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Haƙƙin Mata Saddam Hussein's Iraq

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Iraki ƙarƙashin, Saddam Hussein ta ga mummunan take Haƙƙin , dan Adam, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin mafi muni a duniya. 'Yan sandan sirri, ta'addancin gwamnati, azabtarwa, kisan jama'a, kisan kare dangi, kawar da kabilanci, fyade, korar mutane, kisan gilla, bacewar tilas, kisan gilla, yakin sinadarai, da lalata yankunan Mesofotamiya na daga cikin hanyoyin Saddam da Ba'ath na ƙasar. gwamnatin da aka yi amfani da su kula da iko. Ba a san adadin adadin mace- mace da bacewar da ke da alaƙa da danniya a cikin wannan lokaci ba, amma an kiyasta ya kai akalla 250,000 zuwa 290,000 a cewar Human Rights Watch, tare da mafi yawan waɗanda ke faruwa a sakamakon kisan kare dangi na Anfal shekara ta 1988. da kuma murkushe zanga-zangar Iraki a shekara ta 1991. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch da Amnesty International sun fitar da rahotanni akai-akai kan yadda ake daure, mutane da azabtarwa.

Takaddun take hakkin ɗan adam 1979-2003

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Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil'adama sun tattara bayanan hukuncin kisa da gwamnati ta amince da su, da azabtarwa da fyade shekaru da yawa tun bayan hawan Saddam Hussein kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1979 har zuwa faduwarsa a shekara ta 2003.

Kabarin taro.
  • A shekara ta 2002, wani ƙuduri da kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta dauki nauyi hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta amince da shi, wanda ya ce babu wani ci gaba a rikicin kare hakkin bil'adama a Iraki. Sanarwar ta yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin shugaba Saddam Hussein saboda "tsare-tsare, yaduwa da kuma take Haƙƙin bil'adama da kuma dokokin jin kai na kasa da kasa" tare da yin kira ga Iraki da ta dakatar da "takaitacce da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba". ... yin amfani da fyade a matsayin kayan siyasa da duk wani tilastawa da bacewar ba da son rai ba."
  • Cikakkun shiga harkokin siyasa a matakin ƙasa an iyakance ga membobin jam'iyyar Ba'ath ne kawai, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 8% na al'ummar ƙasar.
  • Ba a ba wa 'yan Iraki damar yin taro ba bisa ka'ida ba sai dai don nuna goyon baya ga gwamnati. Gwamnatin Iraqi ce ke kula da kafa jam'iyyun siyasa, tana tsara harkokin cikin gida da kuma sanya ido kan harkokinsu.
  • Shingayen binciken 'yan sanda a kan tituna da manyan tituna na Iraki sun hana 'yan kasa yin balaguro a duk fadin kasar ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba, kuma tsadar bizar ficewa ta hana 'yan kasar ta Iraki fita kasashen waje. Kafin ya yi tafiya, dole ne ɗan ƙasar Iraqi ya aika takardar shaidar. Matan Iraki ba za su iya yin balaguro zuwa wajen kasar ba sai da rakiyar dan uwansu namiji.
  • Zaluntar Feyli Kurdawa a karkashin Saddam Hussein, wanda kuma aka sani da kisan kare dangi na Feyli Kurdawa, wani tsari ne na zalunci da Saddam Hussein ya yi wa Feylis tsakanin shekara ta 1970 zuwa shekarar 2003. Yakin zalunci ya kai ga korar, gudu da kuma gudun hijira na Feyli Kurdawa daga kasashen kakanninsu a Iraki . Zaluntar ta fara ne a lokacin da babban adadin Feyli Kurdawa suka fallasa wani babban yakin da gwamnatin da ta fara da rushewar RCCR bayar da shawarar 666, wanda ya hana Feyli Kurdawan dan kasar Iraqi kuma ya dauke su a matsayin Iraniyawa . An fara aiwatar da hukuncin kisa bisa tsari a Baghdad da Khanaqin a shekara ta 1979. daga baya kuma ya bazu zuwa wasu yankunan Iraki da Kurdawa. An kiyasta cewa kusan Kurdawan Feyli 25,000 ne suka mutu saboda garkuwa da kuma azabtarwa.  
  • Harin iskar gas na Halabja: Harin iskar gas mai guba a Halabja ya faru ne a tsakanin ranar 15-19 ga watan Maris, shekara ta alif 1988. a lokacin yakin Iran da Iraki lokacin da sojojin gwamnatin Iraki suka yi amfani da makamai masu guba tare da kashe dubban fararen hula a garin Halabja na Kurdawan Iraki.
Jama'a kabari na Anfal
  • Yakin Anfal : A cikin shekara ta 1988, gwamnatin Hussein ta fara yaƙin kawar da al'ummar Kurdawa da ke zaune a Arewacin Iraki. Ana kiran wannan da yakin Anfal . Tawagar masu bincike na Human Rights Watch sun tabbatar da cewa, bayan nazarin ton goma sha takwas na takardun Iraqi da aka kama, da gwada samfurin kasa da kuma yin hira da shaidu fiye da 350, sun tabbatar da cewa hare-haren da aka kai kan Kurdawa ya kasance da mummunar take hakkin dan Adam, ciki har da kisa da yawa. da bacewar dubun-dubatar ’yan tawaye da yawa, da yin amfani da makamai masu guba da suka hada da Sarin, gas din mustard da kuma jijiya wanda ya kashe dubbai, daure dubun-dubatar mata, da yara, da tsofaffi ba bisa ka’ida ba na tsawon watanni a cikin yanayi na tsananin rashi . ya tilastawa dubban daruruwan mutanen kauye da muhallansu bayan rugujewar gidajensu, tare da lalata kusan kauyuka dubu biyu tare da makarantunsu, masallatai, gonaki da tashoshin wutar lantarki .
  • An kama Shi'a 50,000 zuwa 70,000 a shekarun 1980 kuma ba a sake jin duriyarsu ba
  • Kurdawa 8,000 daga dangin Barzani sun bace kuma ana iya kashe su [1]
  • 50,000 'yan adawa, 'yan jam'iyya, Kurdawa, da sauran tsiraru an bace kuma ana zaton an kashe su a cikin 1980s zuwa 1990s [1]
  • A cikin watan Afrilu, shekara ta alif 1991, bayan Saddam ya rasa ikon Kuwait a yakin Gulf na Farisa, ya murkushe rashin tausayi a kan wasu tashe-tashen hankula a arewacin Kurdawa da kuma kudancin Shi'a . Sojojinsa sun yi kisan kiyashi da sauran manyan laifukan take hakkin bil adama a kan kungiyoyin biyu kwatankwacin irin tauye hakkin da aka ambata a baya.
  • A cikin watan Yunin, shekara ta alif 1994, gwamnatin Hussein a Iraki ta kafa hukunci mai tsanani, ciki har da yanke jiki, sanya alama da kuma hukuncin kisa ga laifuffukan laifuffuka kamar sata, cin hanci da rashawa, hasashe na kudi da ficewa na soja, wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin shari'ar Musulunci, yayin da membobin gwamnati da kuma Iyalan Saddam sun tsira daga hukunce-hukuncen da suka shafi wadannan laifuka.
  • A shekara ta 2001, gwamnatin Iraqi ta yi wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki gyara domin yin luwadi a matsayin babban laifi.
  • A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2003, a lokacin mamaye Iraki na shekarar 2003, gidan talabijin na Iraki ya gabatar da hira da fursunonin yaki a talabijin, wanda ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Geneva .
  • Hakanan a cikin watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2003, CNN ta bayyana cewa ta ɓoye bayanai game da azabtar da 'yan jarida da 'yan Iraki a cikin 1990s. A cewar babban jami'in yada labarai na CNN, tashar ta damu ba don kare lafiyar ma'aikatanta kawai ba, har ma da majiyoyi da masu ba da labari na Iraki, waɗanda za su iya tsammanin za a hukunta su don yin magana da manema labarai kyauta. Har ila yau, a cewar hukumar zartarwa, "sauran kungiyoyin labarai sun kasance cikin ɗaure ɗaya."
  • Bayan mamayar kasar Iraqi a shekara ta 2003, an gano kaburbura da dama a kasar Iraqi dauke da gawarwaki dubu da dama kuma ana ci gaba da gano wasu har yau. Yayin da akasarin wadanda suka mutu a cikin kaburbura an yi imanin sun mutu ne a boren shekara ta 1991. da aka yi wa Saddam Hussein, wasu daga cikinsu sun bayyana sun mutu ne saboda kisa ko kuma sun mutu a wasu lokutan ban da tawaye na shekarar alif 1991 .
  • Har ila yau, bayan harin an gano cibiyoyin azabtarwa da dama a ofisoshin tsaro da ofisoshin 'yan sanda a fadin kasar ta Iraki. Kayan aikin da aka samu a waɗannan cibiyoyin yawanci sun haɗa da ƙugiya don rataye mutane da hannu don duka, na'urorin girgiza wutar lantarki da sauran kayan aiki galibi ana samun su a cikin ƙasashe masu tsauraran matakan tsaro da sauran ƙasashe masu iko.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

'Saddam's Dirty Dozen'

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Nunin azabtarwa ( falanga ) a gidan tarihin Amna Suraka da ke Sulaimaniyya

A cewar jami'an ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, yawancin zarafin bil'adama da aka yi a Irakin Saddam Hussein an yi su ne da kai ko kuma bisa umarnin Saddam Hussein da wasu mutane goma sha daya. Kalmar "Saddam's Dirty Dozen" an ƙirƙira shi ne a cikin watan Oktoba, shekarar 2002.

(daga wani labari na EM Nathanson, daga baya an daidaita shi azaman fim ɗin da Robert Aldrich ya jagoranta) kuma jami'an Amurka suka yi amfani da su don kwatanta wannan rukuni. Galibin mambobin kungiyar sun rike manyan mukamai a gwamnatin Iraki kuma mambobi sun tafi ne tun daga masu tsaron sirrin Saddam zuwa 'ya'yan Saddam. Gwamnatin Bush ta yi amfani da jerin sunayen don taimakawa wajen jayayya cewa yakin Iraki na shekarar 2003. ya kasance akan Saddam Hussein da shugabancin Baath Party, maimakon a kan mutanen Iraqi. Membobin su ne: [16]

  • Saddam Hussein (1937-2006), Shugaban Iraqi, wanda ke da alhakin azabtarwa da yawa, kisa da kuma ba da umarnin tsarkake Kurdawa a shekara ta alif 1988. a Arewacin Iraki.
  • Qusay Hussein (1966-2003), ɗan shugaban ƙasa, shugaban ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yan Republican, wanda aka yi imanin Saddam ne ya zaɓi shi a matsayin magajinsa .
  • Uday Hussein (1964-2003), dan shugaban kasa, yana da dakin azabtarwa na sirri, kuma shi ne ke da alhakin yi wa mata da dama fyade da kashe su. Ya kasance wani bangare na gurgu bayan yunkurin kashe shi a shekarar 1996, kuma shi ne shugaban kungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta Fedayeen Saddam da kuma na kafafen yada labarai na Iraki.
  • Taha Yassin Ramadan (1938-2007), mataimakin shugaban kasa, haifaffen Kurdistan Iraqi . Shi ne ya jagoranci kashe-kashen jama’a da aka yi wa ‘ yan Shi’a a shekarar 1991.
  • Tariq Aziz (1936-2015), Ministan Harkokin Wajen Iraki, ya goyi bayan hukuncin kisa ta hanyar rataye abokan adawar siyasa bayan juyin juya halin shekara ta 1968.
  • Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti (1951-2007), ɗan'uwan Hussein, shugaban sabis na sirri na Iraqi, Mukhabarat . Ya kasance wakilin Iraki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva .
  • Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti (1947-2013), ɗan'uwan Saddam, shi ne jagoran Mukhabarat a lokacin Yaƙin Gulf na shekarar alif 1991. Darakta Janar na Tsaron Iraki daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa 1996. Ya shiga cikin murkushe Kurdawa a 1991.
  • Watban Ibrahim al-Tikriti (1952–2015), kane ga Saddam, tsohon babban ministan cikin gida wanda kuma shine mashawarcin shugaban kasa Saddam. Uday Hussein ya harbe a kafa a shekara ta alif 1995. Ya ba da umarnin azabtarwa, fyade, kisa da kora .
  • Ali Hassan al-Majid (1941–2010), Chemical Ali, wanda ya jagoranci kisan gillar da Saddam ya yi wa Kurdawan 'yan tawaye a shekarar alif 1988; dan uwan farko na Saddam Hussein.
  • Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri (1942-2020), kwamandan soji, mataimakin shugaban majalisar juyin juya hali kuma mataimakin kwamandan hafsan soji a lokacin yakin neman zabe daban-daban.
  • Aziz Saleh Nuhmah (b. ?), ya nada gwamnan Kuwait daga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1990 zuwa watan Fabrairu, shekara ta alif 1991, ya ba da umarnin a wawashe shaguna tare da yi wa matan Kuwait fyade a lokacin mulkinsa. Haka kuma ya ba da umarnin rusa wurare masu tsarki na Shi'a a shekarun 1970 da 1980. a matsayin gwamnan larduna biyu na Iraki.
  • Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi (1938-2005), wanda aka fi sani da dan daba Saddam, Firayim Minista na Iraki daga shekara ta alif 1991 zuwa 1993 - ya ba da umarnin kashe mutane da yawa.

Sauran zalunci

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An kwatanta lalata wuraren ibada na Shi’a da tsohuwar gwamnatin ta yi “da matakin daidaita garuruwa a yakin duniya na biyu, kuma barnar da aka yi wa wuraren ibada [ na Husaini da Abbas ] ya fi wanda aka yi wa da yawa. Cathedrals na Turai." [17] Bayan kisan kare dangi na 1983-1988, an ba wa wasu Kurdawa miliyan 1 damar sake tsugunar da su a " kauyukan samfura ". A cewar wani rahoton ma’aikatan majalisar dattijan Amurka, wadannan kauyukan “ba a gina su ba, ba su da tsafta da ruwa kadan, kuma sun ba mazauna guraben aikin yi kadan. Wasu, in ba mafi yawa ba, an kewaye su da igiyar waya, kuma Kurdawa suna iya shiga ko fita kawai da kyar.” [18] Bayan kafuwar mulkin jamhuriya a Iraqi ,yawan mutanen Iraqi sun tsere daga kasar don gujewa zaluncin siyasa daga Abd al-Karim Qasim da magajinsa, ciki har da Saddam Hussein; Ya zuwa shekara ta 2001, an kiyasta cewa "'yan gudun hijirar Iraki sun kai fiye da miliyan 3 (suka bar mutane miliyan 23 a cikin kasar)." Nicholas Kristof na jaridar The New York Times ya yi sharhi: “Yan sanda a wasu ƙasashe suna azabtarwa, bayan haka, amma akwai sahihan rahotanni da ke cewa ‘yan sandan Saddam sun yanke harsuna da kuma yin atisayen lantarki. Wasu kasashe suna zare idanuwa 'yan adawa; Masu yi wa Saddam tambayoyi sun zare idanun ɗaruruwan yara don su sa iyayensu su yi magana.”[19][20][21][22][23]


Adadin waɗanda abin ya shafa

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A cikin watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2004, Human Rights Watch ya ƙiyasta cewa 250,000 zuwa 290,000 Iraqis aka kashe ko bace ta gwamnatin Saddam Hussein ciki har da:

Kiyasin 290,000 “batattu” kuma da ake zaton kashe sun haɗa da: fiye da 100,000 Kurdawa da aka kashe a lokacin yaƙin Anfal na 1987-88 da kuma kaiwa gare shi; tsakanin 50,000 zuwa 70,000 'yan Shi'a da aka kama a shekarun 1980 kuma ana tsare da su har abada ba tare da an gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba, wadanda har yau ba a san inda suke ba; kimanin maza 8,000 na kabilar Barzani da aka kwashe daga sansanonin sake tsugunar da su a Kurdistan na Iraqi a 1983; Maza 10,000 ko fiye da aka raba da iyalan Feyli Kurdawa da aka koro zuwa Iran a cikin 1980s; kimanin 'yan adawa 50,000, ciki har da 'yan gurguzu da sauran 'yan adawa, Kurdawa da sauran 'yan tsiraru, da kuma Ba'thists, wadanda ba su da goyon baya, kama da "bace" a cikin 1980s da 1990s; 'Yan Shi'a na Iraqi kimanin 30,000 ne aka tattara bayan rikicin watan Maris na 1991 wanda ba a ji duriyarsu ba tun daga lokacin; daruruwan malaman Shi’a da dalibansu sun kame kuma sun “bace” bayan 1991; dubun dubatan Larabawa da suka bace bayan an kama su a lokacin da sojoji ke gudanar da ayyukan soji a yankunan kudancin kasar; da waɗanda aka kashe a tsare-a cikin wasu shekaru dubu da yawa-a abin da ake kira "prison cleansing" kamfen

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2003. The New York Times labarin John Fisher Burns ma ya bayyana cewa "yawan wadanda 'batattu' a hannun 'yan sandan sirri, ba za a sake jin duriyarsu ba, zai iya zama 200,000" kuma idan aka kwatanta Saddam da Joseph Stalin, yayin da yarda da cewa "Ko da bisa ka'ida, laifukan (Stalin) sun zarce na Mr. Hussein." Yakin Al-Anfal na shekara ta alif 1988. ya yi sanadin mutuwar Kurdawa 50,000-100,000 (ko da yake majiyoyin Kurdawa sun ba da misali da adadi mafi girma na 182,000), yayin da aka kashe fararen hula da 'yan tawaye 25,000-100,000 a lokacin murkushe zanga-zangar shekarar 1991 . Bugu da kari, fursunoni 4,000 a gidan yarin Abu Ghraib an bayar da rahoton cewa an kashe su a wani babban tsarkakewa na shekarar alif 1984. An san cewa an kashe 'yan Iraki kadan da aka kashe a sauran shekarun mulkin Saddam. Misali, "Amnesty International ta ruwaito cewa a cikin shekara ta 1981. an kashe mutane fiye da 350 a hukumance a Iraki. ... Kwamitin yaki da danniya a Iraki ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da kisa 798 (tare da kashe mutane 264 na mutanen da ba a sani ba, da tarihin 428 na mutanen da ba a yanke hukunci ba da kuma wadanda ba a bace)." Kanan Makiya ya yi gargadin cewa mayar da hankali kan adadin mutanen da suka mutu ya rufe baki daya "ta'addancin da ke cikin Iraki," wanda galibi ya samo asali ne daga 'yan sandan sirri da suka mamaye da kuma yadda ake azabtar da su.[1][24][11][25][26][27]

Duba kuma

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  • 1969 Baghdad rataye
  • Haƙƙin ɗan adam
  • Hakkin dan Adam a kasar Iraqi kafin Saddam
  • Hakkin dan Adam a Iraki bayan Saddam Hussein
  • Takunkumin Iraqi
  • Kaburbura a kasar Iraqi
  • Tunawa da Saddam
  • Ta'addancin Jiha
  • Shari'ar Saddam Hussein

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Iraq: State of the Evidence". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 2021-05-20.
  2. ↑ "UN condemns Iraq on human rights". BBC News. 2002-04-19. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
  3. ↑ "JURIST - Dateline". Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  4. ↑ "From Crisis to Catastrophe: the situation of minorities in Iraq" (PDF): 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2017. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ↑ "Iraqi Kurds Seek Recognition of Genocide by Saddam". Al-Monitor (in Ibrananci). 8 March 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  6. ↑ "جريمة إبادة الكرد الفيليين … والصمت الحكومي والتجاهل الرسمي عن إستذكار هذه الفاجعة الآليمة ! !". Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  7. ↑ Jaffar Al-Faylee, Zaki (2010). Tareekh Al-Kurd Al-Faylyoon. Beirut. pp. 485, 499–501.
  8. ↑ Al-Hakeem, Dr. Sahib (2003). Untold stories of more than 4000 women raped killed and tortured in Iraq, the country of mass graves. pp. 489–492.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Whatever Happened To The Iraqi Kurds?". Hrw.org. Archived from the original on 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  10. ↑ "Iraq: 'Disappearances' – the agony continues". Web.amnesty.org. 2005-07-30. Archived from the original on 2007-10-27. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "ENDLESS TORMENT, The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath". Hrw.org. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2016-08-21. An independent French organization called The Truth About the Gulf War reported in June 1991 after a trip to Iraq that authorities were vague about the toll of the uprising, but 'the figures given for those killed, most of them in southern Iraq and the overwhelming majority of them civilians, ranged from 25,000 to 100,000 dead.' ... The environmental organization Greenpeace estimates that 30,000 Iraqi civilians, including rebels, and 5,000 Iraqi soldiers died during the uprisings as a result of the clashes and killings, while acknowledging that 'little authoritative information is available.' ... A demographer at the U.S. Census Bureau, Beth Osborne Daponte, also arrived at the figure of 30,000 civilian deaths during the uprising.
  12. ↑ "Human Rights Watch, Iraq archive". Hrw.org. Archived from the original on 2008-11-15. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  13. ↑ Jordan, Eason (April 11, 2003). "The News We (CNN) Kept To Ourselves". The New York Times. (requires login)
  14. ↑ "Mass Grave Discovery In Iraq Could Fuel Divisions". NPR. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  15. ↑ Einolf, Christopher J. (2021). "How torturers are made: Evidence from Saddam Hussein's Iraq". Journal of Human Rights. 20 (4): 381–395. doi:10.1080/14754835.2021.1932442. ISSN 1475-4835. S2CID 237538201 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Dirty Dozen
  17. ↑ Milton Viorst, "Report from Baghdad," The New Yorker, June 24, 1991, p. 72.
  18. ↑ "Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein," p. 15. See also "Civil War in Iraq," Staff Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the U.S. Senate, May 1991, pp. 8-9.
  19. ↑ Pryce-Jones, David (1989-01-01). "Self-Determination, Arab-Style". Commentary. Archived from the original on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  20. ↑ Milton Viorst, "Report from Baghdad," The New Yorker, June 24, 1991, p. 72.
  21. ↑ "Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein," p. 15. See also "Civil War in Iraq," Staff Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the U.S. Senate, May 1991, pp. 8-9.
  22. ↑ Ghabra, Shafeeq N. (Summer 2001). "Iraq's Culture of Violence". Middle East Quarterly. 8 (3): 39–49.
  23. ↑ Kristof, Nicholas (2002-03-26). "Try Suing Saddam". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
  24. ↑ Noting that the Iran–Iraq War cost approximately 800,000 lives on both sides and that—while "surely a gross exaggeration"—Iraq estimated there were 100,000 deaths resulting from U.S. bombing in the Gulf War, Burns concludes: "A million dead Iraqis, in war and through terror, may not be far from the mark." See Burns, John F. (2003-01-26). "How Many People Has Hussein Killed?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-10-05. Also writing in The New York Times, Dexter Filkins appeared to echo but misrepresent Burns's remark in October 2007: "[Saddam] murdered as many as a million of his people, many with poison gas. ... His unprovoked invasion of Iran is estimated to have left another million people dead." See Filkins, Dexter (2007-10-07). "Regrets Only?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-12-04. In turn, Commentary writer Arthur L. Herman accused Saddam of "kill[ing] as many as two million of his own people" in July 2008. See Herman, Arthur L. (2008-07-01). "Why Iraq Was Inevitable". Commentary. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  25. ↑ Johns, Dave (2006-01-24). "The Crimes of Saddam Hussein: The Anfal Campaign". PBS. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
  26. ↑ Chauhan, Sharad S. (2003). War on Iraq. APH Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 9788176484787.
  27. ↑ Makiya, Kanan (1998). Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition. University of California Press. pp. 62–65. ISBN 9780520921245.

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