Ismail al-Azhari

Ismail al-Azhari
Shugaban kasar Sudan ga Maris, 1965 - Mayu 1969 ← Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa (en) - Gaafar Nimeiry (en) → Shugaban kasar Sudan
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Omdurman, 20 Oktoba 1901
ƙasa	Daular Usmaniyya Sultanate of Egypt (en) Kingdom of Egypt (en) Republic of Egypt (en) Sudan
Mutuwa	Khartoum, 26 ga Augusta, 1969
Karatu
Makaranta	American University of Beirut (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	ɗan siyasa
Mahalarcin Asian–African Conference (en)
Imani
Addini	Musulunci
Jam'iyar siyasa	Democratic Unionist Party (en)

Ismail al-Azhari (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba shekarata alif 1900 –ranar 26 ga watan Agusta shekarata alif 1969) ( Larabci: إسماعيل الأزهري‎, romanized: ʼIsmāʻīl al-Azharī) ɗan Sudan ne mai kishin ƙasa kuma ɗan siyasa . Ya zama Firayi Ministan Sudan na farko a tsakanin 1954 zuwa 1956, sannan ya zama shugaban Sudan daga 1965 har zuwa lokacin da Gaafar Nimeiry ya hambarar da shi a shekarar alif 1969.

Ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar National Unionist Party (yanzu jam'iyyar Democratic Unionist Party ) lokacin da jam'iyyun gamayyar suka haɗe ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. A shekara ta 1954 an zaɓe shi a matsayin firaminista daga cikin majalisa kuma a karkashin tasirin karuwar bukatar samun 'yancin kai na Sudan da kuma kafin tattaunawar kungiyar da Masar . Tare da goyon bayan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ya gabatar da shawarar shelanta 'yancin kai ga majalisar dokoki. Ya zama shugaban majalisar mulkin mallaka bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba shekarata 1964 a lokacin mulkin dimokuradiyya na biyu. An kama shi a lokacin juyin mulkin Mayu na 1969 kuma an daure shi a kurkukun Cooper kuma lokacin da lafiyarsa ta ragu, an kwantar da shi a asibiti, inda ya kasance har zuwa mutuwarsa.

Rayuwar farko

An haifi Ismail al-Azhari a Omdurman . Dan fitaccen addini, ya yi karatun sa na farko a Wad Madani . Ya shiga Kwalejin Gordon a 1917 amma bai kammala karatunsa a can ba. Ya yi aiki a makarantun firamare na Atbara da Omdurman, sannan ya ci gaba da karatu a jami'ar American University of Beirut sannan ya dawo can a shekarar 1930. Kolejin Gordon ne ya nada shi kuma ya kafa Ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sadarwa. Lokacin da aka kafa taron masu digiri, an zabe shi a matsayin Sakatare-Janar a 1937. Ya jagoranci jam'iyyu da dama da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a.

Shiga cikin siyasa

Al-Azhari da sauran ’yan Sudan masu ilimi sun bukaci da a ba su dama a gudanar da harkokin mulkin kasar, kuma don inganta manufofinsu sun kafa babban taro na Graduates’ General Congress a shekarar 1938. Zaben Al-Azhari a matsayin sakataren majalisar ya sa shi shiga harkokin siyasa.

Ko da yake majalisar ta farko ba ta da wani buri na siyasa, amma a shekara ta 1942 ta tabbatar da ikirarinta na zama kakakin daukacin masu kishin kasa ta Sudan. A lokacin da gwamnatin Birtaniya ta lokacin yaki ta yi watsi da wannan ikirari, majalisar ta rabu gida biyu: masu sassaucin ra'ayi, wadanda suka shirya yin aiki tare da Birtaniya don samun cikakken 'yancin kai, da kuma wata kungiya mai tsaurin ra'ayi, karkashin jagorancin al-Azhari, wadda ta ki amincewa da Birtaniya tare da neman hadin kai. tare da Masar a zamanin mulkin mallaka.

Samuwar siyasa

Azhari (wanda ya fara zama daga hagu) tare da fitattun mutane masu kishin ƙasa daga ko'ina cikin ƙasashen Larabawa, ciki har da Allal al-Fassi na Morocco (na farko daga dama) da Aziz Ali al-Misri na Masar (na biyu daga dama) a Alkahira, 1946

A cikin 1943 al-Azhari da magoya bayansa daga majalisa sun kafa jam'iyyar Ashiqqa (Brothers'), jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko a Sudan. Babban goyon bayansa ya fito ne daga darikar Sufayen Khatmiyya, daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin musulmi guda biyu a kasar. Lokacin da masu kishin kasa masu matsakaicin ra'ayi suka kafa jam'iyyar Umma a 1945, babban goyon bayanta ya fito ne daga babban abokin adawar Khatmiyya, kungiyar Mahdist ta Masar.

Tsakanin 1944 zuwa 1953 al-Azhari, a matsayinsa na jagoran masu fafutukar hada kan Sudan da Masar, ya yi yaki da duk wani aiki da ya bayyana yana raunana "haɗin kan kogin Nilu ". Don haka a shekara ta 1948 ya kauracewa zaben ya kafa majalisar dokoki a Sudan, kuma farfagandarsa da zanga-zangarsa ta kai ga kama shi da daure shi saboda juyin mulki a 1948-1949.

Juyin juya halin Masar na 1952, wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin Sarki Farouk I, ya canza yanayin Sudan sosai. Gwamnatin Farouk ta yi amfani da dukkan karfinta wajen hada kan Masar da Sudan tare da toshe ‘yancin kai na Sudan. Sabbin shugabannin Masar, Muhammad Naguib, wanda dan asalin Sudan ne, da kuma Gamal Abdel Nasser, sun fi son barin Sudan ta samu 'yancin kai.

A ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1953 ne aka cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin Masar da Birtaniya da kuma Sudan, kan batun mika mulki daga mulkin mallaka zuwa mulkin kai a cikin shekaru uku, sannan a gudanar da zabe domin sanin alakar da ke tsakanin Masar da Sudan a nan gaba. Duk da cewa daurin da aka yi masa da rigingimun da ke cikin jam’iyyarsa na dan wani lokaci sun yi wa al-Azhari zagon kasa da kimarsa, amma ya samu damar hada mabiyansa a karkashin tutar jam’iyyar NUP a lokacin da ya yi kamfen din neman ‘yan majalisar tarayya da kuma hada kan ‘yan majalisar dokoki. Majalisar tsarin mulkin kasar da za ta mulki Sudan na tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa. A duk tsawon yakin neman zaben Al-Azhari ya jaddada kiyayyarsa ga Birtaniya da kuma goyon bayansa ga Masar ta yadda lokacin da jam'iyyar NUP ta samu nasara a zaben 1953, an dauki matakin a matsayin nasara ga kokarin al-Azhari na danganta Sudan da Masar.

Firayam Minista

Alkahira, 1968, daga hagu zuwa dama shugabannin Houari Boumediène na Aljeriya, Nurredin al-Atassi na Syria, Abdul Salam Arif na Iraqi, Gamal Abdel Nasser na Masar da al-Azhari

A shekara ta 1954 al-Azhari ya zama firaministan Sudan na farko. Gwamnatinsa ta fuskanci manyan matsaloli guda uku. Na farko dai shi ne muhimmin batun tsarin mulki na dangantakar Sudan da Masar . Ba da jimawa ba ya bayyana cewa al'ummar Sudan ba sa son a kulla alaka da Masar, kuma a cikin mafi girman aikinsa na al-Azhari ya sauya matsayin da ya dade yana shawarta, tare da goyon bayan manyan shugabannin siyasa, ya ayyana Sudan. mai zaman kansa a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1956.

Sannan al-Azhari ya fuskanci matsala ta biyu, wato aikin kafa gwamnati ta dindindin. Babban abokin hamayyarsa, jam'iyyar Umma, ya so tsarin shugaban kasa mai karfi. Al-Azhari ya bayar da shawarar kafa tsarin gwamnati na majalisar dokokin Biritaniya, amma bai taba warware matsalar ba a lokacin mulkinsa kuma matsalar ta ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1970.

Matsala ta uku da ta fuskanci gwamnatin al-Azhari ita ce hada kan bakaken fata, wadanda ba musulmi ba na kudancin Sudan da al'ummomi da al'adu daban-daban idan ba adawa da Larabawa, musulmin arewa. Dangane da tarihinsa, ko kuma hukuncinsa na siyasa, al-Azhari bai ji tausayin muradun kudancin Sudan ba, ya kuma nemi ya mallaki kudancin Sudan ta hanyar cin zarafin sojoji da 'yan sanda a bangare guda da tattaunawa da tattaunawa a daya bangaren. Rashin nasarar manufofin ya bayyana a cikin watan Agustan 1955, lokacin da wani rikici a cikin Equatoria Corps ya haifar da tarzoma a yawancin gundumomi a kudu. Bayan haka, dangantaka tsakanin arewaci da kudancin Sudan ta kasance babbar matsalar da gwamnatocin Sudan da suka shude ke fuskanta. Rashin cimma burinsu na kudanci ya zubar da ikonsu, kamar yadda ya kawar da karfin siyasar al-Azhari.

Wadannan da ma wasu matsaloli sun fara raunana kawancen al-Azhari. Juyayin da ya yi kan hadin kai da Masar ya gurgunta karfin siyasar jam’iyyar NUP ta hanyar hana ta babbar akidarta. Rikicin kudancin kasar ya lalata martabar al-Azhari. Abu mafi mahimmanci shi ne, ƙawancen ƙawancen da ke tsakanin ƙungiyar Khatmiyya da NUP ya fara wargajewa, wanda hakan ya sa firaministan ba shi da goyon bayan jama'a da yake buƙata don yin mulki mai inganci. A sakamakon haka, ya sake gyara kawancensa zuwa “gwamnati mai basira” a watan Fabrairun 1956, amma daga baya magoya bayansa na Khatmiyya suka fice suka kafa jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party a watan Yuni. A watan Yuli ya rasa kuri'ar amincewa da majalisar dokokin kasar sannan ya yi murabus.

Rayuwa daga baya

Al-Azhari ya yi adawa da gwamnatin Abdullah Khalil, wanda ya maye gurbinsa, da kuma mulkin soja na Ibrahim Abboud da ya gaje shi. A shekara ta 1961 aka kama al-Azhari kuma aka kai shi gudun hijira zuwa Juba a kudancin Sudan na tsawon watanni.

A shekara ta 1964 gwamnatin soja ta yi murabus sakamakon zanga-zangar da dalibai suka yi, kuma siyasar jam'iyya ta sake kunno kai a Sudan. Al-Azhari ya nemi ya sake samun madafun iko, amma ba tare da wani kakkarfan tushe na siyasa ba hatta kwarewarsa a matsayinsa na dan siyasa bai isa ya jagoranci gwamnati a Sudan ba. A cikin Maris 1965 ya zama shugaban Sudan, amma wannan babban matsayi ne na girmamawa da ƙaramin iko na gaske. Ya kasance shugaban kasa har zuwa Mayu 1969, lokacin da juyin mulkin soja karkashin jagorancin Kanar Gaafar Nimeiry ya kawo karshen rayuwarsa ta siyasa.

An san al-Azhari a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren ɗan siyasa, ana mutunta shi kuma ana ƙaunarsa. Dagewar da ya yi na tsira daga sauye-sauye da dama na rayuwar siyasar Sudan ya ma yaba. Shawarar da ya yi irin na ɗan ƙasa - ba don matsawa haɗin kai da Masar ba - ya lalata ka'idodin da aka gina rayuwarsa ta siyasa, ya bar magudi kawai don samun ikon siyasa. Ya rasu ranar 26 ga Agusta, 1969.