Manilla (kudi)

Manilla (kudi)
bracelet (en) da legal tender (en)
Bayanai
Kayan haɗi	copper (en) , holoko da zinare

Manilla mai irin Okpoho daga kudu maso gabashin Najeriya

Kunshin Manilla na jan karfe da gami da jan karfe, zamani daban-daban, Yammacin Afirka

Manilla wani nau'i ne na kuɗaɗen kayayyaki, galibi ana yin su da tagulla ko tagulla, waɗanda ake amfani da su a Yammacin Afirka . An samar da su a cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin zane-zane, girma, da ma'auni. Asalin kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka, watakila a sakamakon kasuwanci tare da Daular Portuguese, Manillas ya ci gaba da zama kudi da kayan ado har zuwa ƙarshen 1940s kuma har yanzu ana amfani da su a matsayin kayan ado. A cikin shahararrun al'adu, suna da alaƙa da cinikin bayi na Atlantic .

Asalin da etymology

An ce sunan manilla ya samo daga Mutanen Espanya don 'munduwa' manilla , Portuguese don 'zoben hannu' manilha , ko bayan manus na Latin (hannu) ko daga monilia , jam'i na 'monile (abin wuya). Yawanci suna da sifar takalmin dawaki, tare da ƙarewar da ke fuskantar juna kuma suna da siffar lozenge . An fara amfani da manillas a Yammacin Afirka. A matsayin hanyar musayar sun samo asali ne daga Calabar . Calabar shi ne babban birnin tsohuwar masarautar kudu maso gabashin Najeriya mai wannan sunan. A nan ne a cikin 1505 za a iya siyan bawa akan manilla 8-10, da haƙorin giwa don manila na jan karfe ɗaya.

Manillas suna da kamanceceniya da juzu'i ko juzu'i cikin kasancewa masu tsauri da madauwari da buɗe ido a gaba.

Nau'ukan

Daban-daban nau'i biyu na Okpoho manilla

'Yan Afirka na kowane yanki suna da sunaye ga kowane nau'in manilla, mai yiwuwa sun bambanta a cikin gida. Suna daraja su daban, kuma sun kasance na musamman game da nau'ikan da za su karɓa. Manillas an bambanta su da ƙima ta hanyar sautin da suka yi lokacin da aka buga su.

Wani rahoto da karamin jakadan Burtaniya na Fernando Po ya fitar a shekara ta 1856 ya lissafa nau'o'in manilla guda biyar da ake amfani da su a Najeriya . Antony Manilla yana da kyau a duk kasuwanni na ciki; Kongo Simgolo ko 'kwalba-wuyan' yana da kyau kawai a kasuwar Opungo; Onadoo ya kasance mafi kyau ga Tsohon Calabar, kasar Igbo tsakanin Bonny New Kalabari da masarautar Okrika; Finniman Fawfinna yana wucewa a Garin Juju da Kasuwar Qua, amma rabin darajar Antony ne kawai; kuma Cutta Antony yana da daraja a wurin mutanen Umballa .

Yaɗuwar sunaye na Afirka wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga al'adun yanki fiye da ainihin ƙwarewar masana'antu. 'Mkporo' mai yiwuwa manilla ne na Dutch ko na Biritaniya kuma 'Popo' na Faransanci ne, amma sauran misalan samfura guda ɗaya ne na Birmingham.

Wani muhimmin hoard yana da rukuni na guda 72 tare da irin wannan patination da ɓawon ƙasa, yana ba da shawarar binne kowa da kowa. Akwai 7 Mkporo; 19 Nkobnkob-zagaye ƙafa; 9 Nkobnkob-oval ƙafa; da 37 Popo-square ƙafa. Mafi ƙarancin 'Nkobnkobs' a cikin tarin sun kasance 108 gm da 114 gm, yayin da ake samun su akai-akai (wanda ake kira Onoudu) ƙasa da 80 gm, wannan yana nuna cewa an binne ƙungiyar a wani wuri na girman girman manilla. An yi Mkporo da tagulla. Matsakaicin nauyin Nkobnkob-ƙafa mai tsayi tare da babban ƙarshen kewayon ƙafar ƙafa yana nuna cewa ko dai nau'in farko ne, ko kuma na zamani tare da farkon zagaye-ƙafa. Kasancewar keɓantaccen nau'in 'square-foot' na Popo na Faransa, wanda yawanci yayi yawa a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Popos, yana nuna cewa wannan shine farkon nau'in. Farkon manilla na Faransa da alama za su kasance na zamani na farkon sassan Biritaniya.

Wani lokaci ana bambanta su da manillas galibi ta hanyar iyawarsu akwai adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan yanki da ake kira 'Bracelet' monies da 'Legband' monies. Wasu sun yi daidai da girman girman da nauyi kuma suna aiki azaman kuɗaɗen asusu kamar manillas, amma wasu an sawa su azaman nunin dukiya. Mafi ƙarancin rijiyar zai kwaikwayi motsi na 'mafi kyau' waɗanda nauyin manilla ya cika su da yawa har suka motsa ta hanyar da ta dace. Manyan manillas suna da siffa mafi buɗewa.

Tarihi

Asalin

Bronze na Benin yana kwatanta wani sojan Portugal da manillas a bango

Wasu majiyoyin suna danganta gabatarwar su ga tsoffin Phoenicians waɗanda suka yi ciniki a bakin tekun yammacin Afirka ko ma masu binciken Carthagin na farko da 'yan kasuwa. An kuma ba da shawarar Masarawa yayin da suke amfani da kuɗin penanular . Wata shawara ita ce, masuntan Nijeriya sun taso da su a cikin tarunsu daga tarkacen jiragen ruwa na Turai ko kuma su sanya su daga ‘pin’ na tagulla da ake amfani da su a cikin jiragen ruwa na katako da suka tarwatsa a Tekun Benin. Wata ka'ida ita ce, idan 'yan asalinsu ne, sun kwafi wani abin wuyar rigar Raffia da mata ke sawa, wani kuma cewa Mondua na Yarbawa tare da ƙoƙon ƙoƙon sa ya ƙarfafa siffar manilla.

Mundaye na jan karfe da sarƙoƙin ƙafa sune manyan 'kuɗin' kuma yawanci mata ne suke sanya su don nuna dukiyar mijinta. Farkon ƴan kasuwan Portuguese don haka sun sami ƙwaƙƙwaran yarda kuma sun dace sosai don karɓar lambobi marasa iyaka na waɗannan 'mundaye', kuma Duarte Pacheco Pereira ya yi tafiye-tafiye a cikin 1490s don siyan hauren giwa, bayi, da barkono. Da yake bayyana musayar, tare da Masarautar Benin, a cikin nasa, 1508, Esmeraldo de situ orbis :

The houses are built of sun-dried bricks covered with palm leaves. Benin, which is 80 leagues (sic) long by 40 leagues (sic) broad, is always at war with its neighbours from whom it obtains captives, whom we buy at from 12 to 15 brass or copper manillas.

A shekara ta 1522 a Benin wata kuyanga mai shekara 16 ta ci manilla 50; Sarkin Portugal ya sanya iyakacin manilla 40 ga kowane bawa don dakatar da wannan hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.

Wani rahoto na farko kan amfani da Manilla a Afirka ya nuna cewa ya samo asali ne a Calabar babban birnin jihar Cross River da ke gabar tekun Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. An rubuta cewa a cikin 1505 a Calabar, (Nigeria) Manillas ana amfani da su azaman hanyar musayar, manilla guda ɗaya yana darajar babban haƙorin giwa, da kuma kudin bawa tsakanin manilla takwas zuwa goma. An kuma yi amfani da su a kogin Benin a 1589 da kuma a Calabar a 1688, inda 'yan kasuwa na Holland suka sayi bayi ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba a cikin kayan hannu mai launin toka mai launin toka wanda dole ne a yi shi sosai ko kuma za a yi watsi da su da sauri.

Baya ga rahoton na farko, asalin Manillas daga Calabar don amfani da shi a Afirka da kuma musamman Najeriya an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar Afirka da sauran sunan duniya na Manillas a matsayin Òkpòhò, wanda shine ( Efik ) kalmar kuɗi wanda ake amfani dashi a cikin wannan rahoton. kuma a cikin taken hotuna a cikin wannan rahoto.

Rawar da ke cikin cinikin bayi

A farkon karni na 16 ya zama ruwan dare a cinikin bayi don masu ɗaukar kaya su ɗauki manilla zuwa gabar tekun Afirka, kuma a hankali manillas ya zama babban kuɗin wannan ciniki.

Ba da daɗewa ba Turawan Ingila, Faransanci, da Dutch suka maye gurbin Fotigal, waɗanda dukansu suna da gonaki masu ƙarfi a Yammacin Indies, daga baya kuma ta Amurkawa. Tafiya ta yau da kullun ta ɗauki manillas da abubuwa masu amfani da tagulla kamar kwanduna da kwanduna zuwa Yammacin Afirka, inda aka yi musayar su da bayi. Farashin bawa, wanda aka bayyana a cikin manillas ya bambanta sosai bisa ga lokaci, wuri, da takamaiman nau'in manilla da aka bayar.

Production da kuma kayayyaki

Babban manilla da aka nuna a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Ethnological na Berlin

Copper ita ce "Jaran Zinariya" na Afirka kuma an hako su a can kuma an yi ciniki da su a cikin Sahara ta hanyar Italiyanci da Larabawa. Ba a san tabbatacciyar yadda ƴan wasan Portugal ko na Holland manillas suka yi kama ba. Daga bayanan zamani, mun san cewa an fara yin Fotigal na farko a Antwerp don sarki da yiwuwar wasu wurare, kuma kusan 240 millimetres (9.4 in) tsayi, kusan 13 millimetres (0.51 in) ma'auni, nauyin 600 grams (21 oz) a cikin 1529, kodayake ta 1548 an rage girman da nauyi zuwa kusan 250 grams (8.8 oz) - 280 grams (9.9 oz) ku. A wurare da yawa an fi son tagulla, wanda ya fi arha kuma sauƙin jefawa, ya fi jan ƙarfe, don haka Portuguese sun gabatar da ƙananan manilas masu launin rawaya da aka yi da tagulla da gubar tare da alamun zinc da sauran ƙarfe. A cikin Benin, Royal Art of Africa, na Armand Duchateau, wani katon manilla ne mai 25 centimetres (9.8 in) fadin da 4.5 centimetres (1.8 in) ma'auni, da ɗanyen simintin gyare-gyare tare da ɓangarorin fuska, kuma sawa sosai. Zai iya zama mafi nauyi (ba a ba da nauyin nauyi ba) da manilla na farko da aka sani. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan littafi akwai wani plaque tare da Bature mai riqe da sassa biyu na siffa daban-daban, masu siffar jinjirin watan ba tare da ƙona wuta ba, ko da yake a fili yana da nauyi idan adadin ya yi daidai. A yau, sassan wannan girman da nau'i mai banƙyama suna hade da Kongo .

Tsakanin 1504 zuwa 1507, 'yan kasuwa na Portugal sun shigo da manilla 287,813 daga Portugal zuwa Guinea ta tashar kasuwanci na São Jorge da Mina . Kasuwancin Portuguese ya karu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da 150,000 manillas a kowace shekara ana fitar da su zuwa irin kasuwancin su a Elmina, a kan Gold Coast, tsakanin 1519 da 1522, da kuma oda na 1.4 manillas da aka sanya, a 1548, tare da dan kasuwa na Jamus na dangin Fugger, don tallafawa cinikin. Umurnin da ke nuna samar da nau'in manilla mai nauyin 250g na Guinea da 312g Mina. Kamar yadda Yaren mutanen Holland suka mamaye kasuwancin Afirka, wataƙila sun canza masana'anta daga Antwerp zuwa Amsterdam, suna ci gaba da "tagulla" manillas, kodayake, kamar yadda aka bayyana, har yanzu ba mu da wata hanyar da za ta iya tabbatar da ainihin manillas na Dutch. Asusun 'yan kasuwa da matafiyi duka suna da yawa kuma takamaiman game da sunaye da ƙimar dangi, amma babu zane ko cikakkun bayanai da alama sun tsira wanda zai iya danganta waɗannan asusun zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan manilla da aka samu a yau. Ƙarfan da aka fi so sune asalin jan ƙarfe, sannan tagulla a kusan ƙarshen karni na 15 kuma a ƙarshe tagulla a cikin 1630.

Daban-daban iri biyu na manilla

A farkon karni na 18, Bristol, tare da kamfanoni irin su R. & W. King (ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin da aka haɗa daga baya a cikin Kamfanin United African Company), sannan Birmingham, ya zama birni mafi mahimmancin masana'antar tagulla ta Turai. Wataƙila an yi yawancin nau'ikan manilla na tagulla a wurin, gami da "tsakiyar zamani" Nkobnkob-Onoudu wanda nauyinsa ya ragu a kan lokaci, da kuma nau'in "lokacin marigayi" masu sauƙi kamar Okpoho (daga kalmar Efik don tagulla) da waɗanda aka ceto daga ɓarnar Duoro na 1843. Daga cikin na ƙarshen zamani, nau'ikan ma'aunin nauyi ya zo kan nau'in bambance-bambancen da ke nuna ƙira na zamani maimakon ci gaban nau'ikan. Popos, wanda nauyinsa ya sanya su a wurin canja wuri tsakanin Nkobnkob da Onoudu, an yi su ne a Nantes, Faransa, mai yiwuwa Birmingham kuma sun kasance ƙananan da ba za a iya sawa ba. Sun fi na Birmingham fadi kuma suna da sannu-sannu, maimakon kwatsam, har zuwa iyakar.

Wani nau'in nau'i mai nauyi, mafi tsayi, mai yiwuwa ana samarwa a Afirka, masu tattarawa galibi suna lakafta su azaman "Sarauniya" ko "Sarauniya" manillas. Yawancin lokaci tare da ƙarewar flared kuma sau da yawa jan karfe fiye da tagulla, suna nuna nau'i-nau'i na faceting da ƙirar ƙira. Nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in kudi amma mafi kyawun su mallakin sarauta ne kuma ana amfani da su azaman farashin amarya da kuma a cikin "bikin mutuwa" kafin jana'izar. Ba kamar ƙananan kuɗi-manillas ba, kewayon su bai keɓance a yammacin Afirka ba. Nau'in tagulla na musamman mai fastoci huɗu masu lebur da ƙarshen murabba'i kaɗan, kama daga kusan 50 ounces (1,400 g) - 150 ounces (4,300 g), Jonga na Zaire ne ya samar da shi kuma ana kiransa 'Onganda', ko 'onglese', Faransanci mai sauti don "Turanci." . Sauran nau'o'in da galibi ake kira manillas sun haɗa da guntuwar wayoyi masu nauyi na farko (tare da kuma ba tare da "ƙulli") na asalin Calabar ba, da kuma guntun tagulla mai nau'i-nau'i masu nauyi tare da ƙarewa daga Najeriya.

Rasa

Dokar Kasafin Kudi ta 1902 a Najeriya ta hana shigo da manilla sai da izinin Babban Kwamishina. An yi hakan ne don ƙarfafa yin amfani da kuɗin da aka tsara. Har yanzu ana amfani da su na yau da kullun duk da haka kuma sun zama matsalar gudanarwa a ƙarshen 1940s. Har yanzu kabilar Ibo sun yi amfani da su kafin wannan kuma a Wukai an dauki kwanon masara mai zurfi daidai da babban manila guda daya kuma wani ma'auni mai siffar kofi da aka cika da gishiri yana da darajar karamar manilla guda daya. Ko da yake manillas sun kasance na doka, sun yi yawo a kan kuɗin Burtaniya da Faransanci na Yammacin Afirka kuma kamfanonin cinikin dabino sun yi amfani da ƙimar su don cin gajiyar lokacin kasuwa.

Birtaniyya ta yi wani babban kira mai suna "operation manilla" a shekarar 1948 don maye gurbinsu da kudin Burtaniya na yammacin Afirka. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi nasara sosai kuma an sayo sama da guda miliyan 32 tare da sake siyar da su a matsayin guntu. Manilla, abin tunatarwa game da cinikin bayi, ya daina zama mai ba da izini na doka a Burtaniya ta Yammacin Afirka a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1949 bayan cirewar watanni shida. An ba wa mutane izinin ajiye iyakar 200 don bukukuwa kamar aure da binnewa. Okpoho, Okombo da abi kadai aka san su a hukumance kuma an siye su a 3d., 1d.  da rabin dinari bi da bi. 32.5 miliyan Okpoho, 250,000 okombo, da 50,000 abi an mika su da musayar. Wani dillalin karafa a Turai ya sayi ton 2,460 na manillas, amma aikin har yanzu yana kashe mai biyan haraji a wani wuri a cikin £284,000.

Farfadowa

Kamar yadda masu sha'awar kasuwancin yawon buɗe ido da kuma amfani da 'marasa kuɗi' na ciki har yanzu ana yin su, galibi ana samun ƙarin karafa na zamani kamar aluminum, amma ƙirar har yanzu na gargajiya ne. Ana iya amfani da manilla a wasu lokuta a wasu ƙauyuka masu nisa a Burkina Faso (2000).

Amfani

Wani nau'i na nau'i na manilla, wanda aka yi wa ado tare da zane na geometric, a cikin tarin Sforza Castle a Milan, Italiya

A cikin gida, manillas su ne ainihin kudin da aka sani na gaba ɗaya da aka sani a Yammacin Afirka, ana amfani da su don siyan kasuwa na yau da kullun, farashin amarya, biyan tara, diyya na masu duba, da kuma bukatun duniya na gaba, a matsayin kuɗin binnewa. An yi amfani da harsashi na Cowrie, wanda aka shigo da shi daga Melanesia kuma ana kimanta su a ƙaramin yanki na manilla, don ƙananan sayayya. A yankunan da ke wajen gabar tekun yammacin Afirka da kogin Neja, wasu kudade iri-iri, irin su mundaye masu sarkakiyar zane na asali, sassan ƙarfe galibi ana samun su ne daga kayan aiki, sandunan tagulla, da kansu galibi suna lanƙwasa mundaye, da kuma sanannen Handa ( Katanga cross) . ) duk sun kasance a matsayin kuɗaɗe na musamman. Kamar yadda cinikin bayi ya yi rauni a ƙarni na 19 haka ma samar da manilla, wanda tuni ya zama mara riba. A cikin 1890s amfani da su a cikin tattalin arzikin fitarwa ya ta'allaka ne akan cinikin dabino . Masu sana'a na Afirka sun narke da yawa manillas don samar da zane-zane. Sau da yawa akan rataye manilla a kan wani kabari don nuna dukiyar mamacin kuma a yankin Degema na Benin wasu mata har yanzu suna sanya manyan manila a wuyansu a wajen jana'izar, wanda daga baya aka ajiye su a gidan ibada. An ce an yi manilla na zinare don masu mutuƙar mahimmanci da ƙarfi, kamar Sarkin Jaja na Opobo a 1891.