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Max Weber

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Max Weber
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna Maximilian Carl Emil Weber
Haihuwa Erfurt, 21 ga Afirilu, 1864
ƙasa Kingdom of Prussia (en) Fassara
Weimar Republic (en) Fassara
German Empire (en) Fassara
Mutuwa München, 14 ga Yuni, 1920
Makwanci Bergfriedhof (en) Fassara
Yanayin mutuwa Sababi na ainihi (Ciwon huhu
1918-1920 flu pandemic (en) Fassara)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi Max Weber
Mahaifiya Helene Sarah Julie Fallenstein
Abokiyar zama Marianne Weber (mul) Fassara
Ma'aurata Mina Tobler (en) Fassara
Else von Richthofen (mul) Fassara
Ahali Alfred Weber (mul) Fassara da Karl Weber (en) Fassara
Karatu
Makaranta Heidelberg University (en) Fassara
University of Göttingen (en) Fassara
Humboldt University of Berlin (en) Fassara
Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium (en) Fassara
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (en) Fassara
University of Freiburg (en) Fassara
University of Vienna (en) Fassara
University of Strasbourg (en) Fassara
Thesis director Levin Goldschmidt (mul) Fassara
August Meitzen (en) Fassara
Rudolf von Gneist
Harsuna Jamusanci
Rashanci
Turanci
Italiyanci
Harshen Latin
Ɗalibai
Sana'a
Sana'a masana, Mai tattala arziki, sociologist (en) Fassara, mai falsafa, anthropologist (en) Fassara, Lauya, university teacher (en) Fassara, musicologist (en) Fassara, ɗan siyasa da Masanin tarihi
Wurin aiki Freiburg im Breisgau (en) Fassara, München, Heidelberg (en) Fassara da Vienna
Employers Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (en) Fassara
Heidelberg University (en) Fassara
University of Freiburg (en) Fassara
University of Vienna (en) Fassara
Muhimman ayyuka Economy and Society (en) Fassara
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (en) Fassara
Science as a Vocation (en) Fassara
Politics as a Vocation (en) Fassara
General Economic History (en) Fassara
The Religion of China (en) Fassara
The Religion of India (en) Fassara
Ancient Judaism (en) Fassara
Mamba Pan-German League (en) Fassara
German Sociological Association (en) Fassara
Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (en) Fassara
Heidelberg Academy for Sciences and Humanities (en) Fassara
Heidelberg Academy for Sciences and Humanities (en) Fassara
Burschenschaft Allemannia zu Heidelberg (en) Fassara
Imani
Addini agnosticism (en) Fassara
Jam'iyar siyasa National-Social Association (en) Fassara
Deutsche Demokratische Partei (mul) Fassara
Progressive People's Party (en) Fassara
Max Weber

Maximilian Karl Emil Weber (/ˈveɪbər/; German: [ˈveːbɐ]; Afrilu 21, 1864 – 14 Yuni 1920) masanin ilimin zamantakewar jama'a, masanin tarihi, masanin shari'a kuma masanin tattalin arziki na kasar Jamus, wanda ake kallonsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan manazarta na ci gaban al'ummar Yammacin Turai ta zamani. Ra'ayoyinsa suna tasiri sosai kan ka'idar zamantakewa da bincike. Duk da yake Weber bai ga kansa a matsayin masanin ilimin zamantakewa ba, an gane shi a matsayin daya daga cikin ubanni na zamantakewa, tare da Karl Marx da Émile Durkheim.[1]

Ba kamar Durkheim ba, Weber bai yi imani da bayanin monocausal ba, yana ba da shawara maimakon cewa ga kowane sakamako za a iya samun dalilai da yawa. Har ila yau, ba kamar Durkheim ba, Weber ya kasance babban mai ba da goyon baya ga hanyoyin hana ƙin yarda, yana jayayya don nazarin aikin zamantakewa ta hanyar fassara maimakon kawai hanyoyin empiriricist, bisa fahimtar ma'anar da mutane ke haɗawa da nasu ayyukan. Babban abin da ke damun Weber shi ne fahimtar hanyoyin da za a bi, ba da sani ba, da ma'anar " rashin hankali". Ya tsara kasida yana mai cewa irin waɗannan hanyoyin suna da alaƙa da haɓakar jari-hujja da zamani.[2]

Max Weber

Weber kuma sananne ne don kasidarsa ta haɗa ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki da ilimin zamantakewa na addini, yana mai da hankali kan mahimmancin tasirin al'adu da ke cikin addini a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da jari-hujja. Wannan ya bambanta da tsarin jari-hujja na tarihi na Marx, wanda yayi la'akari da tushen kayan kowane nau'in tattalin arziki na samarwa a matsayin ƙarfin motsa jiki wanda ke tsara addini. [lower-roman 1] Weber ya fara bayyana wannan ka'idar a cikin aikinsa na seminal The Ethic Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905), inda ya haɗa da Furotesta na ascetic a cikin manyan "zaɓi affinities" wanda ke haifar da haɓakar jari-hujja ta kasuwa da kuma tsarin aiki na hankali-doka. a yammacin duniya. Da'a na Furotesta shi ne sashe na farko a cikin faffadan la'akarin da Weber ya yi game da addinan duniya, yayin da daga baya ya yi nazari kan addinan Sin da Indiya, da kuma addinin Yahudanci na da, tare da la'akari da bambancin tasirin tattalin arziki da yanayin zamantakewa. A wani babban aiki, "Siyasa a matsayin Sana'a", Weber ya ayyana "state" a matsayin wata ƙungiya da ta yi nasarar yin iƙirarin "mallakin halal ɗin amfani da ƙarfi na zahiri a cikin wani yanki da aka bayar". [3] Shi ne farkon wanda ya rarraba ikon zamantakewa zuwa nau'i daban-daban: mai ban sha'awa, gargajiya, da na hankali-doka. Binciken da Weber ya yi kan tsarin mulki ya jaddada cewa cibiyoyi na zamani suna ƙara dogaro da ikon doka. Weber ya ba da gudummawa iri-iri a tarihin tattalin arziki, ka'idar, da kuma hanyoyin. Ra'ayoyinsa sun kasance masu tasiri a cikin tsarin siyasa-dukansu a tsakanin masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kamar Ludwig von Mises, Talcott Parsons, da Raymond Aron, da kuma tsakanin masu ra'ayin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayi kamar Gyorgy Lukács, Makarantar Frankfurt, da C. Wright Mills.[4]

Bayan yakin duniya na farko, Weber yana cikin wadanda suka kafa jam'iyyar Demokradiyar Jamus mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Har ila yau, bai yi nasara ba don neman kujera a majalisa kuma ya zama mai ba da shawara ga kwamitin da ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Weimar na dimokiradiyya na 1919. Bayan ya kamu da mura na Spain, ya mutu da ciwon huhu a shekara ta 1920, yana da shekaru 56.

Personal life

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Max Weber (hagu) da 'yan uwansa, Alfred (tsakiya) da Karl, a 1879

An haifi Maximilian Karl Emil Weber a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu 1864 a Erfurt, lardin Saxony, Prussia, amma danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa Berlin a 1869. Zai zama ɗan fari a cikin yara takwas zuwa Max Weber Sr. da matarsa Helene Fallenstein. A tsawon rayuwarsa, Weber Sr. ya rike mukamai a matsayin lauya, ma'aikacin gwamnati, da kuma dan majalisa na Jam'iyyar Liberal Party a Prussian Landtag da Jamus Reichstag. Fallenstein wani bangare da ya fito ne daga bakin haure na Huguenot na Faransa kuma ya fito ne daga tushen arziki. A tsawon lokaci, Weber Jr. zai fuskanci tashin hankali na aure da mutuntaka tsakanin mahaifinsa, "mutumin da ya ji daɗin jin daɗin duniya" yayin da yake kallon abubuwan addini da na taimakon jama'a, da mahaifiyarsa, ɗan Calvin mai ibada "wanda ya nemi ya jagoranci rayuwa ascetic " da kuma gudanar da halin kirki absolutist ra'ayoyi.[5]

Shigar Weber Sr a cikin rayuwar jama'a ya nutsar da gidansa a fagen siyasa da ilimi, yayin da salon sa ya yi maraba da masana da manyan jama'a kamar masanin falsafa Wilhelm Dilthey da masanin shari'a Levin Goldschmidt. Matashin Weber da ɗan'uwansa Alfred, wanda kuma ya zama masanin ilimin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, sun wuce shekarun haɓakarsu a cikin wannan yanayi na hankali. Domin Kirsimeti a shekara ta 1877, Max Weber ɗan shekara goma sha uku, ya ba wa iyayensa kasidu biyu na tarihi, mai suna "Game da Tarihin Jamus, tare da Magana na Musamman ga Matsayin Sarki da Paparoma", da "Game da Zamanin Daular Romawa". daga Constantine zuwa lokacin Hijira". [6]

A cikin aji, gundura da rashin sha'awar malamai – wanda su kuma suka ji haushin abin da suka dauka na rashin mutunci – Weber a asirce ya karanta duka juzu'i arba'in na marubuci Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, kuma an yi iƙirarin cewa wannan wani muhimmin tasiri ne akan tunaninsa da tsarinsa. Kafin shiga jami'a, zai karanta wasu litattafai na gargajiya da yawa, ciki har da na masanin falsafa Immanuel Kant.

Max Weber da matarsa Marianne (1894)

A cikin 1893, Weber ya auri 'yar uwarsa Marianne Schnitger, daga baya ɗan gwagwarmayar mata kuma marubuciya a kanta, wanda ya taka rawa wajen tattarawa da buga labaran mujallolin Weber a matsayin littattafai bayan mutuwarsa, yayin da tarihin rayuwarsa yake. muhimmin tushe don fahimtar rayuwar Weber.[7] Ba su da 'ya'ya. Auren ya ba Weber 'yancin kai na kuɗi na dogon lokaci, wanda ya ba shi damar barin gidan iyayensa.

  1. Kim, Sung Ho. 2017 [2007]. "Max Weber Archived 13 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine " (revised ed.). Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy . Center for the Study of Language and Information. ISSN 1095-5054 . Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  2. Najemy, John M. (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Machiavelli . Cambridge University Press. p. 259.
  3. Weber, as translated in: Waters, Tony, and Dagmar Waters, trans. 2015.
  4. Strong, Tracy B. (1985). "Weber and Freud: Vocation and Self-Acknowledgement" . The Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie . 10 (4): 391–409. doi :10.2307/3340048 . ISSN 0318-6431 . JSTOR 3340048 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  5. Tiryakian, Edward A. (2009). For Durkheim: Essays in Historical and Cultural Sociology . Routledge. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-7546-7155-8
  6. Sica, Alan (2004).
  7. Weber, Max (1930). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism . University of California Libraries. New York : Scribner. pp. 21, 27, 91.
  1. Weber's (2002/1905) references to "Superstructure" and "base" are unambiguous references to Marxism's base/superstructure theory. (Protestant Ethic 1905, pp. 19, 35).