Kanta Kotal
 Kanta Kotal | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Sana'a |
Muhammadu Kanta (ya rasu a shekara ta 1561), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Kanta Kotal, jarumin kasar Hausa ne kuma ya kafa daular Kebbi, ƙasa ta ƙarshe a cikin jihohin kasar Hausa . Kanta ya tashi daga farkon ƙasƙantar da kai don kafa ƙaramar daula amma ƙaƙƙarfan daula wacce ta bijirewa duka daulolin Songhai da Kanem-Bornu . [1]
Kanta ya yi fice a matsayin kwamandan soja a daular Songhai, inda ya shiga yakin da Askia Great ta yi na mamaye kasar Hausa a shekarar 1513. Sai dai a shekara ta 1516, ya yi wa gwamnatin Songhai tawaye, bayan takaddamar ganimar yaƙi, inda ya yi nasarar fatattakar sojojin da aka tura su murkushe shi. Da yake shelanta ‘yancin kai, ya kafa Masarautar Kebbi tare da kaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe, inda ya mamaye yankuna da dama da suka taru tun daga kogin Neja zuwa hamadar Sahara . A arewa, ya ci Asben da Aïr ; zuwa kudu, Nupe da Borgu ; zuwa gabas, Zamfara da Zazzau ; da yamma Arewa da Zaberma . Ya kwace iko da Gobir, Katsina, Kano, Yauri, Zazzau, da sauran jihohin da ke kusa. Bajintar soji ya ba shi damar fatattakar sojojin Songhai da Kanem-Bornu, wanda hakan ya kara tabbatar da ikon Kebbi a yankin. Mulkinsa ya ga ci gaban garuruwa masu kagara irin su Surame, wanda katangarsu ta kare har yau. [1] [2]
A tsawon mulkinsa, Kanta ya ci gaba da yaƙar makwabtansa, musamman ma daular Kanem-Bornu mai karfi, wadanda suka nemi dakile tasirin Kebbi. Duk da manyan fadace-fadace da suka hada da wanda Bornu ya kafa mazaje 100,000, Kanta ya ci gaba da samun 'yancin kai. A shekarunsa na baya, ya jagoranci yakin ramuwar gayya a kan Bornu amma ya samu rauni a wata arangama a kusa da Katsina, inda daga ƙarshe ya mutu. Domin kare sirrin wurin binne shi, mabiyansa sun gina kaburbura da dama a hanyarsa ta komawa Kebbi. [1] [2]
Sarautar Kanta ita ce kololuwar ikon jihar Kebbi, amma bayan rasuwarsa, masarautar ta daina zama mai girma, domin waɗanda suka gaje shi ba su iya ci gaba da yin tasiri a yankin. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, kasar Hausa ta daina aika yabo zuwa Kebbi, inda ta samu ‘yancin kai. Birnin Kebbi ya ragu daga ‘daular’ zuwa wata masarauta ta gari, kuma mamayar da take da ita a ƙasar Hausa ta zo ƙarshe.
Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bisa ga al'ada, mahaifin Muhammadu Kanta, Makata, ya yi hijira daga gabas zuwa Bawa, wani ƙauye a Sokoto a yau, Nigeria, wanda a lokacin yana cikin masarautar Hausa ta Katsina . An naɗa Makata hakimin kauye aka ba shi mukamin Magaji . Ya auri Tamatu ‘yar sarautar Katsina, sun haifi ‘ya’ya biyu maza, babban su Kanta. Bayan mutuwar Makata, ba a zaɓi Kanta a matsayin magajinsa ba duk da kasancewarsa ɗan fari. [1]
Cikin takaicin da aka ba shi mukamin, Kanta ya bar kauyensa ya zama mai kiwon shanu. Ya zagaya ƙasar Hausa, ya bi ta Gobir da Zamfara zuwa yamma kafin ya ratsa kogin Rima . Daga karshe ya zauna a wani kauye, wanda wasu masana tarihi suka ce Surame ne, yayin da wasu ke cewa Leka ce. Kanta ya zama sananne saboda ƙarfinsa na musamman da ƙwarewarsa a fagen dambe da kokawa, inda ya doke abokan hamayyarsa kuma ya sami taken 'Kotal' ('ba mai ƙalubale'). Yana sanye da farar fatar rago a kugunsa, da hannu na fata iri ɗaya, hannunsa na yaƙi yana naɗe da gashin jelar farar rago. [1]
Sarkin Kebbi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Saboda shahararsa a matsayin zakaran damben boksin, Kanta ya ja hankalin magoya bayansa da yawa, kuma nan da nan ya sa aniyarsa ta hambarar da Fulani Magaji mai mulkin kauyen. Tare da goyon bayan mabiyansa, ya yi nasarar jagorantar tawayen da ya yi sanadin mutuwar Magaji, daga bisani ya zama shugaban kasa. Maimakon Kanta ya riki sunan Magaji, sai ya dauki matsayi mafi daraja na Sarki ('sarki' ko 'shugaba'). [1] Wasu asusun, duk da haka, sun nuna cewa ya ƙi duk wani laƙabi na yau da kullun, yana mai cewa: "A ƙarƙashin sunana ne zan tafi, kuma nan da nan duniya za ta fahimci ma'anar Kanta." [3] Kanta ya nada masu ba shi shawara ya ba su lakabin Kokani, Inname, Galadima, da Dikko, wadanda suka dage har yau. [1]
Kwarin Rima, inda Kanta ya kafa kansa, yana cikin ƙasashen da ake muhawara a tsakanin ƙasar Hausa a gabas da daular Songhai a yamma. A lokacin da Askia the Great ya ƙaddamar da yakinsa na cin galaba a kan kasar Hausa a shekarar 1513, Kanta ya shiga rundunarsa, ya kuma yi fice a matsayin Barde (kaftin) a cikin sojojin Songhai. [1]
Shekaru biyu da kamfen na Songhai na mamaye ƙasar Hausa, Kanta ta yi tattaki tare da Askia Muhammad a wani balaguron yaƙi da Jahar Aïr . Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi nasara, kuma aka haɗa Aïr cikin Daular Songhai. [1] : 73 Duk da haka, Kanta bai gamsu da rabon ganimarsa ba kuma ya yanke shawarar yin tawaye. A cewar Tarikh al-Sudan : [1]
Kanta da ya dawo tare da yariman daga balaguron da ya kai Agades ya yi fatan samun rabon ganimar da ya kai kasarsa idan ya isa ƙasarsa. Abin takaici a cikin wannan, sai ya ambaci batun ga Dendi-Fari (bayanin kula: wannan ba sunan mutum ba ne, amma sunan jami'in) wanda ya amsa, " Idan ka yi wa yariman da'awar irin wannan da'awar za ka sami kanka a matsayin ɗan tawaye. "Kanta bai amsa ba. Sa’an nan a lokacin da mabiyansa suka zo suka same su, suka ce masa, “ Ina rabonmu na ganima, har yanzu ba mu ganta ba, me ya sa ba ka da’awa? ” Sai ya ce, “ Na roke shi kuma Dendi-Fari ya tabbatar mini da cewa idan na dage da da’awa sai a mayar da ni a matsayin ‘yan tawaye, yanzu ba na so a yi min tamkar ‘yan tawaye, in za ka goyi bayana da kyau , sai in yi kuka? da kai. Tawayen ya barke nan take. [1] : 239
Dangane da haka, nan take Askia ta tura sojoji domin murkushe tada kayar bayan, amma Kanta ya samu nasarar dakile ta, inda ya samu ‘yancin kai, ya kuma nuna kafuwar jihar Kebbi, wadda ita ce kasa ta ƙarshe a cikin ƙasar Hausa. Bayan nasararsa, Kanta ya ƙaddamar da nasa yakin neman fadada yankinsa. A arewa, ya ci Asben da Aïr ; zuwa kudu, Nupe da Borgu ; zuwa gabas, Zamfara da Zazzau ; da yamma Arewa da Zaberma . Ya kwace iko da Gobir, Katsina, Kano, Zazzau, da sauran jahohin da ke kusa da su, waɗanda yawancin su Askiyya ta ci su. [4] A tsayinsa, Kebbi ta miƙe tun daga kogin Neja zuwa hamadar Sahara, inda Kanta ta yi nasarar fuskantar daular Songhai a yamma da kuma daular Bornu a gabas. [1] [5] An bayar da rahoton cewa Kanta ya yi amfani da kwale-kwalen da aka kera da tagulla wanda ma’aikatan ruwa 50 ke amfani da su wajen tafiye-tafiyen manyan garuruwan da ya yi mulki a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa. [1] [2]
Masarautar Songhai ta ci gaba da fafutukar kwato Kebbi amma yunƙurinta ya ci tura. Bayan murkushe sojojin Kanta, Askia Muhammad Benkan (r. 1531–1537) ya tsira da ransa da kyar. Da kokarin soja ya kare, Songhai a ƙarshe ya tilasta wa yin sulhu da Kebbi. [5] [6] [7] [8]
Yaƙi da Borno
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Duk da cewa babu cikakken bayani kan yaƙin Kanta, amma an san cewa daya daga cikin manyan abokan hamayyarsa shi ne Daular Kanem-Bornu, wanda ya taba zama Suzerain kasar Hausa . Mais na Bornu sun yi kallo cikin fargaba game da haɓakar ƙaramar daular Kanta amma mai ban sha'awa, waɗanda ke kallon ta a matsayin ƙalubale kai tsaye ga mamayarsu kan hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke ƙetare sahara . Daya daga cikin shahararriyar haduwarsu ta faru a zamanin mulkin Mai Idris Katakarmabi (r. 1504-1526) ko Mai Ali II (r. 1545-1546). Sojojin Bornu sun yi tattaki zuwa ƙasar Hausa, inda suka bi sojojin Kanta har zuwa babban birnin Kebbi, Surame . A can ne dai 'yan ƙabilar Kebbawa suka yi wani katafaren kariyar kariya daga dakarun da suka yi wa kawanya, duk da cewa an yi musu mummunar barna. [1]
Yayin da sojojin Bornu ke shirin kai hari na ƙarshe a katangar Surame, sai suka gamu da wani abin mamaki. Masu ƙarewa sun tsaya tsayin daka a wurarensu, kowannensu yana murmushi da ƙarfin gwiwa ga abokan gaba na gabatowa. Sojojin Bornu ba su sani ba, da yawa daga cikin wadannan masu kare a gaskiya matattu ne, waɗanda aka jibge a wurarensu. Kanta sun yanki leɓɓansu don haifar da tunanin da suke yi wa maharan. Ganin yadda sojojin ke da kwarin guiwa, masu murmushi ya sa kwamandan na Bornu ya yi imanin cewa Kebbawa sun fi sojojinsa yawa. Saboda tsoron kada rundunarsa ta yi kasa a gwiwa, sai ya janye farmakin, ya dage harin, ya janye sojojinsa. Wannan al’amari shi ne asalin kalmar “dariya ba loto” a Hausance, ma’ana “dariya mara iyaka”. [1]
Taƙaddama tsakanin Kebbi da Daular Kanem-Bornu ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a tsawon mulkin Kanta, inda ta yi ta kara karfi a tsawon lokaci. A ɗaya daga cikin faɗan da suka yi, Mai Muhammad Aminami ya ce ya haɗa dakaru kusan 100,000 domin yaƙar sojojin Kanta. Wannan rikice-rikicen da ke gudana na iya yin tasiri ga shawarar Mai Muhammad na shiga kawance da Turgut Reis, Pasha na Tripoli, a cikin 1550s. [8] [9]
Garuruwan Kanta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kanta ya kafa kuma ya kakkafa garuruwa da dama, ciki har da manyan birane uku. Bayan ya ci mazauni da zai zama Birnin Kebbi, tare da matarsa Makulo (Ayeshe), gimbiya Aïr, ya gina babban birninsa na farko, Birnin Leka . An kafa wannan birni ne ta hanyar haɗa ƙauyuka daban-daban guda tara, waɗanda ya gina su da katangar tsaro. [1]
Wani sanannen gari da Kanta ya kafa shi ne Gungu, ma'ana "Oasis." Rugujewar katafaren katangarta da katangunta na baya sun kasance a iya gani kusan mil talatin daga yammacin Sakkwato . A al’adar Kebbi, Makulo, wanda ya fito daga zuriyar sarauta, ya ji haushin zama na biyu ga Magajiya Lame, matar Kanta ta farko, iyayenta talakawa ne (talkawa). A cikin zanga-zangar, Makulo ta gudu zuwa yammacin Gungu, ta kwantar da kanta a kan wata bishiyar baobab daya tak tana kuka. Ganin matar da yake ƙauna ba ta da daɗi, Kanta ya ba da umarnin a gina mata gida a daidai wannan wuri, ba da daɗewa ba wani sabon gari ya fito. Don kiyaye dai-daito, Kanta kuma ya kafa Silame, birni na uku mai katanga zuwa arewa, don babbar matarsa Lame. [1]
Babban birnin Kanta da aka fi sani shine Surame, babban birninsa na ƙarshe. Ya ba da umarnin karrama mutane da dukiya daga jihohin da ke karkashin mulkinsa. Mutanensa na Abzinawa, bayan da "sun jawo masa rashin jin daɗi," an azabtar da su ta hanyar tilasta musu shan ruwa daga ƙasarsu mai nisa ta Agadez . Haka kuma, a lokacin da mutanen Nupe suka jinkirta harajin, sai Kanta ya umarce su da su hada katangar Surame ta kafa arba'in ta hanyar amfani da man shea maimakon ruwa. Wannan sashe na ganuwar ya zama mai ƙarfi musamman, tare da sauran da yawa har yanzu suna tsaye a yau. [1]
A kololuwarta, Surame babban birni ne, wanda ya ƙunshi garuruwa bakwai masu ta'adi, kowanne da kofofi bakwai. Kusan kofofi arba'in da tara ne akwai rumfunan dawakai, sai na cikin gari. [1]
Babban fadar Kanta a Surame ya kasance wurin girmamawa da almara. Tatsuniyoyi na cikin gida sun yi iƙirarin cewa bayan faɗuwar dare, a cikin katangar birnin da ba kowa ba, har yanzu ana iya jin bugun ganguna na fatalwa da maƙwabtan dawakai. Wata rijiya da ke kusa da kofar faɗa, an ce tana da sarka da ke kada kanta a duk ranar Juma’a, a ranar ne Kanta zai jagoranci bijiminsa bakar sa da bakar akuya yana yawo kowane mako yana kewaya katangar birnin, abin da ya firgita mutanensa.[1]
Gabas da fadar, a hayin busasshiyar busasshiyar ƙasa, Siradi ya tsaya. Wannan sashe na bangon waje na Surame ya kai inci goma sha takwas tsawon kusan ƙafa talatin. Lokacin da aka gabatar da kara a gabansa kuma Kanta bai san laifin mutum ko rashin laifi ba, sai ya umurci wanda ake tuhuma ya ketare kunkuntar hanya. Waɗanda suka yi nasara an bayyana su ba su da laifi kuma an ‘yanta su, waɗanda suka kasa faɗo a kan gungumen azaba, jajayen wuta, ko namun daji kuma an ɗauke su da laifi[10][11]
Shekaru bayan gazawar Bornu a Surame, Kanta ya ƙaddamar da yakin ramuwar gayya, inda ya yi tattaki zuwa Bornu. An ce ya yi nasara a fafatawar har guda bakwai da sojojin Mai, duk da cewa bai isa babban birnin kasar ba. A lokacin da ya koma Surame, Kanta ya samu rauni a wata arangama da aka yi a Rimin dan Ashita, wani kauye da ke kusa da Ingawa a cikin garin Katsina, inda wata kibiya mai guba ta same shi. Ya rasu ne a garin Jiruwa. [1]
Don a boye wurin da za a yi hutun ƙarshe, an kwashe gawar Kanta zuwa Kebbi, tare da gina kaburbura goma sha biyu a kan hanyar da za a boye ainihin wurin da aka binne shi. Ana kyautata zaton an binne dimbin dukiyarsa a ƙarƙashin wani katon tsaunin da ke kusa da Gungu. [1]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 Anthony Kirk-Greene. Missing
|author1=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:3 - ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph (1986-02-01). "Africa — Silent Continent?". Index on Censorship (in Turanci). 15 (2): 16–18. doi:10.1080/03064228608534038. ISSN 0306-4220.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Martin, B. G. (1969). "Kanem, Bornu, and the Fazzan: Notes on the Political History of a Trade Route". The Journal of African History. 10 (1): 15–27. ISSN 0021-8537. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Martin, B. G. (1972). "Maî Idrîs of Bornu and the Ottoman Turks, 1576-78". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 3 (4): 470–490. ISSN 0020-7438.
- ↑ Stilwell, Sean (July 2001). "KANO POLITICS OVER THE LONG TERM Government in Kano, 1350–1950. By M. G. SMITH. Boulder: Westview Press, 1997. Pp. xxiii+594. $85 (ISBN 0-8133-3270-2)". The Journal of African History (in Turanci). 42 (2): 307–352. doi:10.1017/S0021853701267899. ISSN 1469-5138. S2CID 154348659.
- ↑ "Tarikh es-Soudan par Abderrahman ben Abdallah ben 'Imran ben 'Amir es-Sa'di. Traduit de l'arabe par O. Houdas : Sad, Abd al-Ramn ibn Abd Allh, 1596-1656? : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming". Internet Archive (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-07-28.