Harsunan Mali

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Harsunan Mali
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Mali ƙasa ce mai yare da yawa mai kimanin mutane miliyan 21.9. Harsunan da ake magana a can suna nuna tsarin zama na dā, ƙaura, da dogon tarihinta. Ethnologue ya ƙidaya fiye da harsuna 80. cikin wadannan, Bambara, Bobo, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Hassaniya, Kassonke, Maninke, Minyanka, Senufo, Songhay, Soninke da Tamasheq sune harsunan hukuma. [1]Faransanci shine harshen aiki.

Amfani da harshe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamar Faransanci a wani abin tunawa a Bamako.

Faransanci, wanda aka gabatar a lokacin mulkin mallaka, an riƙe shi a matsayin harshen hukuma a lokacin samun 'yancin kai har zuwa 2023. A matsayin harshe na aiki, ana amfani dashi a cikin gwamnati da ilimi na yau da kullun. Kimanin yawan mutanen Mali da ke magana da Faransanci a zahiri ba su da yawa, kuma kusan dukansu suna magana da Faransi a matsayin yare na biyu. 1[2] kimantawa cewa akwai kusan 9,000 Malian masu magana da Faransanci a matsayin yare na farko.

An samo shi daga yawan masu halartar makaranta, an kiyasta a 1986 cewa kusan kashi 21% na yawan jama'a suna magana da Faransanci, adadi da ya fi ƙasa da waɗanda ke magana da Bambara. [3] Faransanci ya fi fahimta a cikin birane, tare da adadi na 1976 wanda ke nuna kashi 36.7% na "Francophone" a cikin biranen birane, amma kawai kashi 8.2% a yankunan karkara. Amfani [4] Faransanci yana da nauyin jinsi, tare da adadi na 1984 wanda ke nuna kashi 17.5% na maza da ke magana da Faransaniya, amma kawai kashi 4.9% na mata.

Bambara ( Bambara </link> ), harshen Manding (a cikin dangin Mande ) an ce kashi 80% na yawan jama'a suna magana a matsayin harshe na farko ko na biyu.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>Ana <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">magana</span> [ ] a tsakiya da Kudancin Mali. Bambara da wasu harsunan Manding guda biyu Malinke ko Maninkakan a kudu maso yamma da Kassonke (a yankin Kayes a yamma), suna cikin harsuna 13 na ƙasa. Ana amfani da shi azaman harshen ciniki a Mali tsakanin ƙungiyoyin harsuna.

(Bambara kuma yana kusa da yaren Dyula ( Dyula </link> ko Julakan</link> ; French: Dioula </link> ), ana magana da shi a Cote d'Ivoire da Burkina Faso . Sunan "Jula" shine ainihin kalmar Manding ma'anar "dan kasuwa.")

Sauran harsunan Mande (ba a cikin ƙungiyar Manding ba) sun haɗa da Soninke (a yankin Kayes a yammacin Mali) da Harsunan Bozo (a tsakiyar Nijar).

Sauran harsuna sun haɗa da Senufo a yankin Sikasso (kudu), Fula ( Fula: Fulfulde </link> ; French: Peul </link> ) a matsayin yaren kasuwanci da ya yaɗu a yankin Mopti da ma bayansa, harsunan Songhay tare da Nijar, harsunan Dogon na Pays Dogon ko "Ƙasar Dogon" a tsakiyar Mali, Tamasheq a gabashin Saharar Mali da Larabci a yammacinsa.

Goma sha uku daga cikin harsunan asali da aka fi magana da su ana daukar su "Harsunan ƙasa".

Yawancin ilimi na yau da kullun ga kurame a Mali suna amfani da Harshen Kurame na Amurka, wanda kurma na Amurka mai wa'azi Andrew Foster ya gabatar a Afirka ta Yamma. Akwai wasu yarukan kurame guda biyu a Mali. Ɗaya, Harshe na Kurame na Tebul, ana samunsa a ƙauyen da ke da ƙarancin kurma. Wani, Bamako Sign Language, ya bunkasa a cikin al'ummomin shayi na birane; ana barazanar amfani da ASL a ilimi.

Bayanan harshe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawancin harsunan Mali suna daga cikin Harsunan Mande, wanda aka yarda da shi gabaɗaya a matsayin reshe na Nijar-Congo, dangin harshe mafi girma a Afirka. Harsunan da ba na Mande ba sun haɗa da yarukan Dogon, watakila wani reshe na Nijar-Congo, da yarukan Senufo, waɗanda ba shakka suna cikin wannan iyali.

Mande, Senufo, da Dogon sun fito fili a tsakanin Nijar-Congo saboda bambancin tsarin kalmomin SOV. Harsunan Gur suna wakiltar Bomu a Kogin Bani na Mali da Burkina Faso. Fulfulde, wanda ake magana a duk faɗin Yammacin Afirka, memba ne na reshen Senegambian.

Sauran iyalai na harsuna sun haɗa da Afro-Asiatic, wanda harshen Berber Tamasheq da Larabci ke wakilta, da kuma Harsunan Songhay, waɗanda aka rarraba su a matsayin Nilo-Saharan amma suna iya zama dangin harshe mai zaman kansa.

Harsunan da ake magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tebur mai zuwa yana ba da taƙaitaccen harsuna 63 da Ethnologue ta ruwaito (akwai kuma harsunan kurame 3:

Harshe (Ethnologue) Rukunin Iyalin harshe Matsayi na Shari'a Masu magana da L1 a Mali* Masu magana da L2 a Mali** Babban yanki
Hassaniya Larabci Larabci Afro-Asiatic: Semitic Jami'i 106,000 ? NW
Bambara, Bamanankan Gudanarwa Mande Jami'i 4,000,000 10,000,000 Dukkanin
Bomu Nijar-Congo / Gur Jami'i 102,000 ? SE
Bozo, Tiéyaxo Bozo Mande Jami'i 118,000 ? Tsakiya
Dogon, Toro So Dogon Jami'i 50,000 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Fulfulde, Maasina Fula Nijar-Congo / Senegambian Jami'i 1,000,000 ? (wasu masu magana da L2) Tsakiya
Maninkakan, Kita Gudanarwa Mande Jami'i 434,000 ? W
Senoufo, Mamara (Miniyanka) Senufo Nijar da Kongo Jami'i 738,000 ? S
Senoufo, Syenara Senufo Nijar da Kongo Jami'i 155,000 ? S
Songhay, Koyraboro Senni Songhay (Kudancin) Jami'i 430,000 ? (harshe na kasuwanci) N
Soninke (& Marka/Maraka) Mande Jami'i 1,280,000 ? NW
Tamasheq Tamashek Afro-Asiatic / Berber Jami'i 250,000 ? N
[Hasiya] Gudanarwa Mande Jami'i 700,000 ? NW
Bankagooma Mande Babu ko ɗaya? 6,000 ? S
Bobo Madaré, Arewa Mande Babu ko ɗaya? 18,400 ? SE
Bozo, Hainyaxo Bozo Mande Babu ko ɗaya? 30,000 ? Tsakiya
Bozo, Jenaama Bozo Mande Babu ko ɗaya? 197,000 ? Tsakiya
Bozo, Tièma Cièwè Bozo Mande Babu ko ɗaya? 2,500 ? Tsakiya
Bangerime Dogon ne? Babu ko ɗaya? 2,000 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Ampari Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 5,200 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Ana Tinga Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 500 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Bankan Tey Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 1,320 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Ben Tey Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 3,000 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Bondum Dom Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 24,700 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Bunoge Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 1,000 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Dogul Dom Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 15,700 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Donno haka Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 45,300 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Jamsay Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 130,000 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Kolum So Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 19,000 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Nanga Dama Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 3,000 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Tebul Ure Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 3,000 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Tene Kan Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 127,000 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Tiranige Diga Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 4,200 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Tommo Don haka Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 60,000 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Tomo Kan Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 133,000 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Toro Tegu Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 2,900 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Dogon, Yanda Dom Dogon Babu ko ɗaya? 2,000 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Duungooma Mande Babu ko ɗaya? 70,000 ? S
Jahanka Mande Babu ko ɗaya? 500 ? SW
Jalunga, Dyalonke Mande Babu ko ɗaya? 9,000 ? SW
Jowulu Mande Babu ko ɗaya? 10,000 ? SE
Jula, Dioula Gudanarwa Mande Babu ko ɗaya? 50,000 278,000 Shin, duk?
Kagoro Gudanarwa Mande Babu ko ɗaya? 15,000 ? W
Konabéré Mande Babu ko ɗaya? 25,000 ? SE
Koromfé Nijar-Congo / Gur Babu ko ɗaya? 6,000 ? SE
Maninkakan, Gabas Gudanarwa Mande Babu ko ɗaya? 390,000 ? SW
Maninkakan, Yamma Gudanarwa Mande Babu ko ɗaya? 100,000 ? SW
Marka Mande Babu ko ɗaya? 25,000 ? SE
Mòoré Nijar-Congo / Gur Babu ko ɗaya? 17,000 ? SE
Pana Nijar-Congo / Gur Babu ko ɗaya? 2,800 ? Tsakiyar Gabas
Pulaar Fula Nijar-Congo / Senegambian Babu ko ɗaya? 175,000 ? W
Pular Fula Nijar-Congo / Senegambian Babu ko ɗaya? 50,000 ? SW
Samma Nijar-Congo / Gur Babu ko ɗaya? 2,500 ? SE
Senoufo, Shempire Senufo Nijar da Kongo Babu ko ɗaya? 14,800 ? SE
Sannuwa, lokacin da yake Senufo Nijar da Kongo Babu ko ɗaya? 3,000 ? SE
Senoufo, Mai Tsarki Senufo Nijar da Kongo Babu ko ɗaya? 350,000 ? S
Songhay, Humburi Senni Songhay (Kudancin) Babu ko ɗaya? 15,000 ? N
Songhay, Koyra Chiini Songhay (Kudancin) Babu ko ɗaya? 200,000 ? N
Tadaksahak Songhay (Arewa) Babu ko ɗaya? 100,000 ? N
Tamajaq Tamashek Afro-Asiatic / Berber Babu ko ɗaya? 190,000 ? N
Tondi Songway Kiini Songhay (Kudancin) Babu ko ɗaya? 3,000 ? N
Zarmaci Songhay (Kudancin) Babu ko ɗaya? 1,700 ? NE
  • Masu magana da harshe na farko / yaren uwa. Adadin daga Ethnologue.
    • Masu magana da harshe Na biyu ko ƙarin. Yana da wahala a sami daidaitattun adadi don wannan rukuni.

Manufofin Harshe da Shirye-shiryen[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Faransanci shine harshen aiki. [5] da Loi 96-049 na 1996 harsuna goma sha uku na asali sun amince da gwamnati a matsayin Harsunan ƙasa: Bamanankan, Bomu, Bozo, D фанsɔ, Fulfulde, Hassaniya Larabci, Mamara, Maninkakan, Soninke, Soŋoy, Syenara, Tamasheq, Xaasongaxanŋ . [6] Wannan ya maye gurbin Dokar 159 PG-RM na 19 ga Yulin 1982 (Mataki na 1).

Ilimi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Faransanci wani bangare ne na tsarin karatun makaranta. Akwai sabuwar manufa don amfani da harsunan Mali a cikin maki na farko da kuma sauyawa zuwa Faransanci. Masu fafutuka suna koyar [7] karatu da rubutu ga masu magana da harsunan Manding (Bambara, Malinke, Maninkakan, Dyula) a cikin daidaitaccen nau'in N'Ko.

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lingua 2023
  2. ↑ ethnologue.com, cites: Johnstone (1993)
  3. ↑ 386,000 in a population of ~ 8.2 Million in 1986, according to Data faostat, year 2005 : http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/help-copyright/copyright-e.htm (last updated 11 February 2005)
  4. ↑ Anne Lafage (1993), p. 219, citing Perrot: 1985 for both 1974 and 1984 figures.
  5. ↑ Loi 96-049 Portant modalités de promotion des langues nationales
  6. ↑ Leclerc, Jacques. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, "Mali," Laval University, Canada Archived 2002-06-16 at the Wayback Machine. Citing: GAUTHIER, François, Jacques LECLERC et Jacques MAURAIS. Langues et constitutions, Montréal/Paris, Office de la langue française / Conseil international de la langue française, 1993, 131 p
  7. ↑ Empty citation (help)

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