Sintirin Kasuwancin Bayi na Afirka

Sintirin Kasuwancin Bayi na Afirka
	;
Iri	rikici
Bangare na	Blockade of Africa (en)
Kwanan watan	1819
Wuri	Afirka
Ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka

sintiri na cinikin bayi na Afirka wani bangare ne na Toshewar Afirka da ke dakile cinikin bayin Atlantika tsakanin 1819 da farkon yakin basasar Amurka a 1861. Saboda yunkurin kawar da kai a Amurka, an tura tawagar jiragen ruwan yaki na sojojin ruwan Amurka da masu yankan rago don kama masu fataucin bayi a Afirka da kewaye . A cikin shekaru 42 an kama kimanin jiragen ruwa 100 da ake zargin bayi . ^[1]

Ayyuka

Asalin

An aika da tawagar Amurka ta farko zuwa Afirka a 1819, amma bayan da aka juya jiragen babu wani ci gaba da kasancewar sojojin ruwa na Amurka a Afirka har zuwa 1840s. A cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, an kama jiragen bayi kaɗan saboda babu isassun jiragen ruwa na sojojin ruwa na Amurka don yin sintiri sama da mil 3,000 na gabar tekun Afirka, da kuma manyan bakin tekun Amurka da tekun da ke tsakanin. Har ila yau, masu bautar sun san cewa idan sun ɗaga tutar Spain ko Portuguese za su iya tserewa daga bi. Majalisa ta yi wahala ga sojojin ruwa su ci gaba da zama a Afirka har zuwa 1842 lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Webster-Ashburton tare da Birtaniya . An aika Commodore Matthew C. Perry ya sake ba da umarni ga Squadron na Afirka bayan ya zama kwamandan a 1821 a cikin jirgin USS Shark . Zuwan nasa ya nuna mafarin samun bunkasuwa a Amurka wajen dakile duk da cewa nasarar da aka samu ba ta da wani tasiri idan aka kwatanta da rundunar sojojin ruwa ta yammacin Afirka a daidai wannan lokacin. Turawan ingila sun kame daruruwan jiragen ruwa na bayi kuma sun yi yakin ruwa da dama; Nasarar da suka samu ya samo asali ne saboda girman girman sojojin ruwansu da sansanonin samar da kayayyaki da ke Afirka kanta. Ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na Birtaniya da Amurka sun yi nasarar 'yantar da dubban bayi amma cinikin ya ci gaba da fadada aikin zuwa yammacin Indiya, Brazil da Tekun Indiya . Squadron na Brazil, West Indies Squadron, Gabashin Indiya Squadron da Squadron na gida daga baya duk suna da alhakin kama akalla 'yan bayin kowane. ^[2] ^[1]

Ma'aikatan Sabis na Cutter

A ranar 1 ga Janairun 1808, wata doka da ta haramta cinikin bayi daga Afirka ta fara aiki. An tuhumi masu yanke kudaden shiga da aiwatar da wannan doka. A ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 1820, Dallas sun kama Brig Janar Ramirez mai dauke da bindigogi 10 dauke da bayi 280 daga Afirka a St. Augustine, Florida. A ranar 25 ga Maris, Alabama sun kama jiragen bayi uku. A shekara ta 1865, masu yanke kudaden shiga sun kama bayi da yawa kuma sun 'yantar da bayi kusan 500.

Kama Spitfire

Ranar 13 ga Yuni 1844, Brig USS An mayar da USS a cikin kwamandan tare da Kwamandan Henry Bruce . Makonni biyu bayan haka, ta gangara cikin kogin Delaware kuma ta wuce tsakanin kogin zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantika. Bayan ziyartar Funchal, Madeira, jirgin ya shiga tashar Afirka kusa da Tenerife a cikin Canary Islands . A cikin watanni goma sha shida masu zuwa, Truxtun ta yi sintiri a yammacin Afirka, ta ziyarci Monrovia, Laberiya da Saliyo, inda aka 'yantar da bayi. Truxtun kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa tsibiran Maio na Santiago, da Sao Vicente . Amurkawa sun kama bawa guda ɗaya kawai a kan jirgin ruwa a cikin 1845, masanin New Orleans mai suna Spitfire . An kama jirgin ne a tekun Rio Pongo na kasar Guinea kuma an dauke shi ba tare da wata matsala ba. Ko da yake tana da kusan tan 100 kawai, ta ɗauki bayi 346. Har ila yau, Amurkawa sun gano cewa ta yi kasa da bayi 339 a kusa da Matanzas, a Cuba, shekara ta gaba. Kwamanda Bruce ta ruwaito cewa, "A tsakanin kwanukanta, inda bayin suka cika, babu wurin da mutum zai zauna, sai dai idan ya karkata kansa gaba; abincinsu ya kai rabin fam na shinkafa a kowace rana, tare da ruwa fam guda. Babu wanda zai iya tunanin irin wahalhalun da bayi suke ciki a kan wucewarsu, sai an duba isar da aka kai su. Kyakkyawan negroe mai kyau yana tsada amma dala ashirin, ko kuma game da shi, kuma yana kawo daga dala ɗari uku zuwa ɗari huɗu a Cuba. " Kama Spitfire ya bai wa sojojin ruwan Amurka kwarin gwiwa don kara karfin Squadron na Afirka. An kuma kera jirgin kuma an yi amfani da shi wajen ayyukan yaki da bauta. A ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 1845, Truxtun ta auna anka a Monrovia, kuma ta nufi yamma zuwa Gosport Navy Yard, wanda ta kai ranar 23 ga Nuwamba. Daga nan aka sallame ta a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba ^[3]

Kama Ann D. Richardson da Independence

Farashin USS Perry yayi aiki a Kudancin Atlantic tare da Squadron Brazil wanda ya fara a 1847. Perry ya fara tafiya daga Philadelphia ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1847, tare da takamaiman umarni don yin sintiri tsakanin Rio de Janeiro, Brazil da Buenos Aires, Argentina . An sanar da Laftanar John A. Davis cewa wadanda ake zargin bayi ne a Barque Ann D. Richardson na Amurka an daure su zuwa gabar tekun Afirka a karkashin takardun karya. Daga nan Perry ya kama jirgin a kusa da Rio de Janeiro a ranar 16 ga Disamba. Bayan kwana biyu, ta kuma kwace 'yancin kai na Amurka brig Independence . Bincike ya tabbatar da cewa dukkan jiragen biyu sun yi cinikin bayi, kuma an aika da su zuwa birnin New York a matsayin kyaututtuka. Kyaftin na Independence ya fusata game da kama shi har ma ya kai karar Commodore George W. Storer, amma bai yi nasara ba. USS Perry ya koma Norfolk a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1849, kuma an kore shi a can bayan kwanaki hudu. Daga baya ta sake yin hidima a Afirka, amma na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, bayan haka ta koma New York. ^[1] ^[2]

Kama Marta

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da Amirkawa suka samu a wannan aiki shine kama jirgin bawa Martha . A ranar 6 ga Yuni na 1850, Perry, ƙarƙashin Laftanar Davis, ya gano babban jirgin ruwa Martha a kusa da Ambriz yayin da take tsaye zuwa gaci. Ba da daɗewa ba, ' da Perry ya zo cikin kewayon bindiga, Laftanar Davis da mutanensa sun shaida wasu ma'aikatan Martha suna jefa tebur a gefe yayin da suke ɗaga tutar Amurka. Da alama barayin ba su fahimci cewa jirgin jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwa ne na Amurka ba har sai da aka aika wani jami’i da wasu ’yan maza da suka shiga, inda suka sauke tutar Amurka suka daga tutar Brazil . Sa’ad da jami’in ya isa ' Martha, kyaftin ɗin ya musanta cewa ba shi da wata takarda, don haka aka aika da jirgin ruwa a bayan teburin, wanda har yanzu yana iyo, kuma an gano duk wata shaida. Bayan haka, mai cinikin bayi ya yarda da Davis cewa shi ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne kuma jirgin nasa na da kayan sawa don yin baƙar fata . An gano wani bene mai ɓoye da farina mai yawa da wake, sama da cokali 400 na katako, da na'urorin ƙarfe da ake amfani da su don hana bayi. An kuma gano cewa kyaftin din Martha na jiran jigilar 'yan Afirka 1,800 lokacin da Perry ya bayyana. An aika Martha tare da ma'aikatan kyauta zuwa birnin New York inda aka yanke mata hukunci. Kyaftin ɗin bayin ya biya dala 3,000 don tserewa daga kurkuku.

Kama Nightingale na Boston

Jirgin ruwan yankan ton 1,066 USS Nightingale ya fara tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na jirgin ruwan 'yan kasuwa na Amurka kamar Nightengale na Boston^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}A kasar Sin, kafin kasuwanci a wannan yanki riba a cikin shekarun 1850. Daga nan ta zama sanannen jirgin bayi har sai an kama ta a St. Thomas a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1861, ta hanyar sloop-of-war USS . Saratoga . Kyaftin ' Saratoga daga baya ya kwatanta bawan;

"Tun wani lokaci ana kallon jirgin ruwa na Amurka Nightingale na Boston, Francis Bowen, master, a wannan gabar teku a karkashin zargin yana yin cinikin bayi. Sau da yawa mun shiga tare da ita kuma ko da yake an tabbatar da cewa ta kusa shiga wannan haramtacciyar fataucin ta sha shakku. Kwanaki kadan da na lura da ita a Kabenda, na shigo na shiga da ita sai aka sa na yarda cewa tana shirin karbar bayi. A karkashin wannan tunanin jirgin ya tashi ya yi nisa da nisa amma da niyyar komawa cikin dare; wanda aka yi kuma karfe 10 na dare muka dakata muka aika da jiragen ruwa guda biyu karkashin Lieut. Guthrie ya ba ta mamaki kuma an gano cewa tana da bayi 961 a cikin jirgin kuma tana tsammanin ƙari. Laftanar Guthrie ya mallake ta a matsayin kyauta kuma na umarce shi ya kai ta New York. Ita ce mai yankan ton 1,000 kuma tana da Nightingale na Boston a bayanta kuma tana tashi da launukan Amurka."

An 'yantar da bayin kuma sun sauka a Monrovia a Laberiya amma kafin 160 daga cikinsu sun mutu sakamakon zazzabin Afirka a cikin Saratoga . Cutar kuma ta bazu ga ma'aikatan jirgin. Kyaftin, wanda ake kira "Prince of Slavers",^{[ana buƙatar hujja]} da abokin aikin sa na biyu na Mutanen Espanya sun tsere Nightingale yayin da aka kafa ta St. Thomas. Laftanar John J. Guthrie, wanda ya fito daga North Carolina, sa'an nan a matsayin bawa, ana zargin ya 'yantar da biyun kuma ya bar su tserewa daga shari'a. Clipper daga ƙarshe ya yi aiki a cikin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka a matsayin kantin sayar da kayayyaki na USS Nightingale a cikin Squadron Blockading na Gulf . Daga ƙarshe, an watsar da ita a cikin teku a cikin 1893, yayin da take ƙarƙashin tutar Norway . ^[4]

Ƙarshen ayyuka

Ayyukan Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka akan cinikin bayi sun ƙare a cikin 1861 tare da barkewar yakin basasa na Amurka . An sake kiran jiragen ruwa na ruwa daga ko'ina cikin duniya kuma an sake tura su zuwa gamayyar Tarayyar Turai ta tashar jiragen ruwa na kudanci.

A karshen yakin basasa, cinikin bayi na Afirka a Tekun Atlantika ya kara raguwa, duk da cewa cinikin bayi ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1900, musamman a Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya . Jami'an sojin ruwan Amurka da suka yi aiki a Afirka tsakanin 1820 zuwa 1861 sun karbi yakin neman zabe na "African Slave Patrol". ^[1] ^[2]

An kama jiragen ruwa

Afrika Squadron

Vessel	Captor	Date	Location
Uncas	Samfuri:USS	1 March 1844	Gallinas
Spitfire	Samfuri:USS	24 March 1845	Pongas R.
Patuxent	Samfuri:USS	27 September 1845	Cape Mount
Pons	Samfuri:USS	30 September 1845	Kabenda
Merchant	Samfuri:USS	3 December 1845	Sierra Leone
Panther	Samfuri:USS	15 December 1845	Kabenda
Robert Wilson	Samfuri:USS	15 January 1846	Porto Praya
Malaga	Samfuri:USS	13 April 1846	Kabenda
Casket	Samfuri:USS	2 August 1846	Kabenda
Chancellor	Samfuri:USS	10 April 1847	Cape Palmas
Excellent	Samfuri:USS	23 April 1850	Ambriz
Martha	Samfuri:USS	6 June 1850	Ambriz
Chatsworth	Samfuri:USS	11 September 1850	Ambriz
Advance	Samfuri:USS	3 November 1852	Porto Praya
R.P. Brown	Samfuri:USS	23 January 1853	Porto Praya
H.N. Gambrill	Samfuri:USS	3 November 1853	Kongo
Glamorgan	Samfuri:USS	10 March 1854	Kongo
W.G. Lewis	Samfuri:USS	6 November 1857	Kongo
Brothers	Samfuri:USS	8 September 1858	Mayumba
Julia Dean	Samfuri:USS	28 December 1858	Cape Coast Castle
Orion	Samfuri:USS	21 April 1859	Kongo
Ardennes	Samfuri:USS	27 April 1859	Kongo
Emily	Samfuri:USS	21 September 1859	Loango
Delicia	Samfuri:USS	21 September 1859	Kabenda
Virginian	Samfuri:USS	6 February 1860	Kongo
Falmouth	Samfuri:USS	6 May 1860	Porto Praya
Thomas Achorn	Samfuri:USS	29 June 1860	Kabenda
Triton	Samfuri:USS	16 July1860	Loango
Erie	Samfuri:USS	8 August 1860	Kongo
Storm King	Samfuri:USS	8 August 1860	Kongo
Cora	Samfuri:USS	26 September 1860	Kongo
Bonito	Samfuri:USS	10 October 1860	Kongo
Express	Samfuri:USS	25 February 1861	Possibly Loango
Samfuri:USS	Samfuri:USS	21 April 1861	Kabenda
Triton	Samfuri:USS	20 May 1861	Kongo
Falmouth	Samfuri:USS	14 June 1862	Kongo

Brazil Squadron

Jirgin ruwa	Mai kamawa	Kwanan wata	Wuri
Rashin kunya	Raritan	23 ga Janairu, 1845	Rio de Janeiro
Albert	Bainbridge	Yuni 1845	Bahia
Laurens	Onkahye	23 ga Janairu, 1848	Rio de Janeiro
AD Richardson	Perry	11 ga Disamba, 1848	Rio de Janeiro
'Yanci	Perry	13 ga Disamba, 1848	Rio de Janeiro
Susan	Perry	6 Fabrairu 1849	Rio de Janeiro

Gidan Squadron

Jirgin ruwa	Mai kamawa	Kwanan wata	Wuri
Putnam	Dolphin	21 ga Agusta, 1858	Kuba
Cygnet	Mohawk	18 ga Nuwamba, 1859	Kuba
Wutar daji	Mohawk	Afrilu 26, 1860	Kuba
William	Wyandotte	9 ga Mayu 1860	Kuba
Bogota	Crusader	23 ga Mayu 1860	Kuba
WR Kibby	Crusader	23 ga Yuli, 1860	Kuba
Joven Antonio	Crusader	14 ga Agusta, 1860	Kuba
Toka	Mohawk	20 ga Disamba, 1860	Havana
Mariya J. Kimball	Mohawk	21 ga Disamba, 1860	Havana

Nassoshi

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Heritage Auctions, Inc, pg. 34–36.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Dow, pg. 270–276.
↑ Dow, pg. 272.
↑ Dow, pg. 274–276.

[auto-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Heritage Auctions, Inc, pg. 34–36.

[auto1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Dow, pg. 270–276.

[3] Dow, pg. 272.

[4] Dow, pg. 274–276.

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