Ismail I
Ismail I (Farisawa اسماعيل يكم Ismāʿīl) (an haifeshi ranar14 ga Yuli 1487 - 23 ga Mayu 1524)[1] shi ne wanda ya assasa kuma Shah na farko na Daular Safawiyya, wanda ya yi mulki tun daga 1501 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1524.[2] Ana daukar mulkinsa a matsayin farkon tarihin Iran na zamani,[3] kuma daya daga cikin masarautun bindiga.[4] Shah ya iya hada kan kasar Iran tare da gina babbar daular shi'a wadda za ta yi gogayya da manyan kasashen duniya.
Shah Ismail ya kafa Daular Safawiyya bisa tushen Shi'anci goma sha biyu a kudancin Azerbaijan a shekara ta 1509, inda ya hada kasashen Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraƙi, da kudu maso gabashin Anatoliya zuwa kasa daya.[5][6]
Ya kuma kasance fitaccen mawaki a karni na sha biyar da sha shida.[7][8] Shah Ismail ya rubuta ayyukansa na adabi a karkashin sunan Khaṭāʾī. Ya rubuta ayyukansa da harshen Turkanci na Azeri.[9][10] Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga adabin Farisa, kodayake kaɗan daga cikin rubuce-rubucensa na Farisa sun tsira.[11]
Rayuwar farko[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An haifi Ismail a ranar 25 ga watan Rajab 892 a garin Ardabil.[12][13][14][15] Bisa ga littafin Meshginshahr, an haife shi a Meshginshahr.[16] Isma'il yana da shekara daya ya rasa mahaifinsa (Rajab 893). Bayan rasuwar Haider, Sufaye Sufaye suka taru a Ardabil suka nada Sultan Ali King, babban dan Haider a matsayin magajin mahaifinsa, bayan ɗan lokaci, adadin mabiyan Safawiyyas a Ardabil ya ƙaru.[17] Mahaifinsa, Sheikh Haider, tare da mabiyansa - wadanda ake kira Qizilbash (jajayen huluna a Turkanci) saboda jajayen hulunansu, sun kai hari a yankin Caucasus don Jihadi da Kiristocin Circassian. Fadadawa Haider ya sa shi ya yi yaƙi da Sharvan Shahan. Sultan Yaqub Agh-Qoyunlu ya je wajen taimakon Sharvanshah a wannan yaki inda daga karshe aka harbe Haider aka kama shi ya rasa ransa a wannan yakin sannan kuma an kama ‘ya’yansa. A wannan lokacin Ismail yana jariri.
An daure Ismail tare da mahaifiyarsa da yayyensa biyu a Istakhar, Farisa tsawon shekaru hudu da rabi.[18] A cikin wannan lokaci ne Sultan Yaqub Agh Quyunlu ya rasu, aka gwabza yaki tsakanin ‘ya’yansa Rostam da Baysanqar, sai Rostam ya ‘yantar da “Sultan Ali” kanin Isma’il da iyalansa domin su fuskanci Baisanqar, domin ya samu goyon bayan Qizilbash na Ardabil Khanate. Sultan Ali ya shiga Tabriz da kawanya ya ci Baisanqar da rundunar Sufaye. Rostam ya firgita da karfin ikon Sultan Ali, ya kashe shi a tsakiyar hanyar Tabriz da Ardabil. Sultan Ali ya damka wa kaninsa Ismail dan shekara bakwai ga abokansa na kusa kuma masu aminci.
a Ardabil da Lahijan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ismail ya zauna a asirce a Ardabil na dan wani lokaci sannan aka mayar da shi Lahijan domin samun karin tsaro ya kuma fake da sarki a can Karkia Mirza Ali. Karkia Mirza Ali, mai sarautar Lahijan da Dillman, wanda shi'a ne kuma Sadat, kuma aminin daular Safa'awa, ta kula da tarbiyyar matashi Ismail. Ismail ya koyi farisawa da larabci da kur’ani da asasi da ka’idojin Shi’a ‘yan-sha-biyu karkashin kulawar Shams al-Din Lahiji, wanda yana daya daga cikin manya-manyan kasar, har zuwa shekara ta 905 (shekarar Lunar).[19] Har ila yau, a wannan lokacin, ya koyi fasahar yaƙi a ƙarƙashin kulawar dattawa bakwai.[20]
Komawa Ardabil[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A bisa dalilin ziyarar kabarin Sheikh Safiuddin Ardabili, Qizilbash ya kai Ismail zuwa Ardabil da izinin Karkiya. Manufar Qizilbash ita ce fita daga yankin Karkia. Qizilbash ya tafi yankin Khalkhal tare da Ismail kuma ya zauna a ƙauyukan da ke kusa da Khalkhal kusan watanni uku. A wannan lokacin ne suka tuntubi wasu mutanen yankin Anatoliya inda suka ce su tattara mutanen Qizilbash a tura su Iran, a cikin watanni uku ne Qizilbash kusan dubu biyu suka shiga Iran daga yankin Anatoliya ta hanyoyi daban-daban suka shiga cikin sojojin Ismail.[21] A wannan lokacin Ismail yana da shekara 12 da wata daya. Daga lokacin da Isma'il ya fito daga Lahijan har ya yada zango a Arzanjan, Turkawa Anatoliya kusan dubu bakwai.
Kafa daular[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kame Azerbaijan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A shekara ta 879, bakwai daga cikin shugabannin Qizilbash sun gudanar da taron shawarwari a Arzanjan a gaban Shah Ismail don yanke shawara kan yunkurinsu na jihadi; Batun da aka tabo a wannan taron shi ne, ko za a kai wa Jojiya hari don Jihadi ko kuma a dauki Yerevan, wanda yanki ne na Kirista, kuma masu mulkinsa sun fito ne daga iyalai na Iran na da da kuma wadanda suka tsira daga zamanin Parthia da Sassanid. Wasu daga cikinsu sun ba da shawarar a kai hari a kauyukan Azarbaijan, wasu kuma na da ra'ayin su zauna a Arzanjan na wani lokaci mai tsawo domin Turkawa da yawa su shiga soja sannan su kai wa Azerbaijan hari su kwace.
Ismail ya fara zama tare da kabilar Shamlu, wanda akai-akai yana ƙaura zuwa ƙauyen Shamlu (kusa da Tabriz) daga arewa maso gabas na Bahar Rum da arewa maso yammacin Levant, kuma su ma Alevis ne (mafi yawansu suna zaune a Jebel Amal). Mafi yawan sahabban Isma'il 'yan kabilar Shamlu ne, domin tattaro Sojojin sun tafi Karabagh da Van suka nufi Sharvan a shekara ta 906 tare da dakarun Qizilbash dubu bakwai. A yakin da aka yi a kusa da ginin Golestan, an ci Farrokh Yasar tare da kashe shi duk da mayaka dubu ashirin.[22] Amma Gidan Golestan ya bijirewa sojojin kuma bai mika wuya ba. Duk da haka, Baku ya mika wuya, kuma maimakon ya ɓata lokacinsa don kewaye da mamaye gidan Golestan, matashin janar ɗin ya tashi daga yankin Sharvan ya nufi Azerbaijan. A kusa da Nakhchivan, Alvand Bey ya doke Agh Qoyunlu (880/907/1501 AD) kuma ya shiga Tabriz da nasara ya kuma shelanta sarautar Shi'a.[23] Shah Ismail ya fara gwagwarmaya mai inganci a kan sarakunan Agh Qoyunlu a shekara ta 907 miladiyya daga Ardabil, amma ya mai da Tabriz babban birninsa. Duk da haka, an dauki Ardabil a matsayin helkwatar ruhi na sarakunan Safawawa domin ita ce wurin binne Sheikh Safi al-Din, kuma tana da tsarki da girmamawa ta musamman.[24] Shi kuma yana dan shekara goma sha hudu ya zama sarkin Iran tare da taimakon almajirai wadanda galibinsu ‘yan zuriyar Shamlu ne kuma suka yi imani da shi, ya kuma sanya wa daularsa suna “Safawiyya” a sunan kakansa Safiul-Din.
Samar da hadin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bayan hawan Ilkhans na Mongol kuma kusan karni biyu a Iran, daga Balkh har zuwa Diyarbakir, matsayi na ubangiji da safa ya yi karfi. "Hassan Beg Rumlu" ya ambaci jerin sarakunan cikin gida a shekara ta 880 miladiyya (1501 miladiyya/907 miladiyya), daga cikinsu akwai: Sultan Hossein Baiqra, sarkin Daular Timurid na karshe a Khorasan, Badi al-Zaman Mirza a cikin Balkh, Sultan Murad a Iraki Ajam, Husayn Kiai Chalavi a cikin Semnan, Murad Beyk Bayander a Yazd da Shah Ismail a Azerbaijan.
Shah Ismail ya yanke shawarar hada kan Iran da karfin Qizilbash. Da farko Sultan Murad ya yi galaba a kan Sarkin Iraki Ajam wanda dan Sultan Yaqub Agh Quyounlu ne a wani yanki da ke tsakanin Hamedan da Bijar, shi kuma Sultan Murad ya gudu zuwa Shiraz, Shah Ismail ya kore shi ya gudu zuwa Bagadaza saboda tsoro sannan Shah Ismail ya kame Shiraz ba tare da fada ba ya tafi Kum daga nan. Sannan ya yi galaba a kan Husayn Kiai Chalavi, sarkin Semnan da Firouzkoh, bayan an gwabza kazamin fada, daga karshe ya kame Yazd da Abarkoh, wadanda ke karkashin ikon Muhammad Kore, suka rika bibiyar birni zuwa birni, suna korar sarakunan yankin ko kuma suna sarautar da su. Sannan a shekara ta 887 bayan hijira (watanni 914) ya tafi kasar Larabawa Iraki ya ci Bagadaza da Najaf tare da hambarar da gwamnatin Mashshayan na gidan Khuzestan mai cin gashin kansa ya nada sarki Shah Rostam ya zama sarkin Atabak Ler karami. Ta haka ne a cikin shekaru bakwai ya kame dukkanin kasar Iran, in ban da wasu yankuna kamar Khorasan da Armeniya, ya kafa gwamnati guda mai cin gashin kanta a cikinta, ya nada shi a matsayin sarkin Iran.
Salon mulkin Shah Ismail da daukaka shi'anci mai yiyuwa ne ya hana tarwatsewar kasar Iran mai fama da rikici tsakanin manyan Daular Usmaniyya biyu da na Uzbek khan na tsakiyar Asiya. Domin daidaita matsananciyar manufofin shugabannin Qizilbash, ya malaman Iran da Jabal Amil, Kufa da Baharen don hada littafan fikihu a fagen Shi'a Imamiyya sha biyu.[25] Mohaghegh Kirki, wanda ake daukarsa a matsayin wani muhimmin jigo wajen buga fikihu da ka'idojin addinin Shi'a na Imami goma sha biyu, yana cikin su. Daga cikin ayyukan da Safawid Shah ya yi na girmama limaman Shi'a, kera tsabar kudi da sunayen limaman Shi'a,[26] Sanya sunayen limaman Shi'a 12 a matsayin hatimin hatimin sarauta,[27] Gyara da haɓakawa wuraren hurumin Imamai a Mashhad da garuruwan Iraki, da gina kaburburan Imamai a garuruwan Iran.[28]
Shah Ismail ya baiwa Iraniyawan da ba su da shakku kan akidar Shi'a da duk wani aiki na gudanarwa da na gwamnati, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu suna da dogon tarihi a harkokin jama'a, shahararrun mutanensa sune: Amir Zakaria Tabrizi, Mahmoud Khan Deilmi, Shamsuddin Lahiji, Amir Najm Rashti, Najm Thani, Mir Seyed Sharif Shirazi da Shamsuddin Esfahani.[29]
Shah Ismail ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar al'adu da al'adu na addini da na kasa kuma yana da sha'awar ƙirƙirar abadani da abubuwan tarihi. Muhimman ayyukan da ake tunawa tun zamaninsa su ne kasuwanni 4 da ke kewaye da tsohon dandalin Isfahan; Makaranta Harounieh da kabarin Imamzadeh Haroun a Isfahan. Ya kuma kafa gine-ginen tunawa a Ojan, Faris, Shiraz, da Abadan, da gine-gine masu yawa a Khoy da Tabriz.
Yaƙe-yaƙe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yakin Merv[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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Bayan faduwar Daular Timurid, Shibak Khan Uzbek (daya daga cikin zuriyar Genghis Khan da ke kokarin farfado da daular kakanninsa da suka rabu), wanda Sarkin Bayezid na biyu ya karfafa shi, ya shigo Iran daga arewa maso gabas don ruguza sabuwar gwamnatin Safawiyya. Da farko Shah Ismail yayi kokarin hana shi shiga kasar Iran ne ta hanyar aika jakadu na fatan alheri zuwa Samarkand, amma bai samu wani sakamako ba, sai ya zarce zuwa Khorasan da nufin yakar Shibak Khan, ya kwato garuruwan Damghan, Gorgan da Mashhad. Bayan haka sojojin biyu sun fuskanci juna a kusa da birnin Merov, kuma a wani kazamin yakin sojojin Iran sun yi galaba a kan 'yan Uzbek. Bayan haka, Shah Ismail ya ba da umarnin a cika gashin kan Shibak Khan da bambaro a aika zuwa kotun sarkin Bayazid.[30]
Yaƙin Chaldiran[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A lokaci guda kuma Shah Ismail ya fuskanci harin Daular Usmaniyya. Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya mai suna Sultan Selim I, wanda ya dauki ‘yan Shi'a a matsayin kafirai, ya yi tattaki zuwa wannan kasa da wata babbar runduna da nufin mamaye kasar Iran gaba daya. Domin tunkude harin da Daular Usmaniyya da suka bi hanyar Tabriz bayan cin Diyarbakir, Shah Ismail ya zarce zuwa yamma inda ya tara sojoji kusan dubu 60 a kan sojojin daular Usmania sama da 200,000, Chaldaran ya tsaya tsayin daka kan makiya a shekara ta 893.[31] A wannan yakin, sojojin Iran wadanda galibinsu ke amfani da makamai masu sanyi kamar takuba da mashi, sun yi tir da sojojin Daular Usmaniyya mai dakaru 200,000 dauke da alburusai da bindigu. To sai dai kuma Iraniyawa sun sha kashi sosai sannan Shah Ismail ya samu munanan raunuka inda suka gudu daga filin wasa. Turkawa Usmans sun mamaye wani babban yanki na Azerbaijan a wannan yakin. An ci gaba da mamayar da Daular Usmaniyya a sassan Azerbaijan har zuwa lokacin da Shah Abbas na daya. (Tabbas bayan Shah Ismail, an yi yakoki da dama a tsakanin Iran da Daular Usmaniyya, musamman a zamanin Shah Abbas, kuma iyakar iyaka da bambancin addini tsakanin kasashen biyu ya kasance har zuwa wargajewar Daular Usmaniyya a yakin duniya na daya).
Shah Ismail ya samu damar hada kan Iran cikin kankanin lokaci da matakan yaki tare da yin tsayin daka wajen fuskantar hare-haren makiya na ciki da na waje, musamman Uzbek da Daular Usmaniyya wadanda suka afkawa Iran daga gabas da yamma.
Mutuwarsa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Shah Ismail ya tafi Sheki daga Tabriz don farauta. Ya dawo daga farauta, bayan ya ziyarci kabarin mahaifinsa da kakanninsa, ya tafi Sarab, ya yi rashin lafiya a garin Sayin. Duk yadda suka yi masa bai taimaka ba, ya rasu a daren Litinin 19 ga Rajab 930/23 ga Mayu 1524 kuma an binne shi a haramin Sheikh Safiuddin Ardabili da ke Ardabil.[32]
Siffar da basira[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mutanen zamanin sun siffanta Ismail da cewa yana da kamanceceniya, mai ladabi da inganci da samartaka. Haka nan yana da kyan gani da jajayen gashi.[33] Wani matafiyi dan kasar Italiya ya kwatanta Ismail kamar haka:
Wannan sarki Safawiya kyakkyawa ne, kyakkyawa kuma mai daɗi. Ba shi da tsayi sosai, amma yana da tsari mai kyau. Yana da kiba da fadi kafadarsa gashi kuma jajaye ne; Gemu ne kawai da gashin baki kuma yana da hannun hagu. Yana da jaruntaka kamar zakara na wasa, Ya fi dukan shugabanninsa ƙarfi; A cikin maharba, ya buga 7 cikin 10 apples.[34]
Tsabar kudi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ya bayyana akan tsabar kudi na Shah Ismail I: "As-sultan al-Adil al-Hadi al-Wali Abul Muzaffar Shah Ismail Bahadur Khan khallad Allah mulkah wa sultanah" wanda yake nufin: "Sarki adali, jagoran, gwamna, Abu al-Muzaffar, Shah Ismail Bahadur Khan, Allah ya dawwamar da mulkinsa da ikonsa". Ko kuma "As-sultan al-Adil al-Kamil al-Hadi al-Wali Abul Muzaffar Sultan Ismail Bahadur Khan as-Safawi al-Husayni Khallad Allah Mulkah" wanda yake nufin: "Sarki adali, cikakken, jagoran, gwamna, Abul-Muzaffar sultan Ismail Bahadur Khan as-Safawi al-Husayni, Allah ya dawwamar da mulkinsa".
Bayan tsabar kudin kuma: "laa 'iilah 'iilla allahu, muhammad rasulu allahi, Ali waliyu allah." yana nufin: "Babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah, Muhammadu Manzon Allah ne, Ali kuma Waliyin Allah ne". Kuma an rubuta sunayen Imamai goma sha biyu.[35]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Ismail I.
- ↑ ISMAIL I SAFAWI.
- ↑ SAFAVID DYNASTY.
- ↑ Safawids.
- ↑ The empire of Ismail I.
- ↑ The Safavid dynasty.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ The poetry of Shah Ismail I.
- ↑ Azeri poetry.
- ↑ Azerbaijani language.
- ↑ Esmā ʿĪl I Ṣafawī – Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- ↑ شاه اسماعیل اول صفوی.
- ↑ بانک مقالات علوم اسلامی و انسانی.
- ↑ شاه اسماعیل صفوی دانشنامه رشد
- ↑ بیوگرافی شاه اسماعیل صفوی. Archived 2019-11-11 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Littafin Mashginshahr encyclopedia 1 juzu'i na 2 shafi na 785 Morteza Karamati Meshkini
- ↑ Navai da Ghafarfard, Tarihin Safavid, 57.
- ↑ Alam Arai Abbasi, shafi na 32; Jahangashai Khaqan, shafi na 44-46
- ↑ Ahsan al-Tawarikh, shafi na 9; Jahangashai Khaghan, shafi na 64-67
- ↑ Jahangashai Khaghan, shafi na 57
- ↑ Rawdat Al-Safa: 10
- ↑ Jahangashai Khaghan, shafi na 119 da 113
- ↑ Tarihin Jahan Ara, shafi na 226-465; Lab al-Tawarikh, shafi na 394-395
- ↑ Dr. Shahbazi Sheeran, Habib (2013). Nemo da nazarin abubuwan gine-gine da abubuwan da ke cikin masallacin Juma'a a Ardabil. Cibiyar Jarida ta Raad, Tabriz, gabatarwar tarihi
- ↑ Iran a zamanin Shah Ismail da Shah Tahmasb, shafi na 126
- ↑ Jahangashai Khaghan, shafi na 149
- ↑ Game da hatimin Shah Ismail I, shafi na 182-185
- ↑ Alam Arai Abbasi, shafi na 127-
- ↑ Lab al-Tawarikh, shafi na 394 -
- ↑ Muhammad Nah, Behnam (1389). Khandiyar (fatar gida). Sabzan. s. shafi na 138.
- ↑ "جنگ چالدران"
- ↑ "Ahsan al-Tawarikh, Hasan Bey Ramlo, Abdul Hossein Nawai ya gyara, shafi na 235".
- ↑ Roemer 1986, p. 211.
- ↑ Labaran balaguron balaguro na Venetian a Iran. Bugu na biyu, ISBN 964-487-065-4, shafi: 339
- ↑ صفويان شاه.