Khalifancin Umayyawa
 Khalifancin Umayyawa | |||||
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| الدَّوْلَةُ الأُمَوِيَّةُ (ar) | |||||
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| Suna saboda |
Umayyad dynasty (en)  | ||||
| Wuri | |||||
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| Babban birni |
Damascus da Harran (en) | ||||
| Yawan mutane | |||||
| Faɗi | 70,000,000 | ||||
| • Yawan mutane | 6.31 mazaunan/km² | ||||
| Harshen gwamnati | Larabci | ||||
| Addini | Musulunci | ||||
| Labarin ƙasa | |||||
| Yawan fili | 11,100,000 km² | ||||
| Bayanan tarihi | |||||
| Mabiyi |
Khulafa'hur-Rashidun da Exarchate of Africa (en) | ||||
| Wanda ya samar | Mu'awiya | ||||
| Ƙirƙira | 661 | ||||
| Rushewa | ga Yuli, 750 | ||||
| Ta biyo baya |
Daular Abbasiyyah da emirate of Córdoba (en) | ||||
| Tsarin Siyasa | |||||
| Tsarin gwamnati | sarauta | ||||
| Ikonomi | |||||
| Kuɗi |
Umayyad dinar (en) | ||||
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Daular Amawiyyah ko Umayyawa shi ne halifanci na biyu da aka kafa bayan wafatin Annabi Muhammad (S A W), kuma daular banu umayya ce ta mulki. Usman Ibn Affan, na uku daga cikin halifofi shiryayyu (Khulafa Rashidun), shi ma ɗan dangi ne. Iyalan sun kafa daular, ta gado tare da Mu'awiya na I, wanda ya daɗe yana mulkin Sham, wanda ya zama halifa bayan ƙarshen Fitina ta farko a shekara ta 661. Bayan rasuwar Mu'awiya a shekara ta 680, rikici kan gadon mulkin ya haifar da Fitna ta biyu, da mulki daga ƙarshe ya faɗa hannun Marwan I, daga wani reshe na dangi. Siriya ta kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin Umayyawa bayan haka, tare da Damascus a matsayin babban birninsu.
Banu Umayyawa sun ci gaba da samun Nasara a Musulunci inda suka ci Ifriqiya, Transoxiana, Sind, Magrib da Hispania ( al-Andalus ). A mafi girman girman halifancin Banu Umayyawa ya cika 11,100,000 square kilometres (4,300,000 sq mi),[1] wannan ya sanya ta ɗaya daga cikin manyan dauloli a tarihi ta fuskar yanki (faɗi). Abbasiyawa sun hambarar da daular a shekara ta 750. Waɗanda suka tsira daga daular sun kafa kansu a Cordoba wanda a matsayin masarauta sannan kuma halifanci, ya zama cibiyar kimiyya, likitanci, falsafa da ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire a lokacin Shekarun Zinariya na Musulunci.
Daular Umayyawa ta yi mulki a kan ɗimbin al'ummar ƙabilu da al'adu daban-daban. Kiristoci, waɗanda kuma dai su ne mafi yawan al’ummar halifanci, da Yahudawa an ƙyale su su yi addininsu amma sai sun biya jizya ( harajin zaɓe ) da aka keɓe musulmi daga cikinta. [2] An buƙaci musulmi da su fitar da zakka, wadda aka keɓe ko kuma aka yi hasashe a sarari domin shirye-shiryen sadaka daban-daban [2][3] don amfanin musulmi masu rauni (talakawa) ko masu musulunta.[4] A ƙarƙashin khalifofin Umayyawa na farko, kiristoci suna riƙe da manyan muƙamai, wasu daga cikinsu na iyalan da suka yi wa Rumawa hidima. Aikin Kiristoci wani ɓangare ne na babban manufar masaukin addini da kasancewar yawancin Kiristoci a lardunan da aka ci yaƙi ya wajabta, kamar yadda yake a Siriya. Wannan siyasar kuma ta ƙara wa Mu'awiya farin jini tare da tabbatar da ƙasar Sham a matsayin tushen ikonsa. Zamanin Umayyawa galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin lokacin samar da fasahar Musulunci.[5]
Tarihin Daular
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tasirin Daular tun farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A zamanin jahiliyya, Banu Umayya ko Banu Umayya su ne manyan zuriyar qabilar Quraishawa a Makka. [6] A ƙarshen ƙarni na 6, Banu Umayyawa sun mamaye cibiyoyin hada-hadar kasuwanci na Quraishawa da kasar Sham, kuma suka ƙulla kawancen tattalin arziki da na rundunar soja tare da kabilun Larabawa makiyaya waɗanda ke iko da faɗaɗa hamadar Larabawa ta arewa da tsakiyar ƙasar, wanda hakan ya baiwa dangin wani matsayi na ƙarfin siyasa a cikin yanki. [7] Umayyawa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Abu Sufyan ibn Harb sune manyan jagororin Makka masu adawa da Annabi Muhammad, amma bayan da suka kama garin Makka a shekara ta 630, Abu Sufyan da Quraishawa suka musulunta. [8] [9] Don sasanta ƴan kabilarsa na Quraishawa masu tasiri, Muhammadu ya ba abokan hamayyarsa na farko, ciki har da Abu Sufyan, hannun jari a sabon tsari. [8] [7] [9] Abu Sufyan da Umayyawa sun ƙaura zuwa Madina, cibiyar siyasar Musulunci, don ci gaba da samun sabon tasirin siyasa a cikin al'ummar musulmi. [9]
Mutuwar Annabi Muhammadu (S A W) a shekara ta 632 yasa gadon shugabancin al'ummar musulmi ya dawo a kan shawara. [10] Shugabannin Ansar, mutanen Madina, waɗanda suka bai wa Annabi Muhammad mafaka bayan hijirarsa daga Makka a shekara ta 622, sun tattauna batun tura dan takararsu saboda damuwar cewa Muhajirun da suka biyo Annabi Muhammadu a farko da kuma sauran ƴan hijira daga Makka, za su haɗa kai da ƴan ƙabilarsu. daga manyan Quraishawa na farko da kuma karɓar mulkin ƙasar musulmi. [10] Muhajirun sun yi mubaya'a ga daya daga cikin nasu, mutum na farko kuma tsohon sahabin Muhammad, Abubakar, wannan shi ya kawo ƙarshen shawarwarin da mutanen Madina sukeyi na samu shugaba daga cikinsu. [10] Ansar da manyan Quraishawa sunyi mubaya'a ga saidina Abubakar kuma yardadje a matsayin halifa (shugaban al'ummar musulmi). [10] Ya nuna girmamawa ga Banu Umayyawa ta hanyar ba su jagoranci a yakin da musulmi suka yi a Sham. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka naɗa shi ne Yazid ɗan Abu Sufyan, wanda ya mallaki kadarori da kuma gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci a kasar Sham. [11] [7]
Sayyadina Umar magajin Saidina Abubakar ya rage ƙarfin quraishawa wajen samun goyon bayan Annabi Muhammadu a farko a cikin gwamnati da soja, amma duk da haka ya ba da damar samun goyon bayan ƴa'ƴan Abu Sufyan a Siriya, wanda duk da sai a shekarar 638 suka samu nasara. [11] A lokacin da babban kwamandan Khalifa Umar Allah ya ƙara yarda dashi na lardin wato Abu Ubaida bn al-Jarrah ya rasu a shekara ta 639, ya naɗa Yazid gwamnan lardin Damascus na ƙasar Sham, da Palasɗinu da kuma Jordan.[11] Yazid ya rasu ba da jimawa ba Umar ya naɗa dan uwansa Mu'awiya a madadinsa. [11] Wata ƙila irin yadda Umar ya yi wa ƴa'ƴan Abu Sufyan na musamman ya samo asali ne daga girmama iyalinsa, da yadda dangantakarsu ta kunno kai da ƴan ƙabilar Banu Kalb masu ƙarfin fada a ji a matsayin cin karo da manyan ƴan ƙabilar Himyari da ke Homs waɗanda suke kallon kansu a matsayin daidai da Quraishawa a cikin manyan mutane, ko kuma rashin iyawa. na wanda ya dace a lokaci na musamman a cikin annobar Amwas da ta riga ta kashe Abu Ubayda da Yazid. [11] A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mu'awiya Allah ƙara yarda dashi, Siriya ta kasance cikin zaman lafiya, tsari da kariya daga tsoffin sarakunan Rumawa . [10]
Halifancin Uthman
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Magajin Umar, Uthman ibn Affan, hamshaƙin mai kuɗi na Banu Umayyawa ne kuma yana cikin waɗanda suke farkon musulunta da ya musulunta tare da alaƙar auren ƴar gidan Annabi Muhammad (S A W). [11] Majalisar shura ce ta zaɓe shi, wanda ya haɗa da dan Annabi Muhammad (S A W) Ali, al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas da Abdurrahman ibn Awf, dukkansu na kusa ne, sahabbai na farko. Annabi Muhammadu kuma Baquraishe ne. An zaɓe shi a kan Aliyu bin Abu ɗalib Allah ya ƙara yarda dashi ne saboda zai tabbatar da mayar da mulkin ƙasa a hannun Quraishawa, saɓanin yadda Ali ya yi na yaɗa mulki a tsakanin dukkanin ɓangarorin musulmi. [10] Ya naɗa da yawa daga cikin ƴan'uwansa a matsayin gwamnoni a kan yankunan da aka ci gaba da yaƙi a ƙarƙashin Umar da shi kansa, wato da yawa daga cikin daular Sasaniya, watau Iraƙi da Iran, da kuma tsohon yankunan Rumawa na Sham da Masar. [9] A Madina, ya dogara sosai da nasihar ƴan uwansa Umayyawa, ƴan'uwan al-Harith da Marwan bn al-Hakam . [10] A cewar masanin tarihi, wannan manufar ta samo asali ne daga yadda Uthman ya ce "tabbacin cewa gidan Umayya, a matsayinsa na zuriyar Quraishawa, ya cancanci yin mulki da sunan Musulunci"
Gudanar da Mulki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Halifofi huɗu na farko sun samar da tabbataccen shugabanci ga daular, bisa ayyuka da cibiyoyin gudanarwa na Daular Rumawa wadanda suka yi mulkin wannan yanki a baya. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi manyan rassa huɗu na gwamnati: harkokin siyasa, harkokin soji, tara haraji, da gudanar da harkokin addini. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan an ƙara raba shi zuwa ƙarin rassa, ofisoshi, da sassa.
Lardunan Yankin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A yanayin ƙasa, an raba daular zuwa larduna da dama, waɗanda iyakokinsu sun canza sau da yawa a lokacin mulkin Umayyawa. Kowane lardi yana da gwamna wanda halifa ya naɗa. Kowane Gwamnan shine mai kula da masu gudanar da addini, shugabannin sojoji, ƴan sanda, da masu kula da farar hula a lardinsa. Ana biyan kuɗin cikin gida ta harajin da ake samu daga wannan lardin, tare da aikewa da sauran a kowace shekara zuwa ga gwamnatin tsakiya a Damascus. Yayin da mulkin tsakiya na sarakunan Umayyawa ya ragu a shekarun baya na daular, wasu gwamnonin sun yi watsi da aika karin kuɗaɗen haraji zuwa Damascus kuma sun samar da dukiya mai yawa.[12]
Ma'aikatan gwamnati
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yayin da daular ta girma, adadin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan Larabawa sun yi ƙanƙanta don ci gaba da faɗaɗa daular cikin sauri. Don haka Mu'awiya ya bar ma'aikatan ƙananan hukumomi da dama a lardunan da aka ci su da yaƙi da su ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukansu a ƙarƙashin sabuwar gwamnatin Umayyawa. Don haka, yawancin ayyukan ƙaramar hukumar an rubuta su cikin Yaren girka, Coptic, da Farisa. Lokacin mulkin Abd al-Malik ne aka fara rubuta ayyukan gwamnati akai-akai cikin harshen Larabci.[12]
Ƙarfin soji
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sojojin Banu Umayyawa galibi Larabawa ne, waɗanda asalinsu suka zauna a cikin biranen ƙasar Sham da kuma kabilun Larabawa wadanda tun farko suka yi aikin sojojin daular Rumawa ta Gabas a Siriya. Ƙabilun da ke cikin hamadar Sham ne suka tallafa wa waɗannan ƙabilun da ke kan iyaka da Rumawa, da kuma ƙabilun Siriya na Kirista. An yiwa sojoji rajista da Ma’aikatar Soja, Diwan Al-Jaysh, kuma ana ba su albashi. An raba sojojin zuwa sashe-sashe bisa ga garuruwa masu kagara. Sojojin Banu Umayyawan Sham sun ƙware sosai wajen yakin sari-ka-noƙe, kuma sun fi son yin amfani da katangar mashin da ke durƙusa a fagen yaƙi, wataƙila sakamakon haɗuwarsu da sojojin Rum. Wannan ya sha bamban sosai da ainihin salon faɗa na mutum ɗaya. [13]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 496. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rahman 1999.
- ↑ "Islamic Economics". www.hetwebsite.net. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ↑ Benthal, Jonathan (1998). "The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving" (PDF). ISIM Newsletter. 98 (1): 13–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ↑ Yalman, Suzan (October 2001). "The Art of the Umayyad Period (661–750)". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Based on original work by Linda Komaroff. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- ↑ Levi Della Vida & Bosworth 2000.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Donner 1981.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hawting 2000.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Wellhausen 1927.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Kennedy 2004.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Madelung 1997.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Ochsenwald 2004.
- ↑ Kennedy 2007a.