da wani tsari na kayyade adadin mata a jami'o'i da kuma matakan hana su shiga cikin jerin kwasa-kwasan da ake ganin sun fi dacewa da maza. [34] Hukumomin Iran sun ci gaba da rike madafun iko a kan cibiyoyin ilimi har zuwa matakin kyale hukumomin leken asiri da jami'an tsaron kasar su kula da harkokin ladabtarwa a jami'o'i. [34]

Cin zarafi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kayayyakin kasa da kasa da dama, wadanda Iran ke karkashinsu kuma aka yarda da su, kamar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki na Zamantakewa da Al'adu ( ICESCR ), Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya ( UDHR ), da Yarjejeniyar UNESCO ta Yaki da Wariya a Ilimi suna ba da tabbacin haƙƙin a sarari. ilimi ga dukan mutane ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. Bugu da ƙari, haƙƙoƙin daidaikun mutane na yancin ƙungiyoyi, faɗar ra'ayi, ra'ayi, da taro da kuma haramta wariya dangane da jinsi, launin fata, addini, ƙabila ko ra'ayin siyasa, yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan 'yancin ɗan adam da siyasa na da ƙarin kariya. ( ICCPR ) da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kawar da Wariyar launin fata ( CERD ).

Koyaya, ɗalibai da masana ilimi a Iran har yanzu suna fuskantar cin zarafi na yau da kullun na take haƙƙinsu dangane da jinsi, addini, ƙabila da ra'ayi. A tsakanin Maris 2009 zuwa Fabrairu 2012, an ba da rahoton cewa an dakatar da shari'o'in dalibai 396 daga shirye-shiryensu na jami'a saboda ayyukansu na lumana. Akalla wasu dalibai 634 ne hukumar leken asiri da tsaro ta tsare su. An dakatar da masu fafutuka na dalibai, da yi musu barazana, kama su da kuma gurfanar da su a kai a kai saboda sukar da suke yi na lumana. Jami'an Iran sun kuma dauki matakin rufe daruruwan wallafe-wallafe, tarurruka, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Haka kuma, jami’an leken asiri da jami’an tsaro suna da karfi sosai a harabar jami’o’i kuma a wasu lokutan suna fuskantar dalibai ta hanyar kai hari a wuraren taro ko dakunan kwanan dalibai na zaman lafiya, wanda yakan haifar da munanan raunuka har ma da mutuwar dalibai da dama. Bayan haka kuma, tsirarun da ke zaune a jamhuriyar Iran suna fuskantar wariya da rashi a jami'o'i. Wani misali da ke nuna wannan lamari shi ne na al’ummar Bahaushe da aka hana su neman ilimi saboda bambancin addini. Hukumomin Iran suna kuma hukunta masu fafutukar kare hakkin kananan kabilu ta hanyoyi masu tsauri. Hukunce-hukuncen sun hada da kama mutane na tashin hankali zuwa manyan hukunce-hukuncen da suka hada da hukuncin kisa. Mata kuma ana fuskantar wariya a matakin ilimi. Samar da tsarin kaso na takaita shigar mata a jami’o’i yana tauye ‘yancin mata. Ana aiwatar da ƙarin hani kan zaɓin ilimin mata. Batun wariyar jinsi, wanda ba koyaushe yana tabbatar da ingantaccen ilimi ga mata ba, yana nan. Malamai da ma'aikatan koyarwa suma ana fuskantar wariya tare da take haƙƙinsu akai-akai. Sama da malamai dari ne aka sallame su daga jami’o’i, saboda rashin amincewarsu da gwamnati da kuma ra’ayoyinsu na siyasa, tun daga zaben 2009 . Baya ga haka, an daure malaman jami'o'i da dama saboda kawai sun nuna rashin amincewarsu cikin lumana.

Al'amarin Farfesa Homa Hoodfar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An tsare wani farfesa ɗan Kanada-Iran a fannin ilimin ɗan adam daga Jami'ar Concordia a Montreal, Homa Hoodfar, a Iran a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2016. [35] An shafe watanni uku ana yi mata tambayoyi kafin daga bisani jami'an leken asirin Iran suka tsare ta a wani karamin daki a gidan yarin Evin . [35] Gidan yarin Evin a Iran ana kiransa da 'Jami'ar Evin' saboda yawan hazikan da ake tsare da su a wurin. [35] Farfesa Hoodfar ya shafe kwanaki 112 a gidan yari saboda yin katsalandan a cikin al'amuran "yan mata da tsaro." An sake ta a watan Satumbar 2016 bisa “saboda jin kai” bayan hadin gwiwar Kanada da jami’ai daga Oman, Switzerland da Italiya don tabbatar da sakin ta. [35] Kanada ta yi aiki tare da kasashen biyu saboda ta yanke huldar diflomasiya kai tsaye da Iran a shekarar 2012.

Daga baya Farfesa Hoodfar ya ba da rahoton cewa, duk da cewa ba a ci zarafinta ba, tambayoyin na da matukar damuwa. [35] Tambayar dai za ta kasance ne daga karfe 9 na safe zuwa karfe 7 na yamma a wani gida, inda farfesa Hoodfar ko dai tana fuskantar bango ko kuma madubi ya hana ta ganin masu yi mata tambayoyi. [35] A matsayin misalan cin zarafi na tunani, farfesan ta bayyana cewa, wata rana, yayin da ake amsa tambayoyi, jami’an Iran sun buga wata waka daga jana’izar mijinta da aka yi shekaru biyu da suka wuce, bayan sun gano hotonta a kan iPad din ta. A wani misali kuma, sun nuna hoton “mahaifiyarta na tsaye a bakin kabarin mahaifinta.” [35]

Al'amarin Farfesa Ahmad Reza Jalali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Farfesa Ahmad Reza Jalali likita ne dan Iran-Sweden, malami kuma mai bincike kan maganin bala'i . Ya yi aiki a jami'o'i da yawa a Turai, ciki har da Jami'ar Karolinska ta Sweden, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale (Italiya), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Belgium). An kama shi a watan Afrilun 2016, lokacin da ya ziyarci Iran bisa gayyata daga Jami'ar Tehran da Jami'ar Shiraz . An zarge shi da laifin leken asiri da hada kai da Isra'ila kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. [36]

Duba Sauran bayanai

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Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Academic Freedom Monitoring Project". Academic Freedom Monitoring Project - Index. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  2. ↑ "Home Page - Academic freedom monitor". monitoring.academicfreedom.info.
  3. ↑ "Monitoring - Academic freedom monitor". monitoring.AcademicFreedom.info. Archived from the original on 2020-09-27. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  4. ↑ "About MESA". MESANA.org.
  5. ↑ "Committee on Academic Freedom (CAF)". MESANA.org. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Summak, M Semih. “Academic Human Rights and Freedoms in Turkey.” The Educational Forum 62, no. 1 (1997): 32–39. doi:10.1080/00131729708982678.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Weiker, Walter F. “Academic Freedom and Problems of Higher Education in Turkey.” Middle East Journal 16, no. 3 (1962): 279–94.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Balyer, Aydın. “Academic Freedom : Perceptions of Academics in Turkey Akademik Özgürlük : Türkiye ’ Deki Akademisyenlerin Algıları” 36, no. 162 (2011).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Norris, Kristin E, Academic Freedom and University Autonomy: A comparative analysis of the Turkish higher education system. (2011). http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2486
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Doğan, Didem. “Academic Freedom from the Perspectives of Academics and Students: A Qualitative Study.” TeEği̇ti̇m VBi̇li̇m 41, no. 184 (2016): 25–32. doi:10.15390/EB.2016.6135.
  11. ↑ Üvey, Doðan; Gökçe, Ayse Nur (2001). "The Role of Prof. Dr. Albert Malche in 1933 university reform in turkey". Acta - Congressus Historiae Pharmaciae. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.613.7020.
  12. ↑ The Council of Higher Education. The Law on Higher Education 1981. The Republic of Turkey: Official Gazette No: 17506, published in English by Ankara Üniversitesi Basimevi (2000).
  13. ↑ "Spate of trials in Turkey on "terrorist propaganda" charges". Reporters without Borders. September 6, 2018.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Barış için Akademisyenlere Yönelik Hak İhlalleri / Rights Violations Against "Academics for Peace"". Academics for Peace. April 4, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Human Rights Watch. “Reading between the "Red Lines”: The Repression of Academic Freedom in Egyptian Universities.” Vol. 17, No. 6, June 2005, p. 25
  16. ↑ Human Rights Watch. “Reading between the "Red Lines”: The Repression of Academic Freedom in Egyptian Universities.” Vol. 17, No. 6, June 2005, p. 25.
  17. ↑ "Egypt's Constitution of 2014" (PDF). Constituteproject.org. p. 15.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Crane Linn, Emily. “Egypt's Besieged Universities: The Country's Scholars had better teach from President Sisi's Textbook- or else.” Foreign Policy. 31 August 2015
  19. ↑ Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights. Press Release: “Cairo's University Decision Demonstrates the Erosion of University Independence and its Reliance on Dictates of Ministry of Higher Education, which acts as a Cover for Security Intervention in Universities.” 10 February 2016
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Scholars at Risk: Academic Freedom Monitoring Project. “Free to Think: Report of the Scholars at Risk Academic Freedom Monitoring Project.” 2016, p. 13
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Scholars at Risk: Academic Freedom Monitoring Project. “Free to Think: Report of the Scholars at Risk Academic Freedom Monitoring Project.” 2016, p. 14
  22. ↑ "Italy alarmed after Egyptian studying in Bologna arrested in Cairo". the Guardian (in Turanci). 2020-02-09. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
  23. ↑ "Ventisei eurodeputati chiedono un "impegno deciso" dell'Italia per la liberazione di Patrick Zaki - Eunews" (in Italiyanci). 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Scholars at Risk: Academic Freedom Monitoring Project. "Free to Think: Report of the Scholars at Risk Academic Freedom Monitoring Project."" (PDF). Scholarsatrisk.org. 2016. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
  26. ↑ "Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories". Amnesty International USA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-03-17.
  27. ↑ "'Bad Palestinians' under Israel's collective punishment". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Brand, Laurie A. (2007). "Middle East Studies and Academic Freedom: Challenges at Home and Abroad". International Studies Perspectives. 8 (4): 385. doi:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2007.00305.x.
  29. ↑ "To Members of Global Civil Society and Academia" (PDF). Kibush.co.il. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Human Rights Watch
  31. ↑ Kontorovich, Eugene (13 November 2014). "Why Gaza is not remotely occupied (I)". Retrieved 18 December 2017 – via www.WashingtonPost.com.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Interview: Ilan Pappe on academic freedom in Israel and BDS". Maan News Agency. Retrieved 2017-03-15.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 Sheehan, Ivan Sascha. “Iran's Assault on Academic Freedom.” The Hill. November 9, 2016.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Amnesty International. “Persecution in Universities as Iran ‘squeezes the life out of’ academic freedom.” Amnesty.org. June 2, 2014.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 Bothwell, Ellie. “Professor Imprisoned in Iran: Academic Freedom ‘Not a Western import’.” Times Higher Education News. December 26, 2016.
  36. ↑ Burkle, Frederick M. (October 2020). "Ahmadreza Djalali, MD, PhD is Dying". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine (in Turanci). 35 (5): 475–476. doi:10.1017/S1049023X20000874. ISSN 1049-023X. PMID 32641178.
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