Jump to content

Ilimi a Najeriya

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Ilimi a Najeriya
education in country or region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Facet of (en) Fassara karantarwa
Ƙasa Najeriya
Wuri
Map
 9°N 8°E / 9°N 8°E / 9; 8
Hutun yara na karatu Ilimi a Najeriya

Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya ce ke kula da Ilimi a Najeriya.[1] Hukumar suna da alhakin aiwatar da manufofin da ke karkashin kulawar jihar game da ilimin jami'a da makarantun jihar.[2] An raba tsarin ilimi zuwa Kindergarten, Primary education, Secondary education, da Tertiary education.[3] Gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya ta mamaye rashin kwanciyar hankali tun lokacin da ta ayyana 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, kuma a sakamakon haka, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da manufofin ilimi da suka dace ba.[4] Bambance-bambance na yanki a cikin inganci, tsarin karatun, da kudade suna nuna tsarin ilimi a Najeriya. [5][6] A halin yanzu, Najeriya tana da mafi yawan matasa masu karatu a duniya.[6] Tsarin ilimi a Najeriya ya kasu kashi biyu na jama'a inda dalibi ke biyan kuɗi ne kawai ga Kungiyar Iyaye Malamai (PTA) yayin da masu zaman kansu inda dalibai ke biyan kuɗin makaranta da wasu kudade kamar wasanni, kudaden jarrabawa, kudaden kwamfuta da sauransu. kuma suna da tsada [7][8][9]

Ilimi a makarantun Najeriya yana faruwa ne a Turanci. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2022, Ministan Ilimi, Adamu ya ba da sanarwar shirin gwamnati don soke koyarwa a Turanci a makarantun firamare don tallafawa yarukan Najeriya.[10]

Ilimi na firamare

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Shigar da Makarantar Firamare ta Najeriya ta jihar a 2013

Ilimi na firamare ya fara ne a kusa da shekaru 5 ga yawancin 'yan Najeriya.[11] Dalibai suna ciyar da shekaru shida a makarantar firamare kuma suna kammala karatu tare da takardar shaidar barin makaranta ta farko. Darussan da aka koyar a matakin firamare sun haɗa da lissafi, harshen Ingilishi, Ilimin Addini na Kirista, Ilimin Musulunci, Kimiyya ta Aikin Gona, Tattalin Arziki na Gida da ɗaya daga cikin manyan harsuna da al'adu guda uku: Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, da Ibo.[12] Makarantu masu zaman kansu suna ba da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta, Faransanci, da Fine Arts. Ana buƙatar ɗaliban makarantar firamare su ɗauki jarrabawar shigarwa ta kowa don samun cancanta don shiga makarantun sakandare na Tarayya da na Jiha, da kuma makarantun masu zaman kansu.[13]

Kafin shekara ta 1976, manufofin ilimi har yanzu ana tsara su ne ta hanyar manufofin mulkin mallaka na zamanin mulkin mallaka.[14] A shekara ta 1976, an kafa shirin Ilimi na Firamare na Duniya.[15] Wannan shirin ya fuskanci matsaloli da yawa kuma daga baya aka sake shi a cikin 1981 da 1990. An kafa Ilimi na asali na Duniya (UBE) a cikin 1999 kuma wannan ya zo ne a matsayin maye gurbin Ilimi na Firamare na Duniya kuma an yi niyyar inganta nasarar shekaru tara na farko na makaranta. [16][17] UBE ya ƙunshi shekaru 6 na ilimin makarantar firamare da shekaru 3 na ilimin makarantar sakandare ta Junior, wanda ya ƙare a cikin shekaru 9 na makaranta ba tare da katsewa ba, kuma sauyawa daga ɗayan aji zuwa wani yana da atomatik amma an ƙaddara ta hanyar ci gaba da kimantawa. Hukumar Ilimi ta Duniya, UBEC, ce ke kula da wannan makircin, kuma ta sanya shi "kyauta", "tilas" da kuma "dama" na kowane yaro.[18]Saboda haka, sashin dokar UBEC na 15 ya bayyana UBE a matsayin kula da yara da ilimi.[19] Dokar ta ce karatun shekara 9, ilimin manya da ilimin da ba na yau da kullun ba, shirye-shiryen samun ƙwarewa, da kuma ilimin kungiyoyi na musamman kamar makiyaya da baƙi, yarinya da mata, Al-majiri, daga makaranta da nakasassu (Aderinoye, 2007).

Ilimi na sakandare a yankunan karkara na Najeriya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Makarantar sakandare ita ce hanyar haɗi tsakanin matakan firamare da sakandare na ilimi.[20] Hanyar ilimin ne da yara ke samu bayan karatun firamare kuma kafin matakin sakandare (Solomon, 2015). Dalibai suna ciyar da shekaru shida a Makarantar Sakandare, wanda shine shekaru 3 na JSS (Makarantar Sakandare), da shekaru 3 na SSS (Mamar Makarantar Sakandaren). [21] A cikin shekaru 3 na ilimin makarantar sakandare, ɗalibai za su ɗauki batutuwa kamar lissafi, Turanci, Nazarin Jama'a, al'adu da zane-zane, kimiyya da fasaha na asali, karatun kafin sana'a, Faransanci, ilimin kasuwanci, Tattalin Arziki na Gida, Nazarin Kwamfuta ko Fine Arts.[22] Babban tsarin karatun sakandare ya dogara ne akan batutuwa 4 da aka kammala ta batutuwa 4 ko 5 da aka zaɓa. Babban batutuwa sune: Turanci; lissafi; Tattalin Arziki; Ilimi na Jama'a; ɗaya ko fiye da zaɓuɓɓuka daga Biology, Chemistry, Physics don aji na kimiyya; ɗaya ko mafi yawan zaɓuɓɓugar daga cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi, Tarihi, Yanayi, Kimiyya na Aikin Gona ko batun sana'a wanda ya haɗa da: Kula da Littattafai, Kasuwanci, Abinci da Abinci, Zane na fasaha tsakanin sauran batutuwa 17.[23]

Bayan BECE, ɗalibai na iya shiga Kwalejin fasaha. Shirin karatun waɗannan kuma yana ɗaukar shekaru 3 kuma yana haifar da takardar shaidar kasuwanci / sana'a.[24]

Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya ta kunshi Jihohi talatin da shida da Babban Birnin Tarayya kuma akwai kimanin Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya guda biyu a kowace jiha.[25] Gwamnatin Tarayya ce ke tallafawa da kuma gudanar da waɗannan makarantu kai tsaye ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Ilimi.[26] Har ila yau, akwai Makarantun Kwamandan da Sojojin Najeriya ke gudanarwa da sauran makarantun soja da Sojoji da Sojojan Ruwa ke gudanarwa. Malaman da ke son koyarwa a makarantun Najeriya dole ne su sami ko dai Takardar shaidar Kasa a Ilimi, digiri na farko a ilimi ko digiri na farko na farko a fannin batun da aka haɗa tare da difloma na digiri na biyu a ilimi.[27][28] Wadannan makarantu ya kamata su zama makarantun misali da ke ɗaukarwa da kiyaye manufofin ilimin sakandare ga ɗaliban Najeriya. Shigarwa ya dogara ne akan cancanta, wanda aka ƙaddara ta jarrabawar shigarwa ta kasa da duk ɗaliban makarantar firamare na shekara ta ƙarshe suka ɗauka.[29] Kudin karatu da kudade suna da ƙarancin gaske, kusan naira dubu ashirin da biyar ($ 69.08) saboda wani ɓangare na kudade ya fito ne daga Gwamnatin Tarayya.

Makarantun sakandare na jihar suna samun tallafi daga Gwamnatin jihar kuma ba za a iya kwatanta su da kwalejojin gwamnatin Tarayya ba.[30] Kodayake, ilimi ya kamata ya zama kyauta a mafi yawan Cibiyoyin mallakar jihar, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su sayi littattafai, tufafi da biyan kuɗi don abubuwa daban-daban wanda ke biyan su matsakaicin naira dubu hamsin ($ 130 a cikin shekara ɗaya ta ilimi.[31] Malamai a cibiyoyin mallakar gwamnati yawanci suna da Takardar shaidar Ilimi ta Kasa ko digiri na farko, amma wannan ba koyaushe ba ne saboda yawancin makarantun sakandare a Najeriya suna cike da malamai marasa cancanta waɗanda ba su iya motsa ɗaliban su ba, waɗannan makarantun galibi ba su da ma'aikata saboda ƙananan kasafin kuɗi na jihar, rashin karfafawa da rashin daidaito a biyan albashin ma'aikata. Wasu makarantun sakandare na jihar ana daukar su a matsayin kwalejoji masu daraja saboda tarihin ilimi da tsofaffi waɗanda suka zama fitattun 'yan ƙasa kuma sun ci nasara a cikin ayyuka daban-daban. Koyaya, matsayi na kwalejin waɗannan cibiyoyin tun lokacin da ya ragu saboda isowar wasu cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu.

Makarantun sakandare masu zaman kansu a Najeriya suna da tsada sosai tare da matsakaicin kudade daga naira dubu ɗari biyu da hamsin zuwa naira miliyan ɗaya ($ 652.00 - $ 2600.00) a kowace shekara.[32]  Wadannan makarantu suna da ƙananan azuzuwan (kimanin dalibai goma zuwa ashirin a kowane aji), kayan aiki na zamani da kuma yanayin ilmantarwa mafi kyau. Yawancin malamai a cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin suna da aƙalla digiri na farko a cikin takamaiman yanki kuma ana aika su don bita ko shirye-shiryen gajeren lokaci akai-akai.

Gwaje-gwaje na gabatarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tare da gabatar da tsarin ilimi na 6-3-3-4 a Najeriya, mai karɓar ilimi zai ciyar da shekaru shida a makarantar firamare, shekaru uku a makarantar sakandare, shekaru uku na babbar makarantar sakandare.[33] Shekaru shida da aka yi a makarantar firamare da shekaru uku da aka yi amfani da su a makarantar sakandare sun haɗu don samar da tara a cikin tsarin 9-4-4. Gabaɗaya, ɗalibai dole ne su ciyar da mafi ƙarancin shekaru shida a Makarantar Sakandare. A wannan lokacin, ana sa ran dalibai za su yi shekaru uku a makarantar sakandare ta Junior da shekaru uku a babbar makarantar sakandare.[34]

Babban Takardar shaidar Ilimi (GCE) an maye gurbin ta da Babban Takardar Shaidar Sakandare (SSCE). [30] Ana gudanar da SSCE a ƙarshen karatun sakandare a watan Mayu / Yuni. Ana gudanar da GCE a watan Oktoba / Nuwamba a matsayin kari ga waɗancan ɗaliban da ba su sami ƙididdigar da ake buƙata daga sakamakon SSCE ba. Ka'idodin gwaje-gwaje biyu iri ɗaya ne. Wata kungiya da ake kira Majalisar Bincike ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEC) tana gudanar da SSCE da GCE. Matsakaicin tara da akalla batutuwa bakwai ana yin rajista don jarrabawar ta kowane dalibi tare da Lissafi da Harshen Ingilishi da aka ɗauka a matsayin tilas.

Ana ba da matsakaicin maki tara ga kowane batun daga: A1, B2, B3 (Kamar da Matsayi na Bambanci); C4, C5, C6 (Kamarka da Matsayi); D7, E8 (Kamar Gasar Kasuwanci); F9 (Kamarar Rashin Gaskiya). Matsayi na bashi da sama an dauke su da isasshen ilimi don shiga kowane Jami'a a Najeriya. A wasu shirye-shiryen karatu, yawancin jami'o'i na iya buƙatar maki mafi girma don samun shiga.

Manufofin Gwamnatin Tarayya game da ilimi sun amince da dukkan makarantun sakandare a Najeriya. Shekaru shida na makarantar firamare suna biye da shekaru shida na makarantar sakandare. Makarantar Sakandare ta Junior ta ƙunshi JSS1, JSS2 da JSS3 waɗanda suka yi daidai da aji na 7, 8 da 9 yayin da makarantar sakandare ta Senior ta ƙunshi SS I, SS 2, da SS 3 wanda ya yi daidai da digiri na 10, 11 da 12. Ana gudanar da jarrabawar makarantar sakandare (SSCE) a ƙarshen SS 3. Majalisar jarrabawar Yammacin Afirka (WAEC) tana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje biyu. Watanni uku zuwa shida bayan dalibi ya dauki jarrabawar SSCE, ana ba su takardar hukuma daga ma'aikatarsu. Wannan rubutun yana da inganci na shekara guda, bayan haka an bayar da rubutun hukuma daga Majalisar Bincike ta Yammacin Afirka.[35]

Majalisar jarrabawar Kasa wata kungiya ce ta jarrabawa a Najeriya; tana gudanar da jarrabawar Makarantar Sakandare (SSCE) a watan Yuni / Yuli. Har ila yau, hukumar tana gudanar da Babban Takardar shaidar Ilimi (GCE) a watan Disamba / Janairu. Dalibai galibi suna ɗaukar jarrabawar WAEC da NECO a cikin SSS 3.

Ilimi na kasa da kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2015, Hukumar Kula da Makarantu ta Duniya (ISC) [36] ta lissafa Najeriya a matsayin mai makarantu 129 na kasa da kasa.[37] "ISC ta bayyana makarantar kasa da kasa a matsayin makarantu waɗanda ke ba da tsarin karatu ga kowane haɗuwa da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare, firamare ko sakandare, gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare a Turanci a waje da ƙasar da ke magana da Turanci, ko kuma idan makaranta a cikin ƙasa inda Turanci yake ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma, tana ba da tsarin karatun Ingilishi-tsaki ba banda tsarin karatun ƙasa na ƙasar kuma na duniya ne a cikin shiryayyarta. " Wannan ma'anar tana amfani da wallafe-wallafen ciki har da The Economist .[37]

Matakan A a Najeriya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kwamitin Matriculation na wucin gadi (IJMB) shiri ne na ilimi na matakin ci gaba, wanda aka tsara don ɗaliban da ke da niyyar zuwa jami'a ba tare da shiga JAMB Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board ba ko dai digiri na farko ko shigarwa kai tsaye.[38] Jarabawar IJMB da farko don batutuwa na Advanced Level ne don shigarwa kai tsaye zuwa matakin 200 a cikin Jami'o'i. An tattara tsarin jarrabawar IJMB daidai da bukatun ilimi na kasa da kasa da bukatun shigarwa na Jami'o'i daban-daban, Najeriya da kasashen waje. Yana gudana na watanni 9 kuma yana da watanni 2.

IJMB wani shirin ilimi ne na kasa wanda Gwamnatin Tarayya ta amince da shi, wanda Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zaria, ta tsara a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da Cibiyoyin Nazarin da ke da alaƙa da su a duk faɗar ƙasar. Shirin IJMB yana ba da dandamali wanda ke ba da damar 'yan takarar IJMB masu cin nasara don samun shigarwa kai tsaye a cikin Mataki 200 a Jami'o'in Najeriya da kasashen waje.

Gwamnati ce ta amince da ita kuma tana da amincewar kasa da kasa. Ana iya amfani da shi don samun shiga cikin shekara ta biyu na kowane Cibiyar sakandare a Najeriya.

IJMBE ta sami takardar shaidar Hukumar Jami'ar Najeriya (NUC) da Kwamitin Gudanar da Mataki na hadin gwiwa (JAMB) a matsayin shirin A'level wanda ya cancanta ga 'yan takara don samun shigar kai tsaye cikin Mataki 200 a cikin Jami'o'i bayan nasarar kammala shirin IJMB.[39] Don ingantaccen ɗaukar hoto na tsarin IJMB, ana ba da shawarar aƙalla sa'o'i 8-10 a kowane mako, ayyukan IJMB da kuma filin sun haɗa. Za'a iya sake fasalin tsarin IJMB a kowace shekara takwas.

Kwamitin jarrabawar Jami'o'i na hadin gwiwa (JUPEB) [40] wani shiri ne na matakin ci gaba wanda ke bawa dalibai damar shiga matakin 200 a yawancin jami'o'in Najeriya ta hanyar shiga kai tsaye (DE). Shirin yana gudana na kimanin watanni 8 kuma ana ba da shigarwa ta hanyar JAMB Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board duk da cewa ɗaliban da ke fuskantar wannan shirin ba sa buƙatar zama don jarrabawar Unified Tertiary Matriculation (UTME).

JUPEB an amince da ita daga gwamnati kuma hukumar tana da alhakin ba da izini ga jami'o'in da za su iya gudanar da shirin. Yawancin jami'o'i a Najeriya suna karɓar JUPEB don shigarwa kai tsaye amma ba dukansu ba ne aka amince da su don gudanar da shirin [41]

Ilimi na sakandare

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Open Jami'ar Najeriya, Legas

Gwamnati tana da iko da yawa na ilimin jami'a. Ilimi na sakandare a Najeriya ya kunshi Jami'o'i (na jama'a da masu zaman kansu), Polytechnics, Monotechnics, da Kwalejojin ilimi.[42] Kasar tana da jimlar jami'o'i 153 da NUC ta yi rajista daga cikinsu gwamnatin tarayya da ta jiha suna da 40 da 45 bi da bi yayin da jami'oʼi 68 ke da masu zaman kansu a watan Agusta, 2017 .[43][44] A cewar Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya, Najeriya tana da jami'o'in tarayya 43 da aka amince da su, jami'oʼin jihohi 47 da aka amince, jami'an masu zaman kansu 75 da aka amincewa, jami'ai 28 da aka amince a tarayya, jami'a masu zaman kansu 43, kwalejojin masu zaman kansu 51 da aka amince na tarayya 22, kwalejojin jihohi 47 le kwalejojin da aka amince.[45] Don kara yawan jami'o'i a Najeriya, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta ba da sabbin jami'oʼi masu zaman kansu 9 lasisin su a watan Mayu 2015.[46] Sunayen jami'o'in da suka sami lasisi a Abuja sun haɗa da, Jami'ar Augustine, Ilara, Legas; Jami'ar Chrisland, Owode, Jihar Ogun; Jami'an Christopher, Mowe, Jihar Оgun; Jamiʼar Hallmark, Ijebu-Itele, Jihar Ugun; Jami" Jami'ar Sarakuna, Ode-Omu, Jihar Osun; Jami'a Michael da Cecilia Ibru, Owhrode, Jihare Delta; Jami'arsa ta Mountain Top, Jami'a, Jihar Makogi / Oba Ogun; Jihar Ritman, Ikot-Epene, Jihar Akwa-Ibom da Jami'ar Summit, Jami'an Uwar

Kwamitin Zartarwa na Tarayya na gwamnatin Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari, ya amince da kafa sabbin jami'o'i masu zaman kansu 20 a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 2021, a Najeriya. Jerin da wurin sabbin Jami'o'in da aka amince da su kamar haka: [47] 1. Jami'ar Mudiame, Irrua, Jihar Edo 2. Jami'ar Claretian, Nekede, Jihar Imo 3. Jami'ar Ave-Maria, Piyanko, Jihar Nasarawa 4.  Jami'ar Topfaith, Mkpatak, Jihar Akwa Ibom 5. Jami'ar Maranatha, Mgbidi, Jihar Imo 6. Jami'ar Al-Istqama, Sumaila, Jihar Kano 7. Jami'ar Havilla, Nde-Ikom, Jihar Cross River 8. Jami'ar Karl Kumm, Vom, Jihar Plateau 9. Jami'ar Nok, Kachia, Jihar Kaduna 10.  Jami'ar Thomas Adewumi, Oko Irese, Jihar Kwara 11.  Jami'ar Ahman Pategi, Patigi, Jihar Kwara 12. Jami'ar Anan, Kwall, Jihar Plateau 13. Jami'ar Babban Birni, Kano, Jihar Kano 14. Jami'ar Edusoko, Bida, Jihar Nijar 15. Jami'ar James Hope, Agbor, Jihar Delta 16.  Jami'ar Khadija, Majia, Jihar Jigawa 17. Maryam Abacha Jami'ar Amurka ta Najeriya, Kano, Jihar Kano 18. Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Mewar Najeriya, Masaka, Jihar Nasarawa 19.  Jami'ar Philomath, Kuje, Abuja 20.  Jami'ar Offa, Offa, Jihar Kwara.

Bukatar shigarwa ta shekara ta farko a cikin mafi yawan jami'o'i a Najeriya sun haɗa da: Mafi ƙarancin SSCE / GCE na yau da kullun a matsakaicin zaman biyu; Mafi ƙaranci maki a cikin Kwamitin Haɗin gwiwa da Matriculation (JAMB) jarrabawar shigarwa na 180 da sama daga matsakaicin alamomi 400 ana buƙatar.[48] 'Yan takara tare da mafi ƙarancin Merit Pass a cikin Takardar shaidar Ilimi ta Kasa (NCE), Diploma na Kasa (ND) da sauran takaddun shaida na Advanced Level mafi ƙaranci ƙwarewa tare da mafiƙalla 5 O / L Credits ana ba su shigarwa kai tsaye cikin shirye-shiryen digiri na farko.

Dalibai tare da takardun da ake buƙata yawanci suna shiga jami'a daga shekaru 17-18 zuwa gaba kuma suna karatu don digiri na ilimi. A tarihi, an raba jami'o'i zuwa matakai da yawa.[49]

Jami'o'i na ƙarni na farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tarihin ilimin jami'a a Najeriya za a iya gano shi zuwa Hukumar Elliot ta 1943, wanda ya ƙare da kafa Kwalejin Jami'ar, Ibadan a cikin 1948. [50]

Biyar daga cikin wadannan jami'o'in an kafa su ne tsakanin 1948 da 1965, biyo bayan shawarar Hukumar Ashby da Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta kafa don nazarin bukatar ilimin jami'a ga Najeriya.[51] Wadannan jami'o'in suna samun cikakken tallafi daga Gwamnatin tarayya. An kafa su ne da farko don biyan bukatun ƙwararrun ma'aikata a Najeriya da kuma saita ƙa'idodi na asali don ilimin jami'a. Wadannan jami'o'i sun ci gaba da taka rawarsu don samar da ƙwararrun ma'aikata da samar da ka'idoji, waɗanda suka taimaka wajen jagorantar cibiyoyin da suka biyo baya na wasu tsararraki na jami'oʼi a Najeriya. Jami'o'i a cikin wannan matakin sune:

Jami'o'i na ƙarni na biyu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tare da karuwar yawan ɗalibai masu cancanta don ilimin jami'a a Najeriya da kuma karuwar buƙatun ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, kafa ƙarin jami'o'i ya zama dole. Tsakanin 1970 da 1985, an kafa ƙarin jami'o'i 12 a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar.

Jami'o'i na ƙarni na uku

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kafa jami'o'i na ƙarni na uku tsakanin shekarar1980 da farkon 1990 don magance yankuna na musamman na buƙatun Fasaha da Aikin Gona game da buƙatar ƙwararrun Ma'aikata.[52] Wadannan jami'o'i sune:

Jami'o'in Jiha

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matsi daga dalibai masu cancanta daga kowace jiha waɗanda ba za su iya samun shigarwa a kowane Jami'o'in Tarayya ba ya ci gaba da hauhawa a kan Gwamnatocin Jihohi. Ya zama dole kuma na gaggawa ga wasu gwamnatocin jihohi su saka hannun jari wajen kafa Jami'o'i.

Jami'o'i masu zaman kansu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jami'o'i masu zaman kansu cibiyoyin ne waɗanda masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyi ke mallaka, sarrafawa da gudanarwa. Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa doka a 1993, tana ba da izinin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu su kafa jami'o'i suna bin jagororin da Gwamnati ta tsara.

Tsawon shirye-shiryen digiri na farko a jami'o'in Najeriya ya dogara da shirin karatu. Misali, darussan da suka shafi Kimiyya / Dan Adam sune Shekaru 4, darussan I.C.T masu alaƙa da shekaru 4, darussin da suka shafi Injiniya / Fasaha sune Shekaru 5, darussan Pharmacy sune Shekaru 5 ne, kuma darussan Shari'a sune Shekaru 5. Magunguna (Vet / Human) digiri suna ɗaukar Shekaru 6 kuma suna da zaman da ya fi tsayi a cikin shekara.

A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2021, Hukumar Jami'o'in Najeriya ta amince da ƙarin Jami'oʼi 20 [53] wanda yanzu ya sanya Jami'o" masu zaman kansu 99 da aka amince da su a Najeriya.

Ilimi na sana'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin ilimi a Najeriya, horar da sana'a da ilimi na al'ada sun mamaye a matsayin manyan hanyoyin raba takamaiman ilimin yanki.[54] Gudanar da ilimin sana'a a cikin ƙasar ana kula da ita ta Hukumar Ilimi ta Fasaha ta Kasa.[55] A farkon shekarun 1980, sakamakon yawan rashin aikin yi ga masu kammala karatun makaranta, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba da sabon girmamawa kan yin shirye-shiryen sana'a ga ɗalibai.[56] Babban shirin ingantawa shine Babban Shirin na 2001-2010 don Ci gaban Tsarin Ilimi na Kasa wanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya ta kirkira a cikin 2000. Kalubale na yanzu don tilasta waɗannan tsarin sun haɗa da ƙarancin malamai, ƙididdigar ƙididdiga game da bukatun kasuwar ma'aikata, da kuma tsarin karatun da fasaha a cibiyoyin horar da sana'a.[55] Kamar yadda yake yanzu, dalibai a Najeriya na iya neman ko dai Takardar shaidar Fasaha ta Kasa ko Takardar shaidamar Fasaha ta Ƙasa. Gudanar da waɗannan takaddun shaida ana kula da su ta Hukumar Kasuwanci da Fasaha ta Kasa (NABTEB). Baya ga nau'ikan Ilimi na sana'a, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba da izini da ƙarfafa shiga cikin koyo. Wadannan koyon suna taimakawa wajen koyar da ƙwarewar da ke tattare da takamaiman kasuwanci, amma kuma suna ba da jajircewa ga dabi'un al'umma ciki har da: haƙuri, ƙuduri, da girmamawa.[54] Dokokin Kwadago na Yara sun hana yara kasa da shekaru 15 shiga aikin ma'aikata, amma yara da ba su kai shekara 15 ba na iya samun koyon aiki bisa doka.[55] Yayinda ake yin ƙoƙari don inganta inganci da wadatar ilimin sana'a, ƙananan 'yan siyasa sun toshe hanyoyin da suka shafi manufofi.[57] Rashin aiwatar da tsarin kasa yadda ya kamata ga ilimin ma'aikata yana da tushe a cikin rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na kasar. Don wannan dalili, masana kimiyya da yawa sun yi tambaya idan 'yan siyasa suna ƙoƙarin mamaye ma'aikata da gangan ta hanyar rashin ilimi.[58]

Ilimi na yau da kullun da shirye-shiryen karatu da rubutu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yara masu zuwa makaranta suna shiga cikin ilimin karatu da rubutu

Hanyoyin ilimi na yau da kullun sun kafa tushe don ilimi mai zurfi a Najeriya na shekaru da yawa kuma har yanzu suna wasa a yau. Wadannan shirye-shirye da tsarin suna da wuyar nazarin su da kuma tantance su gaba ɗaya yayin da aka rarraba su kuma na musamman a cikin manufofinsu da ayyukansu.[59] Yawancin malamai sun kammala cewa rashin kudade da tsakiya gabaɗaya sun hana inganci, kudade, da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen karatu da rubutu ga yara da manya masu zuwa makaranta.[6] Koyaya, mutane da yawa sun sami nasara wajen inganta aikin yi da haɓaka motsi na tattalin arziki ga waɗanda suka yi amfani da shirye-shiryen. Baya ga koyon sana'a, gwamnatin Najeriya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban sun gabatar da dabarun da suka shafi al'umma don kara yawan karatu da rubutu tsakanin yara da manya. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan misali shine Cibiyar Kwarewa don Ilimi da Ilimi (CELLE), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke da alhakin hanzarta ci gaban ƙasa ta hanyar ilimin karatu da rubutu. A shekara ta 1992, CELLE ta ƙaddamar da Premier Reading Club (PRC), wanda shine kulob din da aka tsara a ƙasa tare da tsarin da hanyoyin da aka tsara don koyar da yara da manya su karanta da raba ra'ayoyinsu.[60] Wadannan shirye-shiryen sun sami nasarori daban-daban tare da kalubalen farko shine cewa kudade suna da wahala a samu. Ilimi na al'ada da na al'adu a Najeriya ya sami gagarumin ci gaba a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, amma tun lokacin da aka sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, ba a samun kudade na ilimi a duk faɗin hukumar.[60] Ilimi na al'ada ya kuma yi niyyar magance batutuwan da ba su da ilimin karatu da rubutu. Kira don shigar da ilimin HIV / AIDS na yau da kullun a cikin tsarin ilimin kurkuku sun kasance akai-akai kuma sun sadu da iyakantaccen amsawa daban-daban. Wannan yawan jama'a suna buƙatar wannan ilimi saboda fursunoni ba sa fuskantar daidaitattun hanyoyin talabijin da kamfen ɗin kafofin watsa labarai da ke magance batun.[61] Daga hangen nesa na tunanin mutum, yawancin ilimin da ba na al'ada ba na manya ya dogara ne akan binciken yamma game da ilimin halayyar mutum da kimiyyar zamantakewa. Koyaya, ƙaruwar ƙungiyoyin ilimi suna da niyyar daidaitawa da gina kan waɗannan manufofi na yamma don inganta zamantakewa a Najeriya, da kuma kasashe masu tasowa a duniya.[62] Gabaɗaya, ana iya bayyana tsarin ilimi na al'ada a Najeriya a matsayin mai rikitarwa da rikitarwa. Duk da babban tallafi ga saka hannun jari a cikin karatun manya da shirye-shiryen sana'a, ƙananan kungiyoyin 'yan siyasa da ƙalubalen kuɗi sun dakatar da aiwatar da shirye-aikacen karatu da rubutu da yawa.[57] Wani binciken da aka yi game da shigar da gwamnatin kasa a cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi da karatu da rubutu ya kammala cewa yawan rashin karatu da rubutu a Najeriya yana da alaƙa da rashin sadaukarwar gwamnati ga manufofin ilimi na yau da kullun.[6]

Ilimi na mata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
description=Female literacy rate in Nigeria by state in 2013

  > 90%
  80–90%
  70–80%
  60–70%
  50–60%
  35–50%
  < 35%

An amince da ilimi a matsayin hakki na ɗan adam na asali tun lokacin da aka amince da sanarwar 'yancin ɗan adam ta duniya a shekarar 1948. Akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin rajistar 'yan mata a makarantar firamare da babban samfurin ƙasa da tsammanin rayuwa. Saboda wannan daidaituwa, yin rajista a makarantu yana wakiltar mafi girman bangare na saka hannun jari na al'umma a cikin babban birnin ɗan adam. An lura da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na al'umma don dogara da nau'in mata da iliminsu a wannan ƙasar. Kasancewar mata a cikin ilimi yana ƙaruwa, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, na gida, na jihohi, da na tarayya suna amfani da dalilai da yawa don ƙarfafa ƙarin mata a ilimi. Ana iya ganin mata a cikin manyan ayyuka daban-daban. Da yake an ce, har yanzu akwai ƙalubale da yawa da ke hana daidaito tsakanin jinsi a tsarin ilimin Najeriya. Akwai gagarumin nuna bambanci game da shigar mata a cikin takamaiman horo na ilimi, tare da nazarin da ke nuna kasancewar jinsi na ɗalibai ta hanyar malamai a makarantun sakandare. Mafi yawan shingen a halin yanzu shine ciki na matasa, auren matasa, imani na addini, talauci, da wuraren makaranta marasa kyau. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haɓakar ƙungiyoyin' yan gwagwarmaya kamar su Boko Haram, Bandits, Unknown Gunmen da' yan gangi na Niger Delta sun ba da gudummawa ga rushewar tsarin ilimi.

A kokarin inganta ilimin mata a cikin 'yan mata, UNICEF ta fara wasu ayyukan a Najeriya. daya daga cikinsu shine The Girls' Education Project wanda aka fara ta hanyar Memorandum of Understanding da aka sanya hannu a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004 tsakanin Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Duniya ta Burtaniya.[63] Yarjejeniyar fahimtar aikin Ilimi na 'yan mata ta mayar da hankali kan tallafawa shirye-shiryen Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya da ke da niyyar cimma Ilimi na Firamare na Duniya da Ilimi na asali na Duniya kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Ilimi na Dukkanin manufofi guda shida. An tsara Shirin Canjin Kudin 'Yan Mata na 3 (GEP3-CTP) a matsayin shirin kariya na zamantakewa don rage tasirin talauci a kan rajistar yara mata da halartar makaranta a jihohin Nijar da Sokoto. An aiwatar da shirin na tsawon shekaru biyu (2014 zuwa 2016). UNICEF ta ba da umarnin Capra International don tantance shirin a kan ka'idoji biyar don fahimtar yadda aka aiwatar da shirin, tasirin da aka samu, da kuma gano darussan da za su iya sanar da ci gaba da aiwatar da Shirin Canjin Kudade.[64]

GEP3-CTP wani shiri ne na canja wurin kuɗi na shekaru biyu (Satumba 2014 - Agusta 2016) tare da babban burin kara yawan 'yan mata, riƙewa da kammala karatun asali a makarantun da aka zaɓa a jihohin Nijar da Sokoto. Capra International, wani bangare na Ghubril Ltd, ne ya gudanar da kimanta tasirin GEP3-CTP, daga Oktoba 2016 zuwa Maris 2017 a matakai biyu. Mataki na farko shi ne Binciken Bincike na GEP3-CTP, kuma mataki na biyu shi ne Bishirin Tasirin GEP3- CTP . [65]

Ilimi na sakandare

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin Manufofin Kasa na Najeriya kan ilimi (FRN 1998) an bayyana cewa Gwamnatin tarayya ta karɓi ilimi a matsayin kayan aiki don aiwatar da ci gaban ƙasa a duk fannoni na ƙasar. Ilimi a yankunan karkara na Najeriya yana da mummunan ababen more rayuwa, rashin isasshen ma'aikatan ilimi, Rashin tsaro da rashin biyan ma'aikata da sauransu.[66]

Ilimi yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaba da ci gaba, kuma yana aiki a matsayin mahimmin ma'auni wajen auna tsarin ajanda na ci gaba. Koyaya, makarantun karkara a Najeriya suna cikin "jiha mai baƙin ciki" kuma sananne ne cewa yawancin jama'a a kasashe masu tasowa kamar Najeriya suna zaune a yankunan karkara, waɗanda gwamnati ta yi watsi da su idan ya zo ga ci gaba.[67]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Home". FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  2. ↑ "Education System in Nigeria and How Far We Have Gone: A brief History : Study Driller". www.studydriller.com. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  3. ↑ Glavin, Chris (2017-02-07). "Education in Nigeria". k12academics.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  4. ↑ Ajibade, B.O. (2019). "Knowledge and Certificate based System: A Critical Analysis of Nigeria's Educational System". Global Journal of Human-Social Science, Linguistics and Education. 19 (8). Archived from the original on 21 July 2020.
  5. ↑ Aminu, Jibril (1990). "Education in Nigeria: Overcoming Adversity". Journal of Education Finance. 15 (4): 581–586. JSTOR 40703846.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Abdullahi, Danjuma; Abdullah, John (June 2014). "The Political Will and Quality Basic Education in Nigeria" (PDF). Journal of Power, Politics, and Governance. 2 (2): 75–100. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-13. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  7. ↑ "Nigeria's public school system, a blow". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News (in Turanci). 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  8. ↑ "List of the Best Private Schools in Nigeria from NAPPS". National Association of Proprietors of Private Schools (NAPPS), Nigeria. Archived from the original on 2021-10-17. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  9. ↑ "top 20 primary schools in lagos state | SchoolsCompassBlog" (in Turanci). 2020-01-15. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  10. ↑ "Nigeria to abolish English language for teaching in primary schools". Africanews (in Turanci). 2022-12-01. Retrieved 2022-12-15.
  11. ↑ Sule, Itodo Daniel; Emmanuel, Hope Abah; Alabi, Christiana T.; Adebayo, Ismail; Eleweke, Titus; Imam, Abubakar; Bashir, Misbahu (2019-06-24). "Thousands of pupils skip primary 5 and 6 to JSS1". Daily Trust (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  12. ↑ "Education Profile". U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Nigeria.
  13. ↑ Straightup. "National Policy of Education in Nigeria" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-26.[permanent dead link]
  14. ↑ Olaleye, Habeeb. "The Educational Policies in Nigeria before 1960 till date" (in Turanci). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ↑ Csapo, Marg (March 1983). "Universal Primary Education in Nigeria: Its Problems and Implications". African Studies Review (in Turanci). 26 (1): 91–106. doi:10.2307/524612. ISSN 0002-0206. JSTOR 524612. S2CID 145379274.
  16. ↑ "Universal Basic Education in Nigeria". Centre For Public Impact (CPI) (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  17. ↑ "Universal Basic Education Commission | Home". www.ubec.gov.ng. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  18. ↑ UBEC. "About UBEC. Universal Basic Education Commission". Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  19. ↑ "» Nigerian Educational System" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
  20. ↑ "Definition of SECONDARY SCHOOL". www.merriam-webster.com (in Turanci). 9 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-09.
  21. ↑ Yahaya, Abdulwali (2019-10-03). "6-3-3-4 & 9-3-4 System of Education in Nigeria: All You Need Know". Nigerian Infopedia (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  22. ↑ Fidelis, Abigail (2018-09-03). "Evolution of junior secondary school in Nigeria". Legit.ng - Nigeria news. (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  23. ↑ "World data on Education" (PDF). UNESCO-IBE. 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  24. ↑ "Vocational education in Nigeria". UNESCO-UNEVOC. 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  25. ↑ "Full list of Federal Unity Schools in Nigeria". Pulse Nigeria (in Turanci). 2018-08-30. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  26. ↑ "Nigeria - Administration, Finance, Educational Research". education.stateuniversity.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  27. ↑ "Nigeria Certificate In Education NCE". National Teachers Institute (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  28. ↑ "TEACHERS REGISTRATION COUNCIL OF NIGERIA – TEACHERS REGISTRATION COUNCIL OF NIGERIA" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-07-13. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  29. ↑ AllSchool (2021-04-02). "Common Entrance Examination (NCEE) Registration Form 2021". Allschool (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Education Profile". U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Nigeria (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  31. ↑ "5 Issues Nigeria Must Address to Ensure Every Child Can Access a Quality Education". Global Citizen (in Turanci). 11 September 2020. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  32. ↑ "Public and low-cost private schools in Lagos: a comparative study | Unite for Quality Education" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  33. ↑ "CONFUSION IN EDUCATION: 9-3-4, 6-3-3-4, 1-6-3-4, British, American or which curriculum?". Vanguard News (in Turanci). 2012-06-27. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  34. ↑ Ekundayo, Omowumi Olabode Steven (26 March 2019). "Education in Nigeria is in a mess from top to bottom. Five things can fix it". The Conversation (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  35. ↑ "MIGRATING TO CANADA FROM NIGERIA: GETTING YOUR CREDENTIALS ASSESSED". Immigroup (in Turanci). 2 May 2018.
  36. ↑ "Home - ISC Research". www.iscresearch.com.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "International School Consultancy Group > Information > ISC News". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-07-07.
  38. ↑ "About IJMB - Requirements, Cost & Registration". ijmbweb.com.ng. Retrieved 2021-05-17.[permanent dead link]
  39. ↑ "What is IJMB, Meaning of IJMB, How To Register For IJMB Program?". IJMB - IJMB Website, IJMB Registration Portal & Admission (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2021-05-22.
  40. ↑ "Home". jupeb.edu.ng.
  41. ↑ "List of all Examination Bodies in Nigeria | Campus Lead". 21 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  42. ↑ "ESSPIN | Helping Nigeria create an education system sustainable, deliverable and equally beneficial to all". www.esspin.org. Archived from the original on 2019-09-16. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  43. ↑ Adedigba, Azeezat (2017-08-02). "Number of Nigerian universities may double as NUC considers 200 new private university applications - Premium Times Nigeria" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  44. ↑ Bolaji, Funmilola (2020-04-30). "List of Universities in Nigeria as approved by NUC -2019 Latest Release". Campusbiz Journal (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-19.[permanent dead link]
  45. ↑ EDU. "Federal Universities". FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-05-18.
  46. ↑ Glavin, Chris (2019-03-13). "Higher Education in Nigeria | K12 Academics". www.k12academics.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-24.
  47. ↑ "20 New Universities Lifts Private Varsities To 99" (in Turanci). National Universities Commission. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  48. ↑ "The Easiest Way to Gain Admission into Nigerian Universities". Nigerian Scholars (in Turanci). 2018-02-17. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  49. ↑ Glavin, Chris (2017-02-07). "Education in Nigeria | K12 Academics". www.k12academics.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-24.
  50. ↑ Abdulrahman, Yusuf. "Historical Development, Universities in Nigeria, Chronology and the Journey So Far". Department of Educational Foundations_University of Port Harcourt – via Academia.edu.
  51. ↑ Livsey, Timothy (2016). "Imagining an Imperial Modernity: Universities and the West African Roots of Colonial Development" (PDF). Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 44 (6): 952–975. doi:10.1080/03086534.2016.1210305. S2CID 159775041.
  52. ↑ Otonko, Jake (December 2012). "University Education in Nigeria: History, Successes, Failures and the Way Forward" (PDF). International Journal of Technology and Inclusive Education (IJTIE). 1 (2) – via Infonomics society.
  53. ↑ "FEC approves 20 new private universities (FULL LIST)". Premium Times. 3 Feb 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Omolewa, Michael (2007). "Traditional African Modes of Education: Their Relevance in the Modern World". International Review of Education. 53 (5/6): 593–612. Bibcode:2007IREdu..53..593O. doi:10.1007/s11159-007-9060-1. JSTOR 27715419. S2CID 53607868.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 African Development Fund.
  56. ↑ Chuta, E. J. (1986). "Free Education in Nigeria: Socioeconomic Implications and Emerging Issues". Comparative Education Review. 30 (4): 523–531. doi:10.1086/446634. JSTOR 1188364. S2CID 145244157.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 OMOLEWA, MICHAEL (2008). "Adult Literacy in Africa: The Push and Pull Factors". International Review of Education. 54 (5/6): 697–711. Bibcode:2008IREdu..54..697O. doi:10.1007/s11159-008-9091-2. JSTOR 40608042. S2CID 144037777.
  58. ↑ Omole, M. A. Lanre (1998-09-01). "The politics of workers' education in Nigeria". International Journal of Lifelong Education. 17 (5): 291–306. doi:10.1080/0260137980170502. ISSN 0260-1370.
  59. ↑ Sheffield, James R. (1972). "Nonformal Education in Africa: Micro-Solutions to Macro-Problems?". African Studies Review. 15 (2): 241–254. doi:10.2307/523921. JSTOR 523921. S2CID 154157964.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Onukaogu, Chukwuemeka Eze (1999). "Enhancing Reading Clubs in Nigeria: The CELLE's Experience". Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy. 43 (1): 68–77. JSTOR 40017046.
  61. ↑ Enuku, Usiwoma Evawoma; Enuku, Christie Akpoigho (1999). "Incorporating AIDS Education in Prison Adult Education Programs in Nigeria". Journal of Correctional Education. 50 (3): 96–100. JSTOR 23294867.
  62. ↑ Bhola, Harbans S. (2006). "Review of The Psychology of Adult Learning in Africa". International Review of Education. 52 (5): 486–488. JSTOR 29737108.
  63. ↑ "Impact evaluation of UNICEF Nigeria Girls' Education project phase 3 (GEP3) Cash Transfer Programme". www.unicef.org (in Turanci). 25 November 2016. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
  64. ↑ "Scaling up northern girls' interest in education". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News (in Turanci). 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  65. ↑ "Impact Evaluation of UNICEF Nigeria Girls' Education Project Phase 3 (GEP3) Cash Transfer Programme". www.unicef.org (in Turanci). December 2017. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  66. ↑ "Education In Rural Nigeria: An Assessment". www.thenigerianvoice.com. March 3, 2016. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021.
  67. ↑ "Education In Rural Nigeria: An Assessment". Nigerian Voice. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilimi_a_Najeriya&oldid=530313"