Harshen Domari

Domari
Dōmʋārī, Dōmʋārī ǧib, Dômarî ĵib, דּוֹמָרִי ,دٛومَرِي
Asali a	Azerbaijan, Mauritania, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Turkey, Jordan, Sudan, and perhaps neighboring countries
Yanki	Middle East and North Africa, Caucasus, Central Asia
Ƙabila	Dom
'Yan asalin magana	Samfuri:Sigfig (2015)
Dangin harshen	Ahendurufi Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Central (Hindustani) Dom Domari
kasafin harshe	Northern Domari Southern Domari
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Latin, Arabic, Hebrew
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	rmt
Glottolog	doma1258
Domari is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Domari yare ne na Indo-Aryan Gida ke cikin wanzuwa, wanda Mutanen Dom da suka warwatse a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka ke magana. bayar da rahoton cewa ana magana da yaren har zuwa arewacin Azerbaijan da kudu maso kudu har zuwa tsakiyar Sudan, a Turkiyya, Iran, Iraki, Isra'ila, Falasdinu, Jordan, Masar, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Siriya da Lebanon. Gida da tsarin canje-canjen sauti, an san shi da tabbaci cewa sunayen Domari da Romani sun samo asali ne daga kalmar Indo-Aryan ḍom . Kodayake duka harsunan Indo-Aryan na Tsakiya, Domari da Romani ba su fito ne daga kakanninmu ɗaya ba. Larabawa kira su Nawar saboda su mutane ne masu ƙaura waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya daga Yankin Indiya.

Domari kuma an san shi da "Middle Eastern Romani", "Tsigene", "Luti", ko "Mehtar". Babu wani tsari na rubuce-rubuce. cikin Duniyar Larabawa, ana rubuta shi a wasu lokuta ta amfani da Rubutun Larabci kuma yana da kalmomin aro da yawa na Larabci da Farisa.Yaron Matras ya yi aikin bayyanawa, wanda ya buga cikakken harshe na harshe tare da kimantawa na tarihi da na yare na tushen sakandare.

Domari yare mai haɗari, kamar yadda a halin yanzu akwai matsin lamba don kaucewa daga gare shi a cikin ƙarni, a cewar Yaron Matras . [1] A wasu yankuna kamar Urushalima, kusan kashi 20% ne kawai na waɗannan mutanen Dom, waɗanda aka sani da "Middle Eastern Gypsies", suna magana da harshen Domari a cikin hulɗar yau da kullun. Tsofaffi ne ke magana da yaren a cikin al'ummar Urushalima. Matasa suna da rinjaye daga Larabci, saboda haka yawancin sun san kalmomi da jimloli na asali kawai. Al'ummar Doms ta zamani a Urushalima an kafa ta ne ta hanyar makiyaya waɗanda suka yanke shawarar zama a cikin Tsohon Birni daga 1940 har sai da ya zo ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Isra'ila a 1967 (Matras 1999).

Harsuna

Mafi sanannun nau'ikan Domari shine Domari na Palasdinawa, wanda aka fi sani da "Gypsy na Siriya", yaren yankin Dom na Urushalima, wanda R.A. S. Macalister ya bayyana a cikin 1910s. Harshen Domari na Palasdinawa yare ne mai haɗari, tare da ƙasa da masu magana 200, yawancin mambobi 1,200 na al'ummar Domari ta Urushalima sune masu magana da Larabci na Palasdinu.

Sauran yaruka sun hada da:

• Nawari a Siriya, Jordan, Lebanon, Falasdinu da Masar.
• Kurbati a Siriya
• Helebi a Misira, Libya, Tunisiya, Aljeriya da Morocco Maroko
• / Ghajar a Sudan.
• Garachi_language" id="mwSg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Garachi language">Karachi (Garachi) a arewacin Turkiyya, arewacin Iran da Caucasus
• Marashi a Turkiyya
• Barake a Siriya

Wasu yaruka na iya zama daban-daban kuma ba su fahimta ba. Tushen da aka buga sau da yawa suna haɗa yarukan Domari da ƙamus daban-daban marasa alaƙa da rukuni na al'ummomi daban-daban a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Don haka, a baya an yi tunanin Ghorbati da Lyuli suna magana da yaren Domari. Har ila yau, babu wata alaƙa a bayyane tsakanin Domari da ƙamus da Helebi na Masar suka yi amfani da shi (duba tattaunawa a cikin Matras 2012, babi na 1).

Matsayi

A cikin shekarun 1940, Dom ya fara watsar da al'adun makiyaya kuma ya fara zama da aiki a cikin tattalin arzikin yankin. Wannan ya haifar da sabon abu na gaba; daidaitawar yara na Dom a cikin tsarin makarantar firamare wanda ya nuna ƙarni na farko da ya girma a cikin yanayin ilimi tare da yara Larabawa. Sakamakon haka, wannan ƙarni na 1940 ba ya magana da harshen Domari sosai. Larabci ya maye gurbin asalin su Domari, kuma ya zama harshen sadarwa na tsakiya. A Urushalima, an kiyasta akwai kimanin mambobi 600-900 na yawan Dom a Urushalima. Kasa kashi 10% na iya sadarwa yadda ya kamata a Urushalima Domari.

Kwatanta da Romani

An taɓa tunanin Domari a matsayin "harshe 'yar'uwa" na Romani, harsunan biyu sun rabu bayan tashi daga yankin Indiya, amma bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa bambance-bambance tsakanin su suna da mahimmanci don bi da su a matsayin harsuna biyu daban-daban a cikin ƙungiyar harsuna ta Tsakiya (Hindu). Rom sun fi zama zuriyar raƙuman ƙaura daban-daban guda biyu daga Indiya, waɗanda aka raba su da ƙarni da yawa. cewar Matras: [1] [2]

There is, in other words, no evidence that Domari and Romani ever constituted a single language, at any period in their development: but there is on the other hand plenty of evidence that they underwent shared developments as a result of sharing the same geo-linguistic environments during successive periods.

— Yaron Matras, A Grammar of Domari

Har ila yau akwai kamanceceniya tsakanin su biyu, ban da asalin yankin Indic na tsakiya, yana nuna lokacin tarihin da aka raba a matsayin yawan masu tafiya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Wadannan sun hada da: archaisms da aka raba, waɗanda suka ɓace a cikin yarukan Indo-Aryan na Tsakiya a cikin dubban shekaru tun lokacin da Dom / Rom ya yi hijira, jerin sababbin abubuwa da suka haɗa su da ƙungiyar Yankin Arewa maso Yamma, suna nuna hanyar ƙaura daga Indiya, da kuma canje-canje masu yawa, saboda tasirin tasirin harsunan Gabas ta Tsakiya, gami da Farisa, Larabci da Girkanci na Byzantine.

Fasahar sauti

Sautin sautin

Akwai manyan sautuna biyar, duk da haka wannan lissafin yana nuna bambancin da yawan gajerun sautuna. Yawancin suna iya musayar tare sautin wasali kusa da shi, duk da haka duk sautunan da aka samar a sama sun yi daidai da Larabci na Palasdinawa.

	A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa
Babba	ɪ iː		ʊ uː
Tsakanin	eːɛ daː	ə ~ [ʌ] ~ [ɜ]	oː ɔ
Ƙananan		aː wani tsari:

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Yawancin waɗannan ƙamus suna da tasiri daga Larabci na Falasdinawa kamar gemination; duk da haka, ƙamus kamar [p], [ɡ], [tʃ] da [h] ba a samun su a cikin yaren yankin ba. Akwai hasashe tsakanin masu ilimin harshe cewa ana ɗaukar waɗannan sautunan wani ɓangare na ɓangaren pre-Arabic. affricates kamar [tʃ] da [dʒ] su ma sunadarai ne waɗanda suka bambanta da sauti daga Larabci.

		Biyuwa	Hanci da hakora<br id="mwwg">	Dental		Bayan alveolar<br id="mwxw">	Palatal	Velar	Rashin ƙarfi	Faringel	Gishiri
				fili	<small id="mw1w">Far.</small>
Dakatar da	ba tare da murya ba	p		t̪	T T T TTT			k	q		ʔ
	<small id="mw8A">murya</small>	b		d̪	D̪ī			ɡ	(Sai)
Rashin lafiya	ba tare da murya ba					t͡ʃ
	<small id="mwARM">murya</small>					d͡ʒ
Fricative	ba tare da murya ba	(Sai)	f	s̪	S̪ī	ʃ		x	(χ)	ħ	h
	<small id="mwATo">murya</small>	(β)	v	z̪	Z.	ʒ		ɣ	(ʁ)	Sanya
Hanci		m		n̪				(ŋ)
Kusanci			(ʋ)	l̪			j	w
Flap				ɾ

Damuwa

Babban bambanci a cikin furcin harshe tsakanin Larabci da Domari shine inda aka sanya damuwa. Larabci yana da damuwa a matakin sauti yayin da Domari yare ne na damuwa a matakin kalma. Harshen Domari yana jaddada damuwa a kan sashi na ƙarshe, da kuma alamun nahawu don jinsi da lamba. sunaye, ban da sunayen da suka dace, an karɓa daga sauti na Larabci daban saboda damuwa ta musamman a cikin Domari. Ana zaton Domari ya aro kalmomi da yawa da tsarin nahawu daga Larabci; duk da haka, wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. Kalmomin da suka dace da mafi yawan mahimman maganganu ba su canja wuri a cikin yankunan harshe na harshen Domari ba. Halin syntactic ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga tasirin Larabci. Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa lambobin da Doms suka yi amfani da su sun gaji daga Kurdawa. Kodayake Larabci cikin gida ya rinjayi Domari, harshe ya kuma ji tasirin Kurdawa da wasu yarukan Iran a cikin harshe na yaren.

Lambobin

A nan akwai tebur na lambobi (1-10, 20, da 100) a cikin Hindi, Romani, Domari, Lomavren, Kurdish da Farisa don kwatanta.

Adadin	Hindi	Romani	Gida	Lomavren	Kurdawa	Farisa
1	ek	ekh, jekh	yek, yika	yak, yek	yak	yek
2	do	duj	dî	luy	du	do
3	tīn	trin	tirin	tərin	se	se
4	cār	štar	ŝtar	iŝdör	čwar, čar	čahār, čār
5	pāñc	pandž	panĵ	penĵ	penc	panǰ
6	che	šov	ŝaŝ	ŝeŝ	ŝaŝ	šeš
7	sāt	ifta	hawt, hoft	haft	hawt	haft
8	āṭh	oxto	hayŝt, haytek	haŝt	hašt	hašt
9	nau	inja	nu	nu	no	nuh, noh
10	das	deš	dez	las	da	dah
20	bīs	biš	wîs	vist	bist	bist
100	sau	šel	say	say	sa(d), sat	sad

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Haɗin waje

• Windfuhr Gernot L. Gypsy na biyu. Gypsy Harsuna a cikin Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. 2002.
• Bayani na Domari daga aikin Romani
• Koyon Domari An adana shi 2007-09-27 a - daga Cibiyar Bincike ta Dom
• Ƙarin Bayani da Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na mutanen Dom