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Aikin yara a Afirka

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Aikin yara a Afirka
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na aikin yara
Nahiya Afirka
Ƙasa Afirka
A Afirka, yara suna aiki tare da iyalansu da al'ummominsu a matsayin wani bangare na horarwa da taimakawa samar da kayayyaki, kuma ba a bayyana wannan a matsayin cutarwa ko cin zarafin yara ba. Horon ya hada da noman noma (a sama), ciyawar ciyawa, kiwo, taki, maganin kwari da girbi a karkashin kulawa da ka'idojin gida.

Gabaɗaya ana fayyace aikin yara a Afirka bisa abubuwa biyu: nau'in aiki da mafi ƙarancin shekarun da suka dace na aikin.[1] Idan yaro ya shiga cikin wani abu da ke cutar da ci gabansa na zahiri da tunani, gaba daya ana daukar shi a matsayin mai aikin yara. Wato duk wani aiki da ke da hatsarin hankali, jiki, zamantakewa ko tarbiyya mai cutarwa ga yara, tare da kawo cikas ga karatunsu ta hanyar hana su damar zuwa makaranta ko kuma bukatar su yi kokarin hada halartar makaranta da aiki mai tsawo da nauyi.[2] Matsakaicin mafi ƙarancin shekaru na kowane aiki ya dogara da tasirin aikin akan lafiyar jiki da haɓaka tunanin yara. Yarjejeniyar ILO mai lamba 138 ta nuna mafi ƙarancin shekaru masu zuwa don shigar da aiki a ƙarƙashinsa, idan yaro yana aiki, ana ɗaukarsa / ita a matsayin ɗan aikin ɗan aiki: ɗan shekara 18 don ayyuka masu haɗari (Duk wani aikin da ke dagula lafiyar jiki, tunani ko ɗabi'a na yara). ), da kuma shekaru 13-15 don ayyukan haske (duk wani aikin da ba ya barazana ga lafiyar yara da amincin su, ko hana su zuwa makaranta ko ilimin sana'a da horo), ko da yake 12-14 shekaru za a iya ba da izini don ayyukan haske a ƙarƙashin tsauraran sharuɗɗa. a cikin kasashe matalauta.[3] Wata ma’anar da Shirin Ƙididdiga da Kula da Ƙididdiga na ILO ya gabatar kan aikin yara (SIMPOC) ya bayyana yaro a matsayin ɗan aikin yaro idan yana da hannu cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki, kuma yana ƙasa da shekaru 12 kuma yana aiki ɗaya ko fiye da sa'o'i a mako, ko yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'o'i 14 a kowane mako, ko kuma yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'a ɗaya a kowane mako a cikin ayyukan da ke da haɗari, ko kuma yana da shekaru 17 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki a cikin "mummunan nau'i mara kyau. sana’ar yara” (karuwanci, yaran da ke kan bauta ko aikin tilas, rikicin makami, fataucin yara, hotunan batsa, da sauran ayyukan haram).[4][1]

Nahiyar Afrika ce ta fi kowace kasa a duniya yawan masu aikin yi wa yara aikin yi . Wani rahoto da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar ya nuna cewa a shekara ta 2016 kusan kashi 1 cikin 5 cikin 100 na yara ne ke cin gajiyar aikin yara. Matsalar ta yi tsanani a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara inda fiye da kashi 40% na dukkan yara masu shekaru 5-14 ke aiki don rayuwa, ko kuma kimanin yara miliyan 48.

Ko da yake ana ɗaukar talauci a matsayin babban dalilin yin aikin yara a Afirka, [5] binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa dangantakar dake tsakanin aikin yara da talauci ba ta da sauƙi kamar alakar layi ta ƙasa. Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin 2016 " Fahimtar aikin yara fiye da daidaitaccen tunanin tattalin arziki na talauci na kuɗi " ya nuna cewa abubuwa masu yawa - a kan buƙatu- da wadata-gefen da ƙananan matakan da macro - na iya shafar aikin yara; yana ba da hujjar cewa tsarin, yanki, alƙaluma, al'adu, yanayi da abubuwan samar da makaranta suma suna iya yin tasiri a lokaci guda ko yara suna aiki ko a'a, yana mai tambayar game da tunanin gama gari cewa talaucin kuɗi koyaushe shine mafi mahimmancin dalili. A cikin wani binciken, Oryoie, Alwang, and Tideman (2017) [6] ya nuna cewa aikin yara gabaɗaya yana raguwa yayin da kowane mutum mallakar filaye (a matsayin mai nuni ga dukiyar iyali a yankunan karkara) yana ƙaruwa, amma ana iya samun ci gaba a cikin ƙasa. dangantaka tsakanin aikin yara da mallakar ƙasa kusa da tsakiyar kewayon ƙasar kowace mace. Baya ga talauci, Rashin wadata, tare da wasu abubuwa kamar takurawar bashi, matsalar samun kudin shiga, ingancin makaranta, da halayyar iyaye game da ilimi duk suna da alaƙa da aikin yara.[7][8][9]

Kungiyar Kwadago ta kasa da kasa ta yi kiyasin cewa noma shi ne kan gaba wajen aikin yi wa kananan yara aiki a Afirka. Yawancin ma'aikatan iyali ne marasa biyan kuɗi.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana shekarar 2021 a matsayin shekarar kawar da ayyukan yara ta duniya.[10]

Tarihin al'adu

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Afirka na da dadaddiyar tarihin aikin yi wa yara aikin yi. A sama, yaran Kamaru masu mulkin mallaka suna saƙa a 1919.

Yara a Afirka sun yi aiki a gonaki da a gida tsawon tarihi. Wannan ba Afirka kadai ba ce; Yawancin yara sun yi aiki a aikin noma da yanayin gida a Amurka, Turai da kowace al'ummar bil'adama, cikin tarihi, kafin shekarun 1950. Masana sun yi nuni da cewa, wannan aiki, musamman a yankunan karkara, wani nau'i ne na makaranta da koyon sana'o'i, inda yara suka koyi fasaha da fasaha daga iyayensu, kuma tun lokacin da manya suka ci gaba da yin sana'ar gado. Ko da bayan sun yi ritaya daga aiki na yau da kullun, ’yan Afirka sukan koma kan dabarun da suka koya lokacin da suke kanana, misali noma, don rayuwa ko kasuwanci. Bass ya yi iƙirarin wannan gaskiya ne musamman a mahallin Afirka. Afirka nahiya ce mai bambancin al'adu. A sassan wannan nahiyar, ƙungiyoyin noma suna bin tsarin zuriya da dangi. Jirgin kasa na matasa tare da manya. Iyali da dangi suna ba da tsarin al'adu na yau da kullun wanda ke taimaka wa yara su koyi fasaha masu amfani kuma suna ba wa waɗannan al'ummomin damar samar da kansu a cikin tsara na gaba. A tarihi, babu makarantu na yau da kullun, maimakon haka, yara suna karatun boko ta hanyar yin aiki ba tare da dangi da danginsu ba tun suna kanana. Har ila yau ana kallon bautar da kananan yara a Afirka, kamar yadda ake yi a sauran sassan duniya, a matsayin wata hanya ta sanya tunanin daukar nauyi da tsarin rayuwa ga yara musamman a yankunan karkara, masu noma. A cikin karkarar Pare na arewacin Tanzaniya, alal misali, yara masu shekaru biyar za su taimaka wa manya wajen kula da amfanin gona, yara masu shekaru tara suna taimakawa wajen ɗaukar abincin dabbobi da nauyin nauyi da shekaru. [11][12]

Yarinyar makiyayi Berber a tsaunin Atlas na Maroko .

A arewacin Afirka kudu da hamadar sahara, musulunci shine babban tasiri. An dauki bara da aikin yara a matsayin hidima don musanya ilimin kur'ani, kuma a wasu lokuta yana ci gaba har yau.[13] Waɗannan yara masu shekaru 7-13, alal misali, ana kiran su almudos a Gambia, ko talibés a Senegal . Iyaye sun sanya 'ya'yansu tare da marabout ko serin, malami ko malamin kur'ani. Anan sai su raba lokacinsu tsakanin bara da karatun Alqur'ani. Wannan aikin ya dace da daya daga cikin rukunan Musulunci guda biyar, alhakin shagaltar da zakka, ko sadaka.[14][15]

Ci gaban mulkin mallaka a Afirka, daga 1650 zuwa 1950, da masu mulki irin su Birtaniya, Faransa, Belgium, Jamus da Netherlands suka karfafa tare da ci gaba da yin aikin yara. Masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka sun gwammace hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na gargajiya na Afirka, wanda ke ɗaukar gida don aiki ba kawai manya ba. Miliyoyin yara sun yi aiki a gonakin noma na mulkin mallaka, ma'adinai da masana'antar hidimar gida. Yara a cikin waɗannan yankuna tsakanin shekaru 5-14 an ɗauke su a matsayin masu koyo ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba don musanya koyan sana'a. Dokokin Biritaniya na mulkin mallaka, alal misali, sun ba ’yan asalin ƙasar mallaka ga wasu daga cikin ƙasar ta asali don yin aiki na mata da ’ya’ya don biyan bukatun gwamnatin mulkin mallaka kamar gonaki da kuma masu yin picannin .

Wani yaro mai takalman takalma a Gondar, Habasha.

Sabbin dokokin haraji kuma sun sami kwarin gwiwar yin aikin yara. Masarautun mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da Faransa sun bullo da sabbin haraji don taimakawa wajen biyan kudaden kananan hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, mai suna Head Tax, ya sanya harajin da kowane mutum zai biya, a wasu lokuta yana da shekaru 8. Al’ummar yankin sun bijire wa irin wannan haraji, suna boye ‘ya’yansu, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta dole ne su tabbatar da ‘ya’yansu sun shiga harkar tattalin arziki don biyan irin wadannan haraji da kuma biyan bukatun rayuwarsu.[16][17][18] Makarantun mishan na Kirista a Afirka tun daga Zambiya zuwa Najeriya su ma suna bukatar aiki daga yara, kuma a musayar sun ba da ilimin addini, ba ilimin boko ba.

A ƙarshen lokacin mulkin mallaka, gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka sun yi ƙoƙarin gudanar da makarantu da ilmantar da yara a sassan Afirka. Gabaɗaya waɗannan ƙoƙarin bai yi nasara ba ta fuskar rajista da tasiri. Yara kaɗan ne suka yi rajista. Ko da yara sun yi rajista, ba lallai ba ne yana nufin halarta akai-akai. Rashin rashin zuwa na yau da kullun, ko kuma yara sun daina fita daga makarantu don a maimakon su "je teku tare da masunta." Jack Lord ya yi iƙirari a cikin sharhinsa na takardun masana na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Afirka, cewa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka ya nuna cewa yara da iyalai sun yanke shawara dangane da hadaddun abubuwan tattalin arziki kamar samun kuɗin gida, yanayin iyali, da al'adun al'adu waɗanda suka yi la'akari da yin aiki tare da iyalai. a matsayin nau'i na ilimi da kuma nau'i na bunkasa zamantakewa da zamantakewa.[19]

Aikin yara na zamani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yin aikin yara ya zama ruwan dare a masana'antar hakar ma'adinai na yau da kullun na Afirka. A sama, yara suna aikin hakar lu'u-lu'u a Saliyo .

Noma kadai na daukar sama da kashi 30% na dukkan yaran Afirka masu shekaru 10-14. Tattalin arzikin da ba na yau da kullun kamar ƙananan ma'adinan sana'o'in hannu wani muhimmin ma'aikaci ne na aikin yara.

Burkina Faso

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A cewar Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka a cikin 2012, kashi 37.8% na yara a Burkina Faso, tsakanin shekaru 5-14, suna aiki ne a wuraren aikin dutsen dutse da ma'adinan zinare. Waɗannan yaran sun yi aiki kwanaki 6 zuwa 7 a mako har zuwa awanni 14 a kowace rana. Abin da ake kira "biyan kuɗi" yana cikin hanyar abinci don ci da wurin kwana. Tun daga wannan lokacin ne gwamnati ta amince da shirin aiwatar da ayyuka na kasa, kuma tare da hadin gwiwar hukumar ‘yan sanda ta kasa da kasa (Interpol), ta ceto yara da dama daga safarar yara.[20]

Asusun Tallafawa Yara na Kirista na Kanada (CCFC) ya hada hannu da EDUCO, wani memba na kungiyar ChildFund Alliance, don aiwatar da wani shiri da Tarayyar Turai ta tallafa a arewacin Burkina don hana yara aiki a ma'adinai.[21]

Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo

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A shekara ta 2008, Bloomberg ya yi ikirarin bautar da yara a cikin ma'adinan tagulla da cobalt na DR Congo wanda ke samar da kamfanonin China. Yaran suna tono ma'adinan da hannu, suna ɗaukar buhunan tama a bayansu, sannan waɗannan kamfanoni ke siya su. Sama da 60 daga cikin masana'antun sarrafa kayan masarufi 75 na Katanga mallakar kamfanonin kasar Sin ne kuma kashi 90 na ma'adinan yankin na zuwa kasar Sin.[22] Wani rahoton kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Afirka ya yi ikirarin cewa ma'aikata 80,000 'yan kasa da shekaru 15, ko kuma kusan kashi 40% na dukkan masu hakar ma'adinai, suna samar da ma'adinai ga kamfanonin kasar Sin a wannan yankin na Afirka.[23]

BBC, a cikin 2012, ta zargi Glencore da yin amfani da aikin yara wajen aikin hakar ma'adinai da narkar da su a Afirka. Glencore ya musanta yin amfani da aikin yara, kuma ya ce yana da tsauraran manufofin rashin amfani da aikin yara. Glencore ya yi iƙirarin sane da yara masu hakar ma'adinai waɗanda ta yi iƙirarin kasancewa wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu hakar ma'adinai. Ba tare da izini ba sun kai hari ga Glencore tun daga 2010, kuma kamfanin ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana roƙon gwamnati da ta cire masu hakar ma'adinai daga amincewar ta.[24][25]

Kimanin yara miliyan 4.7 masu shekaru 5-14 suna aiki a Kongo. Bugu da ƙari, ma'adinan jan ƙarfe, yara tare da iyalansu suna shiga aikin haƙar ma'adinai na cobalt, wolframite, cassiterite, columbite-tantalite, zinariya, lu'u-lu'u.[26] Yawancin waɗannan suna amfani da guduma don yantar da ma'adinan, zuba jarurruka masu tsauri ba tare da kayan kariya ba, da kuma jigilar duwatsu da hannu daga rami mai zurfi ko buɗaɗɗen ramuka. Har ila yau, yara suna aikin noma kuma ana ci gaba da ɗaukar su a matsayin yara sojan soja ga sojojin Kongo da ƙungiyoyin tawaye daban-daban. Ana yawan ganin aikin yara a titunan yankin Kinshasa.[27]

Masar

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Samfuri:Excerpt

Ghana

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Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta 2010 ta kiyasta sama da 2.7 ma'aikata miliyan a Ghana, ko kuma kusan kashi 43% na duk yara masu shekaru 5-14. Kashi 78.7% na waɗannan yara suna aikin noma, 17.6% a harkar kamun kifi da sufuri, da kuma 3.7% a masana'antu, wanda ya haɗa da aikin masana'antu da ma'adinai. A Ghana kashi 64 cikin 100 na yara suna neman aiki ne saboda dalilai na kudi, abin da ya sa ya zama kan gaba wajen tukin ganganci a yankin. Yawancin yaran da ke aiki a yankunan karkara suna aiki ne a gonakin iyali kuma galibi suna haɗa makaranta da aikinsu. A yankunan birane, irin su Accra da Ashanti yara ba sa shiga makaranta kuma galibi suna sana'ar kamun kifi da ayyukan gida.[28]

Yan dako, a cikin gida da ake kira kayaye, suna aiki a cikin birane kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun kai shekaru 6.

Wata yarinya 'kayaye' ta tsunduma cikin siyar da dabino Ghana .

Noma, kamun kifi da ma'adinan sana'a sune manyan ma'aikata.

A kudancin yankin Volta, yara suna aikin bautar addini na tsawon lokaci tsakanin 'yan watanni zuwa shekaru uku. An san su da trokosi (a zahiri: matar allah), fiashidi, ko vudusi.[29] Wannan al'ada tana buƙatar 'yan mata su yi aiki da hidimar addini, don yin kaffara ga laifukan da ake zargin 'yan uwa ko kuma a matsayin hadaya don sa'ar iyali. Ana kuma ikirarin cewa wannan al’adar tana nan a kasashen da ke makwabtaka da ita, duk da cewa an haramta ta da kuma sanya zaman gidan yari a karkashin dokokin Ghana da makwabta.[30]

A cikin 2013, kididdigar ayyukan yara ba ta canza sosai ba kuma bisa ga binciken da DOL ta yi kan mafi munin nau'i na aikin yara a Ghana, yawancin yaran da ke aiki suna yin ayyuka masu haɗari kamar feshin magungunan kashe qwari wajen samar da koko, kamun kifi da hakar gwal.[31] Jerin Kayayyakin da Sashen ke samarwa na 2014 wanda ake yi ta aikin yara ko aikin tilastawa ya haɗa da kifi da tilapia musamman, koko da zinariya a matsayin kayayyakin da ake samarwa a irin waɗannan yanayin aiki a Ghana.

Kenya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yaro a matsayin makiyayi Maasai a Kenya .

Suda, a cikin 2001, an kiyasta cewa Kenya tana da yara miliyan 3 da ke aiki a cikin yanayi mara kyau kuma waɗanda ake gani. Adadin ma'aikatan yara marasa ganuwa, in ji Suda, sun fi girma sosai. Ayyukan yara da ake gani a Kenya sun tsunduma cikin aikin noma, masana'antar yawon bude ido, ma'adanai da ma'adinai, aikin makiyaya, hakar ma'adinai, kwashe shara, sana'ar kamun kifi, da kuma harkar sufuri inda suke tafiya daga wuri zuwa wuri kamar yadda "Matatu" ke takawa.[32]

Gwamnatin Kenya ta yi kiyasin cewa akwai yara miliyan 8.9 da ke tsakanin shekaru 5-13 da ke aiki, yawancinsu ba sa zuwa makaranta. Noma babban ma'aikaci ne; na duk ma'aikatan da ke aiki a cikin gonakin kofi, alal misali, 30% mutane ne masu ƙasa da shekaru 27.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a cikin rahoton bayanan kasarta na Kenya a cikin 2009, an kiyasta kusan kashi daya bisa uku na duk yara masu shekaru 5-14 suna aiki. Noma da kamun kifi sune manyan ma'aikata, waɗanda a da suka kai kusan kashi 79% na aikin yara.[33]

Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta kiyasta, a cikin rahotonta na 2010, kusan kashi 32% na duk yaran Kenya masu shekaru 5-14 suna aiki, ko sama da miliyan 2.9. Noma da kamun kifi sune manyan ma'aikata. Sassan na yau da kullun da ke shaida mafi munin aikin yara sun haɗa da noman rake, wuraren kiwon kiwo, shayi, kofi, miraa (kayan shuka mai ƙara kuzari), shinkafa, sisal, taba, tilapia da kamun sardines. Sauran ayyukan tattalin arzikin da yara ke yi a Kenya sun hada da zubar da juji, tattarawa da sayar da kayan juji, gilashi da karafa, sayar da titi, kiwo da bara. Rahoton ya yi ikirari na tilasta wa yara cin zarafin yara a wuraren yawon shakatawa na jima'i a manyan biranen kasar kamar Nairobi, Kisumu, Eldoret da kuma garuruwan da ke gabar tekun Kenya.

Talauci da rashin samun damar karatu sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da bautar da yara a Kenya. Kasar dai na fuskantar karancin malamai da makarantu, da cunkoso a makarantu, da kuma tabarbarewar tsare-tsare daga halin da yara ke ciki. Dokokin Kenya sun hana yaro shiga makarantu idan ba shi da rajista a matsayin ɗan ƙasa da hukumomin Kenya. A halin yanzu, kashi 44% na yaran Kenya a yankunan karkara ba su yi rajista ba. Don haka, ko da ana samun makarantu, yaran karkara ba sa iya tabbatar da zama ɗan ƙasa, kuma waɗannan yaran da ba su yi rajista ba suna iya rasa damar zuwa makaranta.

Madagascar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yin aikin yara a Brickaville, wani birni a yankin Atsinanana na Madagascar.

Yara suna da yawa a cikin ƙananan ma'adinai na Madagascar . Wasu yara suna shiga aikin haƙar gishiri, aikin kwalta, duwatsu masu daraja da tara taman gwal. Kimanin kashi 58% na yaran da ke cikin wadannan ma'adanai ba su wuce shekaru 12 ba. A cewar IPEC, yara ma'aikata a cikin wadannan ma'adanai yawanci sun fito ne daga iyalai da ke cikin mawuyacin hali na tattalin arziki.[34][35]

A cewar wani rahoto na 2010 na Amurka, kusan kashi 22% na yaran Madagascar masu shekaru 5-14, ko sama da 1.2 miliyan aiki. Wata kungiyar da ke da tushe a Faransa ta ba da shawarar yin aikin yara a Madagascar ya wuce 2.4 miliyan, tare da yara sama da 540,000 masu shekaru 5-9 suna aiki. Kusan kashi 87 cikin 100 na yara masu aikin noma suna cikin aikin noma, galibi a cikin samar da vanilla, shayi, auduga, koko, kwakwa (busashen naman kwakwa), sisal, girbin jatan lande da kamun kifi. Yaran Malagasy da ke yin hidimar gida suna aiki kusan sa'o'i 12 a kowace rana.

Ƙoƙari da dama da aka samu daga ƙasashen duniya sun shiga cikin Madagascar don taimakawa ragewa da hana ayyukan yara. Sai dai kuma hakan ya tsaya cik, bayan da gwamnati ta sauya bayan juyin mulkin shekarar 2009, domin an dakatar da yawancin kudaden da ake samu daga masu ba da taimako na kasa da kasa, da suka hada da Tarayyar Afirka, Tarayyar Turai, Bankin Duniya da kuma Amurka.

Maroko

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Wani rahoto na 2010 ya kiyasta kimanin yara 150,000 masu shekaru tsakanin 5 zuwa 14 suna aiki a Maroko . Aikin noma da na cikin gida sune manyan ma'aikata. ’Yan mata, da ake kira ƙanana ƙasusuwa (kananan kuyangi), ana tura su aiki a matsayin bayin gida, da yawa masu shekaru 10 ko ƙasa da haka. Waɗannan ƙasusuwan ƙananan ƙasusuwan suna fitowa daga iyalai marasa galihu, suna fuskantar yanayin bautar da ba son rai ba, gami da dogon sa'o'i ba tare da hutu ba, rashin hutu, ta jiki, magana da jima'i, hana albashi har ma da ƙuntatawa kan motsi. An hana su ilimi. Ƙarin nau'o'in aikin yara da ake iya gani sun haɗa da yara kan titi a Casablanca, Marrakech, Fès da Mèknes. Waɗannan yaran suna rayuwa ta hanyar sayar da sigari, bara, takalma masu walƙiya, wankin motoci da aikin ƴan dako da dillalai a tashoshin ruwa. [36]

The Ministry of Planning in Morocco estimates that there are between 60,000 and 100,000 petites bonnes in the country. Studies commissioned by the Morocco government finds poverty and lack of school, often in combination, are primary causes of the little maids phenomenon in Morocco. Additionally, rural parents do not believe that an education or a diploma of any sort can help their girls find a job.

Najeriya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 2006, akwai kimanin yara miliyan 15 masu aikin kwadago kasa da shekaru 14 a Najeriya . Yawancin waɗannan sun yi aiki a cikin yanayi mai haɗari kuma na tsawon sa'o'i. Talauci shi ne babban abin da ke haifar da bautar da yara, kuma kudaden shigar da wadannan yaran ke samu shi ne babban bangare na kudaden shigar iyalansu da ke fama da talauci. Mafi akasarin masu yi wa yara aiki a Najeriya suna aiki ne a aikin noma da tattalin arziki na wucin gadi ko na yau da kullun. Ma'aikatan cikin gida sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanta nau'in aikin yara, kuma galibi ana lalata da su. Daga cikin tattalin arzikin da ba na yau da kullun ba da wuraren jama'a, siyar da titin yana da aikin 64%. Kamfanoni na yau da kullun na tsakiya a wuraren jama'a, galibi ana lura da yara a matsayin injiniyoyi da masu gudanar da bas.[37]

Kimanin yaran Najeriya miliyan shida ne ba sa zuwa makaranta kwata-kwata. A halin da ake ciki, waɗannan yaran ba su da lokaci, kuzari ko kayan aiki don zuwa makaranta.

Rwanda

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

ILO ta kiyasta Rwanda tana da yara ma'aikata 400,000. Daga cikin wadannan, 120,000 ana kyautata zaton suna da hannu a cikin mafi munin sana’ar yi wa kananan yara aiki, sannan 60,000 kuma yara ma’aikatan gida ne.

Swaziland

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tanzaniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Zambiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Zambiya ta kiyasta cewa akwai kananan yara 595,000 da ke aiki a kasar. Daga cikin waɗannan, 58% suna da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa da haka. Mutane da yawa suna aiki a ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na yau da kullun.

Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta kiyasta, a cikin rahotonta na 2010, kusan kashi 33% na yaran Zambia masu shekaru 5-14 suna aiki. Aikin noma shine babban ma'aikata, kuma tare da hakar ma'adinai yana ɗaukar kashi 98% na duk aikin yara a Zambia. Sassan na yau da kullun da ke shaida mafi munin aikin yara sun haɗa da noman auduga, taba, kamun kifi, shayi, kofi da gawayi. Yin aikin yara ya zama ruwan dare a aikin hakar ma'adinai. Duk da haka, ana shaida hakan a cikin ƙananan ma'adinan fasaha da na gargajiya, inda yara ke fitar da emeralds, amethyst, aquamarines, yawon shakatawa da garnets. Hakanan ana yin aikin yara a ma'adinan gubar, zinc da tagulla. Ba sa sanya wani kayan kariya don kare idanuwa ko fuska ko jikinsu; raunuka na kowa.

Fataucin yara don dalilai masu haɗari ya zama ruwan dare a Zambia. Yara a aikin gona da hidimar gida ana musayar kudi, kaya da kuma kyauta ga ’yan uwa. Zambiya tana da tsauraran dokoki na hana fataucin yara da bautar da yara. Duk da haka, aiwatarwa da aiwatar da dokokinsa sun tabbatar da wahala.

A cewar ILO, bautar da yara a Zambiya wata dabara ce ta jure wa yara da iyalai idan manya masu cin abinci suka mutu, suka kamu da rashin lafiya, ko kuma lokacin da iyalai suka kasa samun abin dogaro da kai.[38]

Dynamics

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kamfanin saƙar kafet na gida a Masar yana tura yara aikin yi.

Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta bayyana cewa, da farko, talauci shi ne babban karfi guda daya da ke kai yara zuwa wuraren aiki.[39] Wani babban abin da ke jefa yara cikin mummunan aiki shi ne rashin makarantu da rashin ingancin makaranta.

Dokokin aikin yara a Afirka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yawancin kasashen Afirka sun amince da yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi aikin yara a duniya. Kasashen Afirka masu launin kore suna da dokokin kasa, kamar na 2006, daidai da Yarjejeniyar ILO 138 da 182. Ƙarin ƙasashe, ban da Sudan ta Kudu da Somaliya, da suka amince da Yarjejeniyar ILO tun lokacin.

Yawancin gwamnatocin Afirka sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) guda uku a hukumance. Bugu da kari, da yawa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da ILO don kaddamar da wani shiri a karkashin shirin kasa da kasa don kawar da aikin yara (IPEC).[40]

Najeriya, alal misali, yanzu ta zama memba mai himma a cikin IPEC. Haka kuma tana aiwatar da aikin noman koko na yammacin Afirka. Dokar kare hakkin yara a Najeriya yanzu tana cikin dokar ta na kwadago, kuma ta haramta cin zarafin yara. Wasu jihohi, kamar Anambra, sun kuma hana yara yin aiki a lokutan makaranta.

Kasar Afrika ta Kudu ta mayar da yaro dan kasa da shekaru 15 aiki a matsayin wani laifi na laifi, sai dai da izinin Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta daukar yara aikin fasaha. Sashe na 43 zuwa 47 na Dokar Aiki ya kuma haramta ɗaukar yara masu shekaru 15 zuwa 18 aiki idan aikin bai dace da shekarun su ba ko kuma wani abu da ke jefa su cikin haɗari.

Kenya ta zartar da dokar yara a 2001. Sashi na 10 na wannan doka yana kare yara da matasa masu kasa da shekaru 18 daga cin zarafi na tattalin arziki da duk wani aiki da zai iya zama haɗari ko kuma ya kawo cikas ga ilimin yaron, ko kuma ya zama cutarwa ga yaro a ruhaniya, ɗabi'a ko ci gaban zamantakewa. Har ila yau, dokar ta haramta daukar duk wanda bai kai shekara 18 aikin soja ba ko kuma a duk wani rikici na makami.[41]

Ghana, a matsayin wani misali, ta hana aikin yara. Sashe na 87 na Dokar Yara ta 1998 ya haramtawa kowane mutum daukar yaro aiki a cikin aikin cin zarafi, ko duk wani aiki da zai hana yaron lafiyarsa, ilimi ko ci gabansa. Sashi na 88 ya hana kowa daukar kowane yaro aiki da daddare, wato tsakanin karfe takwas na yamma zuwa karfe shida na safe. Sashe na 89 zuwa 90 na dokar ya ba wa yara sama da shekaru 13 damar yin aikin haske, da kuma waɗanda shekarunsu suka haura 15 aiki mara haɗari.[42] A shekarar 2018 wasu mutane uku ne kawai aka ci tarar a Ghana bisa laifin daukar yara ‘yan kasa da shekarunsu aikin yi da kuma tauye musu hakkinsu na neman ilimi kuma babu wani ma’aikaci da ya yanke hukuncin dauri a gidan yari kawo yanzu, wanda hakan ya nuna cewa jami’an tsaro sun takaita a Ghana.[43]

Yayin da ake aiwatar da dokoki masu mahimmanci a kusan dukkanin Afirka, aiwatar da doka ya kasance kalubale. Sakamakon rashin shiga tsakani da gwamnati ta yi, ana ci gaba da samun karuwar masu yi wa yara aikin yi. 14.2% na yara kuma suna aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɗari tun sama da shekaru uku. Rashin sakamako ga masu daukan ma'aikata, ya haifar da yara zabar ci gaba da aiki saboda tsoron tashin hankali da/ko buƙatar wadata iyalansu ya tilasta musu su ci gaba da aiki.[44]

Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

ILO tana da ayyuka da yawa a Afirka da ke neman ragewa, da kuma kawar da ayyukan yi wa yara a Afirka hidima. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan aikin, wanda aka ƙaddamar a 2006 yana mai da hankali kan ƙasashen yammacin Afirka na Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Saliyo, Togo . Wannan aikin, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 2009, yana da niyya ne ga mafi munin ayyukan aikin yara a yammacin Afirka. Yana da manyan abubuwa guda biyu: na farko zai tallafa wa kokarin kasa na kawar da mafi munin ayyukan yi wa kananan yara aiki, na biyu kuma na nufin hada kan masu tsara manufofin shiyya da inganta hadin gwiwar kananan hukumomi don kawar da mafi munin ayyukan yi wa kananan yara aiki a tsakanin kowa da kowa. Kasashe goma sha biyar na kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika (ECOWAS).[45]

Aikin KURET, wanda shi ne taƙaitaccen bayani na Yaƙi da Ƙwararrun, wani yunƙuri ne na yanki don hana cin zarafin yara ta hanyar ilimi. Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta ba da tallafi kuma World Vision, Cibiyar Ci gaban Ilimi, da Kwamitin Ceto ta Duniya, KURET ta fara aiki a cikin Satumba 2004. Ofishin yankin yana Kampala, Uganda. Wani rahoto a shekara ta 2009 ya ce ya kawo sauyi a rayuwar dubban yara a wannan yanki na Afirka.

Patriots Ghana wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce take a Ghana. Manufar kungiyar ita ce al'umma mai cike da kishin kasa masu ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Ghana. Ƙungiyar tana mai da hankali kan samun ci gaba ta hanyar ayyuka iri-iri na gida. Manufar su ita ce karfafawa 'yan kasar Ghana damar gudanar da ayyuka masu ma'ana dangane da kawar da fataucin yara da kwadago, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, 'yancin dan adam, da ci gaban tattalin arziki, don inganta rayuwar 'yan kasar Ghana marasa gata. Don haka masu kishin kasar Ghana suna da burin cimma burinsu ta hanyar da ta dace da hakkinsu wanda ke bayyana a cikin ayyukansu. Kungiyar ta jaddada bukatar samar da hanyar da ta dace saboda sakamakon saurin karuwar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke haifar da rashin kula da lafiya ga talakawa. Samun wadata ga babban iyali ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na kudi na dogon lokaci, musamman a yankunan karkara. Saboda bukatar da ake yi na ciyar da iyalansu, yara kan hana su ’yancinsu na neman ilimi, su yi aiki. Don kawar da talauci na dogon lokaci, ƙungiyar ta mai da hankali kan ayyukan da ke ƙarfafa al'umma don sake kafa 'yancin ɗan adam ta hanyar rage ayyukan yara a Ghana.[46]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Edmonds, Eric V. (2007), Chapter 57 Child Labor, Handbook of Development Economics, 4, Elsevier, pp. 3607–3709, doi:10.1016/s1573-4471(07)04057-0, ISBN 9780444531001
  2. ↑ "What is child labour (IPEC)". www.ilo.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  3. ↑ "ILO Conventions and Recommendations on child labour (IPEC)". www.ilo.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  4. ↑ Every Child Counts: New Global Estimates on Child Labour. Geneva: International Labour Office. 2002. ISBN 978-92-2-113113-7.
  5. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  6. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  7. ↑ Ersado, Lire (2005). "Child Labor and Schooling Decisions in Urban and Rural Areas: Comparative Evidence from Nepal, Peru, and Zimbabwe". World Development. 33 (3): 455–480. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.009. ISSN 0305-750X.
  8. ↑ Oryoie, Ali Reza; Alwang, Jeffrey (2018). "School attendance and economic shocks: Evidence from rural Zimbabwe". Development Southern Africa. 35 (6): 803–814. doi:10.1080/0376835x.2018.1496814. hdl:10919/86549. ISSN 0376-835X. S2CID 158081161.
  9. ↑ Weir, S. (2010). "Parental Attitudes and Demand for Schooling in Ethiopia". Journal of African Economies. 20 (1): 90–110. doi:10.1093/jae/ejq034. ISSN 0963-8024.
  10. ↑ "Facts on Child Labor - 2010" (PDF). ILO, Geneva. 2011.
  11. ↑ Loretta Bass (2004). Child Labor in Sub-Saharan Africa. Lynne Rienner Publications. pp. 30–43. ISBN 978-1588262868.
  12. ↑ Cindi Katz (June–September 1996). "Introduction – Child Labour". Anthropology of Work Review. 17 (1–2): 3–8. doi:10.1525/awr.1996.17.1-2.3.
  13. ↑ "Talibes in Senegal". Human Rights Watch. 15 April 2010.
  14. ↑ Helen Boyle (2004). Quranic Schools: Agents of Preservation & Change. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415946353.
  15. ↑ Rudolph T. Ware III (2004). "Njàngaan: The Daily Regime of Quranic Students in Twentieth-Century Senegal". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 37 (3): 515–538. doi:10.2307/4129043. JSTOR 4129043.
  16. ↑ Jack Lord (2011). "Child labor in the Gold Coast: the economics of work, education and the family in late-colonial Africa, c.1940–57" (PDF). The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth. 4 (1): 88–115. doi:10.1353/hcy.2011.0005. S2CID 143683964.
  17. ↑ Karen Wells (Fall 2008). "Invisible Hands: Child Labor and the State in Colonial Zimbabwe by Beverly Grier (a review)". The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth. 1 (3): 481–483. doi:10.1353/hcy.0.0025. S2CID 144242016.
  18. ↑ Jane Guyer (1980). "Head Tax, Social Structure and Rural Incomes in Cameroun, 1922-1937". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 20 (79): 305–329. doi:10.3406/cea.1980.2338. hdl:2144/40432. S2CID 143600106.
  19. ↑ Lord, Jack (2011). "Child labor in the Gold Coast: the economics of work, education and the family in late-colonial Africa, c.1940–57" (PDF). The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth. 4 (1): 88–115. doi:10.1353/hcy.2011.0005. S2CID 143683964.
  20. ↑ "United States Department of Labor – Burkina Faso Reports Child Labor Findings" (PDF). 2012.
  21. ↑ "Keeping Children Safe from Working in Gold Mines, 2017". Christian Children's Fund of Canada. Archived from the original on 2022-05-13. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  22. ↑ Simon Clark; Michael Smith; Franz Wild (22 July 2008). "China Lets Child Workers Die Digging in Congo Mines for Copper". Bloomberg L.P.
  23. ↑ Stephen Marks (2010). "Strengthening the Civil society Perspective: China's African impact" (PDF). Fahamu. pp. 9–15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2011.
  24. ↑ Simon Clark; Michael Smith; Franz Wild (22 July 2008). "China Lets Child Workers Die Digging in Congo Mines for Copper". Bloomberg L.P.
  25. ↑ Stephen Marks (2010). "Strengthening the Civil society Perspective: China's African impact" (PDF). Fahamu. pp. 9–15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2011.
  26. ↑ John Sweeney (14 April 2012). "Mining giant Glencore accused in child labour and acid dumping row". The Guardian.
  27. ↑ Christophe Pierre Bayer; Fionna Klasen; Hubertus Adam (2007). "Association of Trauma and PTSD Symptoms With Openness to Reconciliation and Feelings of Revenge Among Former Ugandan and Congolese Child Soldiers". JAMA. 298 (5): 555–559. doi:10.1001/jama.298.5.555. PMID 17666676.
  28. ↑ Bureau of International Labor Affairs (2018). "Ghana". justice.gov. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019.
  29. ↑ Adonteng-Kissi, Obed (October 2018). "Parental perceptions of child labour and human rights: A comparative study of rural and urban Ghana". Child Abuse & Neglect. 84: 34–44. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.017. ISSN 0145-2134. PMID 30041057. S2CID 51724998.
  30. ↑ Robert Kwame Ameh (2004). Pan-African Issues in Crime and Justice (Editors: Anita Kalunta-Crumpton, Biko Agozino) – See Chapter 2. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0754618829.
  31. ↑ "Ghana, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor". Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  32. ↑ Collette Suda (2001). "The Invisible Child Worker in Kenya: The Intersection of Poverty, Legislation and Culture" (PDF). Nordic Journal of African Studies. 10 (2): 163–175. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  33. ↑ "Country profile report – Kenya" (PDF). United Nations. 2009.
  34. ↑ "2010 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – U.S. Department of Labor" (PDF). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  35. ↑ "Enquête nationale sur le travail des enfants à Madagascar, 2007". ILO. 2008. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  36. ↑ Mehdi Lahlou. "Child Labour in Morocco: The Socio-economic Background of the "Little Maids" Phenomenon" (PDF). Ministry of Planning, Morocco. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2012.
  37. ↑ "Child Labour – Nigeria, 2006" (PDF). UNICEF. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-19. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  38. ↑ ILO Lusaka Office (2009). "The global crisis and rising child labour in Zambia's mining communities: Are we facing a downward decent work spiral?".
  39. ↑ "Child labor – causes". ILO, United Nations. 2008.
  40. ↑ "National programme on the elimination of child labour in Nigeria" (PDF). ILO. 2005.
  41. ↑ "Basic Guide to Child Labour". Department of Labour, Republic of South Africa. 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  42. ↑ "The Laws of Kenya – The Children Act 2001" (PDF). Kenya Police – National Council for Law Reporting. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  43. ↑ "ACT OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF GHANA ENTITLED THE CHILDREN'S ACT, 1998" (PDF). Yale University. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  44. ↑ Hamenoo, Emma Seyram; Dwomoh, Emmanuel Aprakru; Dako-Gyeke, Mavis (October 2018). "Child labour in Ghana: Implications for children's education and health". Children and Youth Services Review. 93: 248–254. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.07.026. ISSN 0190-7409. S2CID 149973188.
  45. ↑ "Eliminating the Worst Forms of Child Labour in West Africa and Strengthening Sub-Regional Cooperation through ECOWAS–I". ILO, United Nations. 2011.
  46. ↑ http://patriotsghana.org. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aikin_yara_a_Afirka&oldid=462242"