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Sakina bint Husayn

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Sakina bint al-HusaynArabic: سكينة بنت الحسين
Kasuwanci
An haife shi Tsakanin 47 AH da 51 AH (tsakanin 676 AZ da 680 AZ)
20 Rajab
Ya mutu 6 Safar680 AH (8 Afrilu 735 AZ)

Madina ko Dimashƙu
Wurin hutawa [Damascus]
Matar aure duba ƙasa
Iyaye

Sakīna bint al-Ḥusayn (tsakanin 667 da 671 AZ - 8 Afrilu 671), wanda aka fi sani da Āmina (Arabic), ya kasanCE zuriyar annabin Musulunci Muhammadu . Ita ce 'yar Husayn ibn Ali, Imam na uku na Shia, da Rubab bint Imra al-Qais . Sakina ƙarama ce a cikin 680 a Karbala, inda ta ga kisan kiyashi na mahaifinta da magoya bayansa da sojojin Umayyad Khalifa Yazid (r. 676-680). Mata da yara, daga cikinsu Sakina, an yi tafiya zuwa babban birnin Damascus, inda aka nuna su a kan tituna sannan aka ɗaure su.

Haihuwar

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Sakina ko Sukayna ita ce sunan da mahaifiyarta ta ba ta, [1] [2] yayin da aka ba ta sunanta daban-daban a cikin tushe kamar Āmina (Arabic) ko Amīna (Arabic). Na ƙarshe ba zai yiwu ba, duk da haka.[2] Mahaifinta shi ne Husayn ibn Ali (d.d. 680), Imam na uku na Shia kuma jikan annabin Musulunci Muhammadu (d.d. 632). Sakina an haife ta ne ga matar farko ta Husayn, Rubab, wacce ita ce 'yar Imra' al-Qays ibn Adi, shugaban kabilar Banu Kalb.[3] Bayan ya kasance ba tare da haihuwa ba na wasu shekaru, Sakina ita ce ta farko ta ma'auratan kuma mai yiwuwa 'yar Husayn ce ta fari, [2] [3] [4] [1] wanda aka haifa wa Umm Ishaq bint Talha, gwauruwar Hasan ibn Ali (d.d. 670), wanda Husayn ya auri don cika burin karshe na ɗan'uwansa.[5][6] An haifi Sakina a Madina, amma ba a san ranar haihuwarta da tabbaci ba.[1][7][2] RAH daban-daban sun ba da shekaru 47, 49, ko 51 AH, wato, kusan 671 AZ.[8] Mai bin addinin Islama Wilferd Madelung ya sanya haihuwarta wani lokaci bayan kisan gillar 661 na kakanta Ali ibn Abi Talib, Shia Imam na farko.[3]

Yaƙin Karbala (680) da kuma bauta

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Husayn ya yi tir da hauhawar Khalifa Yazid ibn Mu'awiya a cikin 680. Lokacin da wakilan Yazid suka matsa masa don yin alkawarin goyon bayansa, Husayn ya fara barin garinsu na Madina zuwa Makka sannan daga baya ya tafi Kufa a Iraki ta zamani, tare da iyalinsa da ƙaramin ƙungiyar magoya bayansa. Daga cikinsu akwai Sakina, ƙaramin yaro a lokacin, yana da shekaru tsakanin biyar zuwa goma sha biyu.[7] Sojojin Umayyad ne suka kama karamin motarsu kuma suka kashe su a Karbala, kusa da Kufa, wadanda suka fara kewaye su na wasu kwanaki kuma suka yanke damar zuwa kogin Yufiretis da ke kusa.[3] Yayinda yake ƙarami, Sakina sau da yawa mai ba da labari ne na Karbala a cikin bukukuwan bukukuwan Shia, kuma labarin da aka saba da shi don tunawa da kisan kiyashi shine cewa Sakina ta jefa kanta a gaban doki na Husayn lokacin da yake barin fagen yaƙi don yin karin sakanni tare da mahaifinta kafin a kashe shi.[7][9][10] Lokacin da aka fille kan Husayn, sojojin Umayyad sun yi fashi da sansaninsa, kuma sun yanke kawunan Husayn da abokansa da suka fadi, wanda suka ɗaga a kan mashi don nunawa.[11][12] Wani labari na tunawa da aka saba da shi shi ne cewa an tsage zoben Sakina daga kunnuwanta yayin fashi.[5] An kama mata da yara kuma suka yi tafiya zuwa Kufa kuma daga baya babban birnin Damascus.[11] An yi wa fursunoni yawo a titunan Dimashƙu, sannan aka ɗaure su na wani lokaci da ba a sani ba.[13][14] Daga tawali'u, Sakina na iya tambayar Sahl ibn Sa'd, abokin Muhammadu, don shawo kan soja dauke da kan mahaifinsa ya yi tafiya a wani nesa don kauce wa kallon taron jama'a a Damascus.[2] Shahararren masanin al'adun gargajiya Goma sha biyu Majlesi (d.d. 1699) ya bayyana a cikin Bihar al-anwar mafarkin da ya danganta ga Sakina, inda ta ga kakarta Fatima (d.d. 632), 'yar Muhammadu, tana makoki a sama yayin da take riƙe da rigar jini ta Husayn.[5] Daga bisani Yazid ya 'yantar da fursunoni.[14] An ba su izinin komawa Madina, ko kuma an kai su can.[15][14]

Rayuwa ta mutum

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Sakina ya kai shekarun aure a Karbala ta wasu asusun, bisa ga abin da Husayn ya ba da izinin dan uwansa Hasan ibn Hasan (d.d. 715) ya yanke shawarar wane dan uwansa zai auri, Sakina ko Fatima.[2][1] Aure na farko na saurayi Sakina ya kasance ga Abd-Allah ibn Hasan, [2] wani dan uwan, wanda aka kashe a Karbala.[1] Wataƙila wannan auren bai cika ba, kuma ba ta sake yin aure ta wasu asusun Shia ba.[2][1] Musamman, kawai wannan auren ba tare da haihuwa ga Abd-Allah ne malaman Twelver al-Mufid (d.d. 1022) suka ambaci a cikin tarihinsa Kitab al-irshad da Tabarsi (d.d. 1153) a cikin E'lam al-wara'.[2] A madadin haka, wasu marubutan Shia da Sunni sun rubuta cewa Sakina daga baya ta auri Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr, gwamnan Zubayrid na Iraki, wanda Khalifa Umayyad Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. 685-705) ya kashe a shekara ta 691. [2][8] Ma'auratan suna da 'yar, mai suna Fatima, wacce ta mutu tun tana yarinya.[2] Wadannan marubutan sun hada da masanin shari'a Shia Ibn Shahrashub (d.d. 1192) a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa Manaqib ale Abi Talib da masanin tarihin Sunni Ibn Khallikan (d.d. 1282) a cikin Kitab al-kawakib .[2] Khalifa Abd al-Malik ta miƙa wa Sakina bayan mutuwar mijinta Mus'ab amma an ƙi ta, kuma a bayyane yake ta ƙi tayin aure daga maza masu iko saboda dalilai na siyasa.[2][8] Daga baya ta koma Madina daga Kufa, inda ma'auratan ke zaune. An ambaci shi da lauyan Sunni Ibn Qutayba (d.d. 889) a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa Uyun al-akhbar, akwai wata al'ada cewa wasu Kufans suna son ta zauna amma ta zarge su da kashe kakanta Ali ibn Abi Talib, mahaifinta Husayn, kawunta, kuma yanzu mijinta Mus'ab.[8][2] Halifa ta Ali (r. 656-661) ta ƙare da kisan kai a Kufa.[16]

Sakina daga baya ta auri Abd-Allah ibn Uthman ibn Abd-Allah, a cewar Ibn Shahrashub da masanin tarihin Shia Ibn al-Kalbi (ya mutu 819). Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya uku, masu suna Uthman, Hakim, da Rubayha.[2] Lokacin da Abd-Allah ya mutu, Sakina ta wasu asusun ya auri Zayd ibn Amr, jikan Khalifa na uku Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644-656). [2][17] Ta mutu a matsayin gwauruwarsa, a cewar mai bin addinin Islama Rizwi Faizer . [17] A madadin haka, tana iya auren Ibrahim ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf bayan Zayd ya mutu. Babu wani daga cikin auren biyu da suka gabata da aka ce ya daɗe kuma an ruwaito su duka a Manaqib ale Abi Talib da Uyun al-akhbar.[2] Sauran asusun daban-daban sun bayyana cewa ko dai Zayd da Uthman sun sake ta, kuma wasu sun kara da Asbagh ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan a Misira a matsayin wani miji.[2] An ruwaito cewa ya mutu har ma kafin Sakina ta isa can. [1][2] Duk da yake ba sabon abu ba ne a tsakanin kabilarta ta Quraysh don mace ta yi aure sau da yawa, masanin harshe na zamani Albert Arazi ya ba da shawarar cewa rahotanni game da aurenta da yawa suna da kyau.[18] Wasu kuma sun yi jayayya cewa irin waɗannan rahotanni suna da cin mutunci kuma suna sabawa juna, watakila waɗanda ke adawa da Alids ne suka ƙirƙira su, waɗanda su ne zuriyar Ali ibn Abi Talib.[2]

Gwagwarmaya da waka

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Sakina an bayyana ta hanyar bayanan rayuwa na farko a matsayin kyakkyawa, [2] mai karimci, mai hikima, mai tawali'u (afif). [8][18][1][1] Matsayinta na zamantakewa ya kasance mai girma, kuma an lissafa ta a matsayin amintacciyar mai ba da labari (theqa) na hadisai ta Sunni Ibn Hibban a cikin Kitab al-Thiqat.[18][2] Dattawan Quraysh sun ziyarce ta, kuma sun halarci tarurrukan majalisa.[1][8] Ta kuma soki Umayyads sosai.[8][2][17] Duk lokacin da aka la'anta kakanta Ali ibn Abi Talib daga fadar Umayyad, Sakina ta mayar da la'ana, a cewar al-Isfahani da masanin tarihin Sunni Ibn Asakir (d.d. 1176). [2][18] Har ila yau, akwai rahotanni masu rikitarwa cewa ba a rufe ta a bainar jama'a ba, cewa ta dage a cikin kwangilar aurenta game da ikon mallakarta da kuma auren mijinta, cewa ta dauki daya daga cikin mazajenta zuwa kotu saboda keta wannan sashi, kuma cewa salon gashi ya ɗauki sunanta. [18][17][8][8] Marubucin mata kuma masanin zamantakewa na Maroko Fatema Mernissi (d.d. 2015) don haka ya ɗauki Sakina a matsayin alama ce game da tilasta hijabi, yayin da mai ba da labari na Masar Aisha Abd al-Rahman (d.d. 1998) ya ɗauki irin waɗannan rahotanni da masu adawa da Alids suka ƙirƙira; daga cikinsu akwai Umayyads.[8][2]

Sakina kuma an san ta da ƙwarewa da waƙarta.[19][2][18] An ce ta dauki bakuncin mawaƙa a gidanta waɗanda ta saurara kuma ta ba da ra'ayinta da lada na kuɗi (sela) daga bayan labule ko ta hanyar baiwa.[2][18] Baƙi na iya haɗawa da mawaƙa na zamani al-Farazdaq (d. c.d. 728), Jarir ibn Atiya (d. 728). [2][1] An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa ta sasanta rashin jituwa tsakanin mawaƙa ko magoya bayansu.[19][2] Irin waɗannan rahotanni sun warwatse a cikin tushe na farko, gami da tarihin Tazkirat ul-khawas na masanin Sunni Ibn al-Jawzi (d. 1256-7) da Kitab al-Aghani, tarin waƙoƙi na masanin tarihi da masanin kiɗa Abu al-Faraj al-Ishanifa (d.d. 967). A lokaci guda, wasu marubutan Shia sun yi tambaya game da amincin waɗannan rahotanni, gami da sanannen masanin tauhidi na Twelver al-Hilli (d.d. 1325). Duk da haka wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa irin waɗannan rahotanni na iya nufin ba Sakina bint Husayn ba amma Sakina bint Khalid ibn Mus'ab Zubayri.[2] Musamman, an ba ta yabo don tunawa da mahaifinta Husayn, wanda ya ƙare kamar haka:  

Mutuwa da wuri mai tsarki

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Ƙofar zuwa wurin ibada da aka danganta ga Sakina a cikin kabari na Bab al-Saghir a Damascus

Sakina ya mutu a Madina a ranar 5 Rabi' al-Awwal 117 AH (8 Afrilu 735) yana da shekara sittin da takwas kuma a lokacin mulkin Khalifa Umayyad Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724-743), a cewar Ibn Asakir da masanin tarihin Sunni al-Baladhuri (d.d. 892). [2][8] Wannan kuma ya ruwaito ne daga mai ba da labari na Sunni Ibn Sa'd (d.d. 845) da kuma mai bin al'adun Sunni al-Nawawi (d.d. 1277). [2] Sauran kwanakin da aka bayar a cikin farkon tushe sune 92 AH (710-1) da 94 AH (712-3). Wani rahoto ya bayyana cewa ta mutu a Kufa tana da shekara saba'in da bakwai, kodayake Mernissi ya ga wannan ba zai yiwu ba.[8] Duk da haka akwai rahotanni cewa ta mutu a Makka, Dimashƙu, ko Masar.[2][1] An binne Sakina a makabartar al-Baqi, amma akwai kuma wani wuri mai tsarki da aka danganta ta a Alkahira, Misira.[2] Akwai wani kabarin a cikin kabari na Bab al-Saghir a Damascus kuma wani ya kasance a Tiberiya, Falasdinu. Dukansu biyu an danganta su da Sakina, a cewar masanin tarihi Yaqut al-Hamawi (d.d. 1229), wanda ya ɗauki Madina a matsayin wurin hutawa.[2]

Dubi kuma

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Bayanan da ke ƙasa

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Reyshahri 2009.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 Naji & Mohammad-Zadeh 2017.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Madelung 2004.
  4. ↑ Haj-Manouchehri 2023.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Pinault 2016.
  6. ↑ Madelung 1997.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Burney Abbas 2009.
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 Mernissi 1991.
  9. ↑ Haider 2014.
  10. ↑ Chelkowski 2009.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Veccia Vaglieri 2012a.
  12. ↑ Momen 1985.
  13. ↑ Esposito 2022.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Qutbuddin 2005.
  15. ↑ Qutbuddin 2019.
  16. ↑ Veccia Vaglieri 2012b.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Faizer 2004.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Arazi 2012.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Sanni & Salmon 2014.

manazarta

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