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Mai Neman Mafaka

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Mai Neman Mafaka
Mai Neman Mafaka

 

Mai neman mafaka shine mutumin da ya bar ƙasar da yake zaune, ya shiga wata ƙasa, kuma ya yi a cikin wannan ƙasar aikace-aikacen doka don haƙƙin mafaka bisa ga Universal Declaration of Human Rights Mataki na 14. Mutum yana riƙe da matsayin mai neman mafaka har sai an kammala haƙƙin neman mafaka.

Hukumomin shige da fice masu dacewa na ƙasar mafaka sun ƙayyade ko za a ba mai neman mafaka damar kariya ko kuma za a ƙi mafaka kuma mai neman mafaki ya zama Baƙo ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda za a iya tambayarsa ya bar ƙasar kuma ana iya fitar da shi daidai da rashin mayar da hankali. Wadanda suka sanya hannu kan sanarwar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya sun kirkiro nasu manufofi don tantance matsayin kariya na masu neman mafaka, kuma yawan masu neman mafakar da aka karɓa ko aka ƙi ya bambanta kowace shekara daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa.

Mai neman mafaka za a iya gane shi a lokaci guda a Matsayin 'yan gudun hijira [1] kuma a bashi matsayin ɗan gudun gudun hijira idan yanayinsu ya fada cikin ma'anar ɗan gudun hijirar bisa ga Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'yan gudun hijira [1] ko dokokin' yan gudun hijira masu amfani da yankin - kamar Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, idan a cikin Tarayyar Turai.

Kalmomin Mai neman mafaka, 'yan gudun hijira da Baƙo ba bisa ka'ida ba sau da yawa suna rikicewa. A cikin Turanci na Arewacin Amurka, ana amfani da kalmar asylee don mai neman mafaka, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, da kuma mutumin da aka ba shi damar mafaka.[2]

Gidan mafaka da kariya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hakkin mafaka bisa ga Mataki na 14 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

1. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.

2. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

— Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 14

Masu neman mafaka waɗanda suka aikata laifuka game da zaman lafiya, laifukan yaki ko laifuka akan bil'adama, ko wasu laifuka marasa siyasa, ko kuma ayyukansu sun saba wa manufofi da ka'idodin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an cire su daga kariya ta duniya. Wannan haƙƙin mafaka an haɗa shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Yarjejeniyar 1967 da ta shafi Yanayin' Yan Gudun Hijiri. [3] Ya zuwa 1 ga Watan Yulin Shekarar 2013, akwai jam'iyyun 145 zuwa Yarjejeniyar 'yan gudun hijira ta shekarar 1951 da 146 zuwa Yarjejeniya ta shekarar 1967. Wadannan jihohin suna da alhakin a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa don ba da mafaka ga mutanen da suka fada cikin ma'anar Yarjejeniya da Yarjejeniya. Mutanen da ba su fada cikin wannan ma'anar ba har yanzu ana iya ba su 'yan gudun hijira bisa ga ma'anar 'yan gudun gudun hijira na Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ke da alaƙa da matsayin' yan gudun hijira da kuma mutanen da suka fada cikin wannan bayanin ana kiransu 'yan gudun bude ido na Yarjejeniya kuma ana kiransu matsayin' yancin Yarjejeniya.[3] Hanyoyin kariya sun wanzu dangane da ƙasar idan mutumin ya fada cikin wasu ma'anar 'yan gudun hijira.

Tabbatar da ko mutum ya sami damar mafaka ko a'a galibi ana barin shi ga wasu Hukumomin gwamnati a cikin ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin. A wasu ƙasashe UNHCR.org/refugee-status-determination.html" id="mwbg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">ƙudurin matsayin 'yan gudun hijira (RSD) ana yin sa ne ta hanyar UNHCR. Nauyin tabbatar da da'awar mafaka ya ta'allaka ne ga mai nema, wanda dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa sun cancanci kariya.[4][5]

A kasashe da yawa, jami'an ƙaura suna amfani da bayanan asalin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na kimanta da'awar mafaka, kuma gwamnatoci suna ba da bincike game da daidaito na rahotannin ƙasarsu. Wasu ƙasashe sun yi nazarin ƙin yarda da jami'an ƙaura da ke yanke shawara, suna gano cewa mutane sun ƙi masu neman fiye da wasu da ke tantance irin waɗannan shari'o'in - kuma ana buƙatar jami'an ƙura su daidaita dalilan karɓar ko ƙin da'awar, don haka shawarar mai yanke hukunci ɗaya ya dace da abin da abokan aikinsu suka yanke shawara.[6]

Matsayi na kariya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kariya ta ta tallafi kariya ce ta kasa da kasa ga mutanen da ke neman mafaka waɗanda ba su cancanci zama 'yan gudun hijira ba. Wani zaɓi ne don samun mafaka ga waɗanda ba su da tsoratar da tsanantawa (wanda ake buƙata don matsayin 'yan gudun hijira bisa ga Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1951), amma da gaske suna da haɗari mai yawa don a azabtar da su ko kuma mummunar lahani idan aka mayar da su ƙasarsu ta asali, saboda dalilai da suka haɗa da yaƙi, tashin hankali, rikici da cin zarafin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights da dokar Tarayyar Turai suna da ma'anar wanda ya cancanci samun mafaka.

Visa na kariya na wucin gadi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana amfani da Visa na kariya na wucin gadi ga mutanen da ke Ostiraliya waɗanda suka nemi matsayin 'yan gudun hijira bayan sun isa ba tare da izini ba. Wannan shine babban nau'in biza da aka bayar ga 'yan gudun hijira lokacin da aka sake su daga wuraren tsare shige da fice na Australiya kuma ana buƙatar su sake yin amfani da shi kowane shekaru uku.

Kididdigar yanke shawara na mafaka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata yawan mutanen da ke neman mafaka a kowace shekara ya bambanta tsakanin miliyan 0.6 da 2.8. [7] Sakamakon aikace-aikacen mafaka 2000-2023 bisa ga UNHCR:

Shekara Jimillar An ba da mafaka Sauran Karewa An ƙi su In ba haka ba rufe
2023 2,498,303 612,908 210,910 581,725 1,092,760
2022 2,057,838 535,551 181,210 584,481 756,596
2021 1,422,047 381,074 114,406 528,552 398,015
2020 1,381,088 350,791 108,794 542,999 379,044
2019 1,730,880 446,842 123,555 664,540 494,663
2018 1,647,261 351,123 148,849 633,046 514,242
2017 2,006,176 483,885 248,316 753,286 520,689
2016 2,844,805 564,859 335,016 604,795 1,340,135
2015 1,647,628 443,658 237,475 500,805 465,690
2014 1,393,642 277,959 336,783 429,690 349,210
2013 880,516 213,642 72,597 375,408 218,869
2012 913,275 210,828 50,902 436,913 204,849
2011 768,675 172,467 43,714 359,759 192,043
2010 730,596 174,983 47,676 355,271 152,667
2009 762,119 229,008 50,615 321,589 161,411
2008 706,269 156,297 63,889 325,688 154,869
2007 644,001 149,460 60,051 260,306 174,206
2006 692,537 141,358 50,711 306,655 193,757
2005 829,228 153,057 51,197 361,864 263,110
2004 891,175 128,182 51,212 445,057 266,665
2003 1,002,084 146,358 49,099 522,096 285,406
2002 1,010,251 161,926 62,105 524,552 261,728
2001 946,486 169,283 79,652 452,180 245,155
2000 1,090,296 203,350 93,392 543,111 249,475

kashi na mata tsakanin masu neman mafaka zuwa Turai daga shekarar ta 2008 zuwa shekarar 2018 ya kasance 31%, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar dalilai ciki har da Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a asalin ƙasar da kuma karfafa tattalin arziki.[8]

Hanyoyin ƙaddamar da matsayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Ƙaddamar da rukuni

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana iya ba masu neman mafaka matsayin 'yan gudun hijira a kan rukuni. 'Yan gudun hijira da suka shiga cikin ƙaddamar da matsayin rukuni ana kiransu' yan gudun hijira na farko. Ana yin wannan a cikin yanayi lokacin da dalilan neman matsayin 'yan gudun hijira gabaɗaya sanannu ne kuma kimantawar mutum zai mamaye ikon masu tantancewa. Ana iya yin ƙuduri na rukuni a cikin jihohin da ba wai kawai sun yarda da ma'anar 'yan gudun hijira na Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1951 ba, har ma suna amfani da ma'aunin' yan gudun hijira wanda ya haɗa da mutanen da ke tserewa ba tare da nuna bambanci ba ko tashin hankali, waɗanda ba a rufe su a Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1951. [9]

Binciken mutum

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ga mutanen da ba su shigo kasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban rukuni ba, ana gudanar da tambayoyin mafaka don tabbatar da ko mutumin yana da isasshen dalilai na neman mafaka. A halin yanzu, adadi mai yawa na masu neman mafaka suna buƙatar gwamnatoci don samar da tsarin ilmantarwa na inji don taimakawa masu neman mafakar da jami'an shige da fice wajen yin kimantawa mai kyau da adalci.[10]

A kasashe da yawa, masu neman mafaka na iya kalubalantar kin amincewa ta hanyar kaluballaki shawarar a kotun ko kwamitin sake dubawa na ƙaura. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, fiye da ɗaya daga cikin yanke shawara huɗu don ƙin kariya ga masu neman mafaka alƙalai ne suka karkatar da su.

Hakkin masu neman mafaka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Whilst waiting for a decision asylum seekers have limited rights in the country of asylum. In most countries they are not allowed to work and in some countries not even to volunteer. In some countries they are not allowed to move freely within the country.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span>] Even access to health care is limited. In the European Union, those who have yet to be granted official status as refugees and are still within the asylum process have some restricted rights to healthcare access.[11] This includes access to medical and psychological care.[11] However, these may vary depending on the host country. For instance, under the Asylum Seekers Benefits Act (Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz) in Germany, asylum seekers are outside primary care and are limited to emergency health care, vaccinations, pregnancy and childbirth with limitations on specialty care.[11] Asylum seekers have greater chance of experiencing unmet health needs as compared to the general German population. Asylum seekers also have greater odds of hospital admissions and at least one visit to a psychotherapist relative to the German general population.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Damuwa a cikin hanyoyin neman mafaka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bincike ya nuna cewa hadin gwiwar bangarori yana da mahimmanci don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka su sake zama da kuma shiga cikin al'ummomin karɓar, wuraren aiki da makarantu.[12][13][14][15]

Kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba da ke damuwa da 'Yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka sun nuna matsaloli ga mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu don neman mafaka a kasashe masu masana'antu. Kamar yadda Manufofin shige da fice a kasashe da yawa galibi suna mai da hankali kan yaki da shige da shige a kan doka da kuma karfafa kula da kan iyaka, yana hana mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu daga shiga yankin da za su iya gabatar da ikirarin mafaka. Rashin damar samun damar shiga hanyoyin mafaka bisa doka na iya tilasta wa mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu su yi ƙoƙari masu tsada da haɗari a shigar da su ba bisa ka'ida ba.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, jama'a da masu tsara manufofi na ƙasashe da yawa suna mai da hankali kan' yan gudun hijira da suka isa ta hanyar sake zama na ƙasashe na uku kuma suna ba da hankali ga masu neman mafaka da waɗanda aka riga aka ba su matsayin 'yan gudun hijira amma ba su zo ta hanyar sake komawa ba. Har ma an kira masu neman mafaka 'masu tsalle-tsalle', saboda ba su jira damar da za a sake su ba.

Ana ba da masu fassara na shari'a don taimakawa masu neman mafaka a duk lokacin tambayoyin da kuma shari'ar kotu. Wadannan masu fassara na shari'a suna nuna horar da suka samu a cikin shirin horar da aka tabbatar da su. Daidaitawar fassarar shari'a na iya bambanta dangane da horar da aka karɓa daga mai fassara da kuma yiwuwar son zuciya da suke ɗauka suna zuwa cikin zaman fassara. Rashin horo a cikin saitunan mafaka na iya rinjayar zaman fassara.[16]

Ingancin rayuwa masu neman mafaka da 'yan gudun hijira yana da alaƙa sosai da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Kasancewar cututtukan kwakwalwa kamar baƙin ciki ko PTSD galibi saboda tilasta ƙaura da sake zama a cikin ƙasashe masu karɓar bakuncin.[17]

Kalubale a cikin Sanya Trauma da Kwarewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masu neman mafaka suna fuskantar manyan kalubale wajen isar da Abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin aikace-aikacen neman mafaka. Wani cikakken binciken da Sarah C. Bishop ta yi, yana nazarin sadarwa ba tare da magana ba a cikin tambayoyin mafaka da sauraron Amurka, ya nuna abubuwa masu mahimmanci da yawa da ke tasiri ga ikon masu neman mafaka don bayyana labarinsu.[18]

Binciken ya jaddada rikitarwa na labaran masu neman mafaka, sau da yawa ana tsara su ta hanyar damuwa da kuma buƙatar ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tsananin lokaci. Wannan matsin yana ba da gudummawa ga rarraba labarin. Wannan shari'ar tana haifar da matsaloli wajen gabatar da labarin abubuwan da suka faru.[18]

Shingen harshe ya kara kara tsananta waɗannan ƙalubalen. Bambancin harshe na masu neman mafaka da damuwa yayin tambayoyin sun hana ikon su bayyana abubuwan da suka faru daidai. Rashin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ke haifar da damuwa yana ba da gudummawa da ba cikakke ba ko ba a bi da labari ba, yana shafar inganci da daidaituwa na labarun su.[18]

Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya shiga cikin rikice-rikice na sadarwa, musamman game da hulɗar ido da amintacce a cikin sauraron mafaka. Bambance-bambance na al'adu a cikin hulɗar ido suna tasiri ga kimantawa, wanda zai iya haifar da kuskuren fassarar ma'aikatan shige da fice. Bambancin tsammanin al'adu yana tasiri ga kimantawar amincin masu neman mafaka, wanda zai iya shafar sakamakon da'awar su.[18]

Kashewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Because asylum seekers often have to wait for months or years for the results of their asylum applications and because they are usually not allowed to work and only receive minimal or no financial support, destitution is a considerable risk.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span>]

Masu neman mafaka yawanci suna samun wani irin tallafi daga gwamnatoci yayin da ake aiwatar da aikace-aikacen su. Koyaya, a wasu ƙasashe wannan tallafin ya ƙare nan da nan da zarar an ba su matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Amma gaskiyar cewa an ba su matsayin 'yan gudun hijira ba yana nufin cewa an riga an ba su duk takardun da suke bukata don fara sabon rayuwarsu ba.[19] Lokaci mai tsawo na jira yana rage yiwuwar samun aiki da haɗin gwiwar 'yan gudun hijira.[17]

Hutu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masu neman mafaka da ke hutu a ƙasarsu an yi jayayya a matsayin dalilin ƙin mafaka.[20]

Bayyanawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rashin takardun shaida ko rikice-rikice na ainihi na iya sa nuna tsanantawa don haƙƙin mafaka ya fi rikitarwa.[21]

Ƙin mafaka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sau da yawa yakan faru cewa kasar ba ta amince da Matsayin 'yan gudun hijira na masu neman mafaka ba kuma ba ta gan su a matsayin' yan gudun hijira ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ta haka ne ta bi da su a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ka-ida ba. Idan an ki amincewa da ikirarin mafaka, an ce mai neman mafaka ya ki amincewa kuma ya kira mai neman mafaki wanda ya gaza. Wasu masu neman mafaka da suka kasa Komawa gida da son rai. Dangane da ƙasar, ana ba da izinin masu neman mafaka da suka gaza su kasance na ɗan lokaci ko kuma a tilasta su dawo da su daidai da rashin mayar da su. Sau da yawa ana sanya su a tsare shige da fice kafin a kore su.

Dokar mafaka da 'yan gudun hijira ta hanyar iko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ikon iko Labari Dokoki / yarjejeniyoyi na baya da na yanzu Kungiyoyi da shirye-shiryen da suka danganci Abubuwan da suka shafi da mutane
{{country data African Union}} Ranar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Afirka
 Australia Gidan mafaka a Ostiraliya Cibiyar Binciken Masu Gida
 Albania Gidan mafaka na Uyghur a Albania
 Azerbaijan 'Yan gudun hijira a Azerbaijan
 Brazil
 Canada Gidan mafaka a Kanada
  • Dokar Shige da Fice da Kare 'Yan Gudun Hijira
  • Yarjejeniyar Kasar Uku ta Kasar Kanada da Amurka
  • Shige da Fice, 'Yan Gudun Hijira da' Yan kasa Kanada
  • Hukumar Shige da Fice da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kanada
 Masu neman mafaka na Hong Kong a Kanada
 China (ciki har da )  Hong Kong 'Yan gudun hijira a Hong Kong Cibiyar Shari'a Hong Kong Zouxian
 Cuba 'Yan gudun hijirar Amurka a Cuba
 Denmark
  • Cibiyar Sandholm
  • Majalisar 'yan gudun hijira ta Denmark
[[File:|23px|link=]] internationality (en) Fassara Gidan mafaka a Tarayyar Turai
  • Dokar Dublin
  • Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Turai
  • <i id="mwAnE">Umurnin Yanayin Karɓar Baƙi</i>, 2003
  • Shirin Manufofin kan Gida, 2008
  • Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Shige da Fice da Mazauta, 2008
  • <i id="mwAng">Umurnin Hanyar Gudanar da Tsaro</i>, 2013
  • Ofishin Taimako na Turai
  • Tsarin Nazarin Gidajen Turai
  • Asusun mafaka, ƙaura da haɗin kai
  • Yurodac
  • Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan 'Yan Gudun Hijira da' Yan gudun hijira
    • Bayanan Turai akan Dokar Gudun Hijira [22]
 Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Turai
 Finland Majalisar 'yan gudun hijira ta Finland Shige da fice zuwa Finland
 France Gidan mafaka a Faransa
  • Dokar Shiga da Gida na Baƙi da na Hakkin Gida
  • Dokar shige da fice da haɗin kai, 2006
  • Dokar kula da shige da fice, hadewa da mafaka, 2007
 Germany Gidan mafaka a Jamus
  • Albert Einstein Asusun Gudanar da 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Jamus (wanda UNHCR ta bayar)
  • Pro mafaka
 Greece
  • METAdrasi
  • Kungiyar Ceto ta Helenanci
 2016 Hadarin mafaka na soja na Turkiyya a Girka
 India 'Yan gudun hijira a Indiya
  • Shirin Gudun Hijira da Gida
  • Wakilin UNHCR a Indiya
Ireland
  • Bulelani Mfaco
  • Lucky Khambule
Isra'ila Manufofin Isra'ila ga 'yan gudun hijirar Afirka wadanda ba Yahudawa ba
  • Usumain Baraka
  • Eduard Stavytsky
  • Payam Feili
Latin Amurka  Sanarwar Cartagena game da 'yan gudun hijira
Iran
  • Hukumar Taimako da Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don 'Yan Gudun Hijira
  • Haɗin kai Najdeh
 New Zealand 'Yan gudun hijira a New Zealand Hukumar daukaka kara ta 'yan gudun hijira
 Norway 'Yan gudun hijira a Norway Majalisar 'yan gudun hijira ta Norway Rafał Gaweł
 Russia (ciki har da ) Kungiyar Sobiyet 'Yan gudun hijira da mafaka a Rasha Edward Lee Howard
 South Korea 'Yan gudun hijira a Koriya ta Kudu 'Yan gudun hijira a tsibirin Jeju
 Switzerland
  • Ku sani kuma ku raba
  • UniRef
 UK Gidan mafaka a Burtaniya
  • <i id="mwA2A">Dokar Maido da Poland</i>, 1947
  • Dokar Kasa, Shige da Fice da Mazauta, 2002
  • <i id="mwA2Y">Dokar mafaka da Shige da Fice (Jima'i ga Masu nema, da dai sauransu) </i> Dokar, 2004
  • <i id="mwA2k">Dokar iyakokin Burtaniya</i>, 2007
  • Kotun Gudanarwa da Shige da Fice
  • Haɗin gwiwar Taimako na Gidajen
  • Majalisar 'yan gudun hijira
  • Majalisar 'yan gudun hijira ta Scotland
  • Haɗin kai
  • Majalisar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Welsh
 Yahudawa suna tserewa zuwa Ƙasar Ingila
Samfuri:Country data UN (ciki har da League of Nations) Switzerland
  • <i id="mwA4Y">Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira</i>, 1951
  • <i id="mwA4k">Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira</i>, 1967
 Ƙungiyoyin:

Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira (UNHCR) Ƙungiyar 'Yan Gudanarwa ta Duniya UNHCR Ambassador Ƙungiyar 'Yar Gudun Hijiri Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Gudun Hijir Nansen Ofishin 'Yan Gudunar Hijira Rubuce-rubuce: Takardun:

shaidar shaidar 'Yan Gudunin Gudun Hijari Takaddun Hijira Takaddun Gudun Hijuri / matakai: Ranarwa ta duniya Kyautar 'Yan Gudunata Nansen

  • Ranar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya
  • Kyautar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Nansen
 US Gidan mafaka a Amurka
  • <i id="mwA7I">Dokar Shige da Fice da Kasa</i>, 1952
  • Dokar Gudanar da Shige da Fice da Taimako ga 'Yan Gudun Hijira, 1962
  • <i id="mwA7g">Dokar Shige da Fice da Kasa</i>, 1965
  • <i id="mwA7s">Dokar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Amurka</i>, 1980
  • <i id="mwA74">Dokar Shige da Fice</i>, 1990
  • Yarjejeniyar Kasar Uku ta Kasar Kanada da Amurka
  • Shige da Fice da Sabis
  • Ayyukan 'yan ƙasa da Shige da Fice na Amurka (USCIS)
 Ayyuka Bayar da Ta'aziyya

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Gidan mafaka na coci
  • Dokar Wutar, Dokar Gudanar da Gudanar da Ƙasar Netherlands
  • Rashin fitarwa
  • Mutumin da ya rasa muhallinsa a cikin gida
  • Gudun da aka tilasta a cikin al'adun gargajiya
  • Haɗin baƙi
  • Ayyukan 'yan gudun hijira
  • Takardar shaidar 'yan gudun hijira
  • Ruwanda na 'yan gudun hijira
  • Birnin Wuri Mai Tsarki
  • Rashin kasa
  • Masu neman mafaka na transgender

Ƙungiyoyin da suka danganci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Horning, A. (2020). "Double-edged risk: unaccompanied minor refugees (UMRs) in Sweden and their search for safety". Journal of Refugee Studies. 33 (2): 390–415. doi:10.1093/jrs/feaa034. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  2. ↑ "Asylee Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster".
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1967".
  4. ↑ "Asylum Policy Instruction: Assessing credibility and refugee status" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 12, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  5. ↑ "Assessment of Credibility in Claims for Refugee Protection - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada". Irb-cisr.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-07-16.
  6. ↑ "Improving consistency in decision-making". ALRC. 2011-12-19. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named statistics
  8. ↑ Schiele, Maximilian (12 January 2024). "The Role of Gender in Asylum Migration to Europe: Analyzing Country-Level Factors of Gendered Selection of Asylum Seekers to Europe". Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies: 1–16. doi:10.1080/15562948.2023.2298515. ISSN 1556-2948. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  9. ↑ "UNHCR Resettlement Handbook, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2011, page 19" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-03.
  10. ↑ McNamara, Robert G; Tikka, Pia (2023). "Well-Founded Fear of Algorithms or Algorithms of Well-Founded Fear? Hybrid Intelligence in Automated Asylum Seeker Interviews". Journal of Refugee Studies. 36 (2): 238–270. doi:10.1093/jrs/feac067.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Schneider, C.; Joos, S.; Bozorgmehr, K. (2015). "Disparities in health and access to healthcare between asylum seekers and residents in Germany: a population-based cross-sectional feasibility study". BMJ Open. 5 (11): e008784. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008784. PMC 4636623. PMID 26537498.
  12. ↑ Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina; Nguyen, Duc Cuong; Nardon, Luciara (April 2020). "Unveiling the Canvas Ceiling : A Multidisciplinary Literature Review of Refugee Employment and Workforce Integration". International Journal of Management Reviews (in Turanci). 22 (2): 193–216. doi:10.1111/ijmr.12222. ISSN 1460-8545. S2CID 216204168.
  13. ↑ Lucy Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ↑ Szkudlarek, Betina; Nardon, Luciara; Osland, Joyce S.; Adler, Nancy J.; Lee, Eun Su (August 2021). "When Context Matters: What Happens to International Theory When Researchers Study Refugees". Academy of Management Perspectives (in Turanci). 35 (3): 461–484. doi:10.5465/amp.2018.0150. ISSN 1558-9080.
  15. ↑ Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina (2021-04-14). "Refugee employment support: The HRM–CSR nexus and stakeholder co-dependency". Human Resource Management Journal (in Turanci). 31 (4): 1748–8583.12352. doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12352. ISSN 0954-5395. S2CID 234855263 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  16. ↑ Keselman, Olga; et al. (2008). "Mediated communication with minors in asylum-seeking hearings". Journal of Refugee Studies. 21: 103–116. doi:10.1093/jrs/fem051.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 van der Boor, Catharina F.; Amos, Rebekah; Nevitt, Sarah; Dowrick, Christopher; White, Ross G. (2020). "Systematic review of factors associated with quality of life of asylum seekers and refugees in high-income countries". Conflict and Health. 14 (14): 48. doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1771008. ISSN 1752-1505. OCLC 8653932484. PMC 7473035. PMID 32699551. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "PMC_7473035" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Bishop, Sarah C. (2022-04-03). ""What does a torture survivor look like?" Nonverbal communication in US asylum interviews and hearings". Journal of International and Intercultural Communication (in Turanci). 15 (2): 185–203. doi:10.1080/17513057.2021.1881146. ISSN 1751-3057. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ "New refugees face homelessness and destitution". Refugeecouncil.org.uk. 2014-05-07. Retrieved 2016-07-16.
  20. ↑ Salameh, Khaled (11 September 2017). "Do refugees travel to their home countries on vacation? – DW – 09/11/2017". dw.com. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  21. ↑ Griffiths, Melanie (21 June 2012). "Anonymous Aliens? Questions of Identification in the Detention and Deportation of Failed Asylum Seekers". Population, Space and Place. 18 (6): 715–727. doi:10.1002/psp.1723. ISSN 1544-8444.
  22. ↑ "EDAL | European Database of Asylum Law".

Bayani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙarin karantawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Hatton, Timothy J. 2020. "Migration na mafaka zuwa Kasashen da suka Ci gaba: Tsanantawa, Ƙarfafawa, da Manufofin". Journal of Economic Perspectives 34 (1):75-93.

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