Tasirin muhalli na Yaki

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Tasirin muhalli na Yaki
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na effects of war (en) Fassara da environmental effects (en) Fassara
Facet of (en) Fassara yaƙi
Has cause (en) Fassara yaƙi
Agent Orange, maganin ciyawa, ana fesa shi a ƙasar noma a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam
Muhali

Nazarin tasirin muhalli na yaƙi yana mai da hankali kan zamanantar da yaki da ƙaruwar tasirinsa ga muhalli . An kuma yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a taɓa gani ba don yawancin tarihin tarihi. Duk da haka kuma, hanyoyin yaƙin zamani na haifar da barna sosai a kan muhalli . Ci gaban yaƙi daga makamai masu guba zuwa makaman nukiliya ya ƙara haifar da damuwa a kan yanayin muhalli da muhalli . Misalai na musamman na tasirin muhallin yaƙi sun haɗa da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Yaƙin Vietnam, Yaƙin Bassa na Ruwanda, Yaƙin Kosovo da Yaƙin Gulf .

Abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Vietnam[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gudun feshi mai ɓarna, wani ɓangare na Operation Ranch Hand, a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam ta jirgin UC-123B mai bayarwa

Yaƙin Vietnam yana da tasirin muhalli mai mahimmanci saboda abubuwan sinadarai waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don lalata ciyayi masu mahimmanci na soja. Abokan gaba sun sami fa'ida wajen zama marasa ganuwa ta hanyar cuɗanya cikin farar hula ko fakewa cikin ciyayi masu yawa da runduna masu adawa da juna waɗanda suka yi niyya ga yanayin halittu.[1] Sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da "fiye da galan miliyan 20 na maganin ciyawa [...] don lalata dazuzzuka, bayyana girma a kan iyakokin wuraren soja da kuma kawar da amfanin gonakin abokan gaba." Jami'an sinadarai sun baiwa Amurka dama a yunƙurin lokacin yaƙi. Duk da haka, ciyayi ba ta iya sake farfadowa ba kuma ta bar tarkacen laka wanda har yanzu yana da shekaru bayan fesa. Ba wai kawai ciyayi ya shafa ba, har ma da namun daji: "Binciken tsakiyar shekarun 1980 da masana ilimin kimiya na Vietnamese suka yi ya rubuta nau'ikan tsuntsaye 24 kawai da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 5 da ke cikin gandun daji da aka fesa da wuraren da aka canza, idan aka kwatanta da nau'in tsuntsaye 145-170 da 30- iri 55 na dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin dazuzzukan da ba su da kyau ." Ba a kuma gano sakamakon waɗannan tasirin waɗannan herbicicides ta hanyar kallon nau'ikan rarraba nau'in rarraba abubuwa ta hanyar lalata, wanda ya mamaye tserewa daga ɓangaren ƙasa.[2]

Afirka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A duk faɗin Afirka, yaƙi ya kasance babban abin da ke haifar da raguwar yawan namun daji a cikin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da sauran wuraren kariya.[3] Ko da yake, ɗimbin ɗimbin tsare -tsaren gyare-gyaren muhalli, da suka haɗa da gandun dajin Akagera na Ruwanda da dajin Gorongosa na Mozambik, sun nuna cewa ana iya samun nasarar gyara yawan namun dajin da sauran halittun daji ko da bayan munanan tashe-tashen hankula. Masana sun jaddada cewa warware matsalolin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa yana da mahimmanci don samun nasarar irin wannan ƙoƙarin.[4][5]

Rwanda[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kisan gillar da aka yi a Rwanda ya kai ga kashe kusan 'yan Tutsi 800,000 da 'yan Hutu masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Yakin ya haifar da gudun hijirar kusan 'yan Hutu miliyan biyu da suka tsere daga Rwanda cikin 'yan makonni kadan zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Tanzaniya da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a yau . Wannan babban gudun hijira na mutane a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira yana sanya matsin lamba kan yanayin da ke kewaye. An share dazuzzukan don samar da itace don gina matsuguni da haifar da gobarar dafa abinci: [1] "Waɗannan mutane sun sha wahala daga yanayi mai tsanani kuma sun zama muhimmiyar tasiri ga albarkatun ƙasa." Sakamakon rikice-rikicen ya kuma haɗa da lalacewar gandun daji da wuraren ajiya na ƙasa. Wata babbar matsala kuma ita ce, hadarin da yawan jama'a ya yi a kasar Ruwanda ya karkata akalar ma'aikata da babban birnin kasar zuwa wasu sassan kasar, wanda hakan ya sa ake da wuyar kare namun daji.

Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yaƙin Duniya na II (WWII) ya haifar da ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin samarwa, ya haɓaka samarwa da jigilar kayayyaki, kuma ya gabatar da sabbin sakamakon muhalli da yawa, waɗanda har yanzu ana iya gani a yau. Yaƙin Duniya na II ya yi yawa a cikin halakar mutane, dabbobi, da kayayyaki. Sakamakon yakin duniya na biyu bayan yakin duniya na biyu, na muhalli da zamantakewa, har yanzu ana iya gani shekaru da dama bayan kawo karshen rikicin.

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an yi amfani da sabbin fasahohi wajen kera jiragen sama, wadanda kuma aka yi amfani da su wajen kai hare-hare ta sama. A lokacin yakin, an yi amfani da jiragen sama wajen jigilar kayayyaki zuwa ko daga sansanonin soji daban-daban da jefa bama-bamai kan abokan gaba, tsaka-tsaki, da abokantaka. Waɗannan ayyukan sun lalata wuraren zama.[6] Hakazalika da namun daji, muhallin halittu kuma suna fama da gurbacewar amo wanda jiragen soja ke samarwa. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, jirgin sama yayi aiki a matsayin vortor don jigilar Ecosystems wanda aka yi amfani da su a matsayin matattarar tsibirin da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin matattara a cikin wasan kwaikwayon na Pacific. Kafin yakin, tsibiran da ke kewayen Turai sun kasance da yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu masu yawa. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, yaƙin iska ya yi tasiri mai yawa akan jujjuyawar yawan jama'a. [7]

A watan Agustan shekarar 1945, bayan yaƙin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu na kusan shekaru huɗu, Amurka ta jefa bam ɗin nukiliya a birnin Hiroshima na Japan. Kimanin mutane 70,000 ne suka mutu a cikin dakika tara na farko bayan tashin bam na Hiroshima, wanda yayi kwatankwacin adadin wadanda suka mutu sakamakon mummunan harin da jirgin Operation Meetinghouse ya kai a Tokyo. Kwanaki uku bayan harin bam na Hiroshima, Amurka ta sake jefa bam din nukiliya na biyu a birnin Nagasaki na masana'antu, inda nan take ya kashe mutane 35,000. Makaman nukiliyar sun fitar da muggan matakan makamashi da barbashi na rediyoaktif. Da zarar an tashi bama-baman, yanayin zafi ya kai kimanin 3980 °C/7200 °F.[8] Tare da yanayin zafi mai girma, duk flora da fauna sun lalace tare da ababen more rayuwa da rayuwar ɗan adam a yankunan da abin ya shafa. Barbashi na rediyoaktif waɗanda aka saki sun haifar da yaɗuwar ƙasa da gurɓataccen ruwa. Fashewar farko ta kara yawan zafin jiki kuma ta haifar da murkushe iska da ke lalata bishiyoyi da gine-ginen da ke hanyarsu.

Dazuzzuka na Turai sun fuskanci mummunan tasiri wanda ya haifar da fada a lokacin yakin. Bayan yankunan da ake gwabzawa, an cire katakon da aka sare daga bishiya don share hanyoyin fada. Dazuzzukan da suka ruguje a yankunan da ake gwabzawa sun fuskanci cin zarafi.[9]

An fara fara amfani da sinadarai masu hatsarin gaske a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Sakamakon dogon lokaci na sinadarai ya samo asali ne daga yuwuwar juriyarsu da kuma rashin tsarin zubar da al'ummomi da tarin makamai. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (WW I), ƙwararrun masu sinadarai na Jamus sun samar da iskar chlorine da gas ɗin mustard. Samuwar wadannan iskar gas ya janyo hasarar rayuka da dama, kuma an kashe filaye da guba a fagen fama da kuma kusa da su.

Daga baya a yakin duniya na biyu, masana ilmin sinadarai sun ƙera bama-bamai masu illa masu illa, waɗanda aka tattara a cikin ganga kuma kai tsaye a cikin teku. Zubar da sinadarai a cikin teku yana haifar da haɗarin kwantena masu tushe na ƙarfe suna lalata da kuma jefa abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai a cikin tekun. Ta hanyar zubar da sinadarai a cikin teku, ana iya bazuwar gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin sassa daban-daban na abubuwan da ke lalata halittun ruwa da na ƙasa.

Yanayin muhallin ruwa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya lalace ba kawai daga gurbacewar sinadarai ba, har ma da tarkacen jiragen ruwa na ruwa, wanda ya zubo mai a cikin ruwa. An kiyasta gurɓacewar mai a Tekun Atlantika sakamakon faɗuwar jiragen ruwa a yakin duniya na biyu da sama da tan miliyan 15. Zubewar mai yana da wahalar tsaftacewa kuma ana ɗaukar shekaru masu yawa don tsaftacewa. Har wala yau, ana iya samun burbushin mai a Tekun Atlantika daga hatsarin jirgin ruwan da ya faru a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.

Yin amfani da sinadarai a lokacin yaƙi ya taimaka wajen haɓaka ma'auni na masana'antun sinadarai kuma ya taimaka wajen nunawa gwamnati darajar binciken kimiyya. Haɓaka binciken sinadarai a lokacin yaƙin kuma yana haifar da haɓakar magungunan kashe qwari na noma bayan yaƙi. Ƙirƙirar magungunan kashe qwari ya kasance ci gaba tsawon shekaru bayan yaƙin.

Tasirin muhalli na yakin duniya na biyu ya yi muni sosai, wanda kuma ya ba su damar ganin su a yakin cacar baki da kuma gani a yau. Tasirin rikice-rikice, gurɓataccen sinadari, da yaƙin iska duk suna ba da gudummawa wajen rage yawan flora da fauna na duniya, da kuma raguwar bambancin nau'in.

A shekara ta 1946, a yankin Amurka na Jamus, sojojin Amurka sun shawarci gwamnati da ta tanadi masauki da kuma aikin yi ga mutanen da aka jefa bama-bamai daga garuruwansu. Amsar ita ce wani shiri na musamman na lambu wanda zai ba da sabon filaye don mutane su zauna a ciki. Wannan ya hada da filaye don samar da abincin da ake bukata ga mutanen kuma. Daga nan sai aka duba dazuzzukan domin samun kasa mai kyau wadda ta dace da noman amfanin gona. Hakan na nufin za a sare dajin ne domin a yi filayen gonaki da gidaje. Za a yi amfani da shirin dazuzzuka don amfani da dazuzzukan Jamus don albarkatu a nan gaba da kuma sarrafa yuwuwar yaƙi na Jamus. A cikin wannan shirin an samar da kusan mita 23,500,000 na katako daga cikin dazuzzuka.

Aluminum na ɗaya daga cikin manyan albarkatun da yakin duniya na biyu ya shafa. Bauxite, aluminum tama da kuma ma'adinan cryolite sun kasance masu mahimmanci, da kuma buƙatar yawan wutar lantarki.[10]

Yakin Gulf da yakin Iraki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A lokacin yakin Gulf na shekarar 1991, gobarar mai ta Kuwaiti ta samo asali ne sakamakon mummunar siyasar da sojojin Iraqi suka yi na ja da baya daga Kuwait . Rikicin mai a yakin Gulf, wanda ake daukarsa a matsayin malalar mai mafi muni a tarihi, ya faru ne lokacin da sojojin Iraqi suka bude bawul a tashar mai na Tekun Island tare da zubar da mai daga wasu tankokin yaki zuwa Tekun Fasha . An kuma zubar da mai a tsakiyar sahara.

Kafin yakin Iraqi na shekara ta 2003, ita ma kasar Iraqi ta cinna wuta a wasu rijiyoyin mai.

Wasu jami'an sojan Amurka sun koka da ciwon Gulf War, wanda aka kwatanta da alamun cututtuka ciki har da tsarin rigakafi da lahani na haihuwa a cikin 'ya'yansu. Ko saboda lokacin da aka kashe a hidimar ƙwazo a lokacin yaƙin ko kuma don wasu dalilai ya kasance da cece-kuce.

Wasu misalai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • 1938 Ambaliyar kogin Yellow, wanda gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa a tsakiyar kasar Sin ta haifar a lokacin farkon yakin Sino da Japan na biyu a kokarin dakile saurin ci gaban sojojin Japan. An kira shi "aiki mafi girma na yakin muhalli a tarihi".
  • Beaufort's Dyke, ana amfani da shi azaman wurin zubar da bama-bamai
  • Zubewar man da tashar wutar lantarki ta Jiyeh, da sojojin saman Isra'ila suka yi a lokacin rikicin Isra'ila da Lebanon a shekarar 2006 .
  • Shafukan Tsaro da Aka Yi Amfani da su, shirin sojan Amurka wanda ke da alhakin maido da muhalli
  • K5 Plan, yunƙurin gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Kampuchea na rufe hanyoyin kutse daga Khmer Rouge zuwa cikin Cambodia tsakanin 1985 zuwa 1989, wanda ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli.
  • Shiga karkashin jagorancin Saudiyya a Yemen, shiga yakin basasa a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ya kawo cikas ga alakar tsaro da makamashin ruwa da abinci a kasar da ta riga ta kasance mai fama da talauci. Yakin da rikicin ya haifar da gurbacewar ruwa da filayen noma.

Hadarin muhalli[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Albarkatu wata babbar hanyar rikici ce tsakanin al'ummomi : "bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar baka musamman, mutane da yawa sun yi nuni da cewa gurbacewar muhalli zai kara ta'azzara karanci kuma ya zama karin tushen rikicin makami." Rayuwar al'umma ya dogara ne da albarkatun da ake samu daga muhalli. Albarkatun da ke zama tushen rigingimun makamai sun haɗa da ƙasa, albarkatun albarkatun ƙasa, tushen makamashi, ruwa, da abinci. Don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na albarkatun ƙasa, ƙasashe sun yi amfani da yaƙin sinadarai da makaman nukiliya don karewa ko fitar da albarkatu, da lokacin rikici. An yi amfani da waɗannan wakilan yaƙi akai-akai: “kusan tan 125,000 na sinadarai an yi amfani da su a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, kuma kusan tan 96,000 a lokacin rikicin Vietnam da Nam.” [11] Gas mai jijiya, wanda aka fi sani da organophosphorous anticholinesterases, an yi amfani da shi a matakan mutuwa akan mutane kuma ya lalata adadi mai yawa na mutanen kashin baya da invertebrate . Koyaya, gurɓataccen ciyayi galibi ba za a kiyaye shi ba, kuma zai haifar da barazana kawai ga ciyawa. [11] Sakamakon sabbin abubuwa a yakin sinadarai ya haifar da nau'ikan sinadarai daban-daban don yaki da amfani da cikin gida, amma kuma ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli da ba a zata ba.

Ci gaban yakin da tasirinsa ga muhalli ya ci gaba da kera makaman kare dangi . Yayin da a yau, makaman na lalata jama'a suna aiki a matsayin hanawa da kuma amfani da makaman da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya haifar da lalata muhalli mai yawa. A kan babban hasarar da ake yi a rayuwar ɗan adam, “albarkatun halitta galibi su ne suka fara shan wahala: daji da namun daji ana shafe su.” Yakin nukiliya yana haifar da tasiri kai tsaye da kuma kaikaice akan muhalli. Lalacewa ta jiki saboda fashewar ko ta hanyar lalacewa ta biospheric saboda ionizing radiation ko radiotoxicity kai tsaye yana shafar yanayin halittu a cikin radius mai fashewa. Hakanan, rikicewar yanayi ko yanayin ƙasa da makaman ke haifarwa na iya haifar da yanayi da sauyin yanayi . [11]

Bam da ba a fashe ba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja yana buƙatar manyan makamai masu fashewa, ɗan ƙaramin abin da ba zai tashi da kyau ba kuma ya bar makaman da ba a fashe ba. Hakan na haifar da mummunar illa ta zahiri da sinadarai ga al'ummar farar hula da ke zaune a yankunan da a da suka kasance yankunan yaki, saboda yiwuwar fashewa bayan rikicin, da kuma zubar da sinadarai a cikin kasa da ruwan karkashin kasa. [12]

Agent Orange[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Agent Orange ya kasance daya daga cikin maganin ciyawa da lalata da sojojin Burtaniya suka yi amfani da su a lokacin Gaggawa na Malayan da sojojin Amurka a cikin shirinta na yakin herbicidal, Operation Ranch Hand, a lokacin yakin Vietnam . An kiyasta 21,136,000 gal. (80 000 m³) na Agent Orange an fesa a duk Kudancin Vietnam. A cewar gwamnatin Vietnam, mutane miliyan 4.8 na Vietnam zuwa Agent Orange, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar 400,000 da nakasa, da yara 500,000 da aka haifa tare da lahani. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Vietnam ta yi kiyasin cewa mutane kusan miliyan daya ne suka nakasa ko kuma suna da matsalolin lafiya sakamakon Agent Orange. Gwamnatin Amurka ta kira wadannan alkaluman marasa abin dogaro.

Yawancin ma'aikatan Commonwealth waɗanda suka kula da/ko suka yi amfani da Agent Orange a cikin shekaru da yawa bayan rikicin Malayan na shekarar 1948-1960 sun sha wahala daga mummunan bayyanar dioxin. Agent Orange kuma ya haifar da zaizayar ƙasa zuwa yankuna a Malaya. Kimanin fararen hula 10,000 da masu tayar da kayar baya a Malaya suma sun sha fama da illar lalata, kodayake masana tarihi da yawa sun yarda cewa mai yiwuwa sama da 10,000 an yi amfani da Agent Orange a cikin gaggawar Malayan kuma ba kamar Amurka ba, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi amfani da shi. lambobi da kuma kiyaye tura ta a asirce a cikin fargabar mummunan koma baya daga kasashen waje.

Gwajin makaman nukiliya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gudanar da gwajin makaman nukiliya a wurare daban-daban da suka hada da Bikini Atoll, da tsibirin Marshall Islands Pacific Proving Grounds, New Mexico a Amurka, Mururoa Atoll, Maralinga a Australia, da Novaya Zemlya a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da sauransu.

Downwinders mutane ne da al'ummomin da ke fuskantar gurɓataccen radiyo da / ko ɓarnawar nukiliya daga yanayin yanayi da / ko gwajin makaman nukiliya na ƙasa, da haɗarin nukiliya .

Strontium-90[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi nazari kan illolin Strontium-90, wani isotope na rediyoaktif wanda aka samu a lalata makaman nukiliya bayan yakin. Hukumar makamashi ta Atomic ta gano cewa "Sr-90, wanda ke da kama da sinadarai kamar calcium, na iya tarawa a cikin kasusuwa kuma yana iya haifar da ciwon daji ". Sr-90 ya sami hanyar shiga cikin ɗan adam ta hanyar sarkar abinci ta muhalli kamar yadda ɓarna a cikin ƙasa, tsire-tsire ne suka karbe su, sun ƙara maida hankali a cikin dabbobin ciyawa, kuma a ƙarshe mutane suka cinye su.

Ƙarshe makaman uranium[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Amfani da ƙarancin uranium a cikin munitions yana da cece-kuce saboda tambayoyi da yawa game da yuwuwar tasirin lafiya na dogon lokaci. Yin aiki na yau da kullun na koda, kwakwalwa, hanta, zuciya, da sauran tsarin abubuwa da yawa na iya shafar tasirin uranium, saboda ban da kasancewa mai rauni na rediyo, uranium ƙarfe ne mai guba . Ya kasance mai rauni mai rauni saboda tsawon rabin rayuwarsa . Aerosol da aka samar a lokacin tasiri da konewar gurbacewar makaman uranium na iya gurɓata wurare masu faɗi da ke kusa da wuraren da abin ya shafa ko farar hula da sojoji za su iya shakarsu. A cikin tsawon makonni uku na rikici a Iraki a shekara ta 2003, an kiyasta sama da tan 1000 na makaman Uranium da aka yi amfani da su akasari a birane. Ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta yi iƙirarin cewa babu wani nau'in kansar ɗan adam da aka gani sakamakon kamuwa da sinadarin uranium na halitta ko na ƙarshe. 

Duk da haka, nazarin DoD na Amurka ta yin amfani da ƙwayoyin al'ada da kuma rodents na dakin gwaje-gwaje na ci gaba da ba da shawarar yiwuwar leukemogenic, kwayoyin halitta, haifuwa, da kuma ciwon daji daga bayyanar cututtuka na kullum. [13]

Bugu da kari, Sabis na Kotun Daukaka Kara na Burtaniya a farkon shekara ta 2004 ya danganta da'awar lahani na haihuwa daga wani tsohon soja na yakin Gulf na Fabrairu 1991 zuwa rage gubar uranium. [14] Gangamin yaƙi da Uranium da aka Rasa (Spring, 2004) [15] Har ila yau, wani bita na 2005 game da annoba ya ƙare: "A cikin jimlar shaidar cutar ta ɗan adam ta yi daidai da haɗarin lahani na haihuwa a cikin zuriyar mutanen da aka fallasa ga DU." [16]

A cewar wani bincike na shekarar 2011 da Alaani et al., raguwar bayyanar uranium ko dai shine dalili na farko ko kuma yana da alaka da abin da ke haifar da lahani da ciwon daji. Bisa ga labarin mujallar shekara ta 2012 ta Al-Hadithi et al., binciken da ake ciki da kuma shaidar bincike ba ya nuna "ƙananan karuwa a cikin lahani na haihuwa" ko "bayani mai yiwuwa na yiwuwar bayyanar muhalli ciki har da uranium mai lalacewa". Labarin ya ci gaba da cewa "a zahiri babu wata kwakkwarar shaida da ke nuna cewa lahani na kwayoyin halitta na iya tasowa daga bayyanar da iyaye ga DU a kowane yanayi." [17]

Amfanin mai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tare da babban digiri na injiniyoyi na soja ana amfani da yawan man fetur mai yawa. Kasusuwan burbushin halittu sune babban mai ba da gudummawa ga dumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi, batutuwan da ke ƙara damuwa. Samun albarkatun man fetur kuma shi ne dalilin haddasa yaki.[18]

Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka (DoD) hukuma ce ta gwamnati wacce ta fi amfani da burbushin mai a duniya. A cewar shekarar 2005 CIA World Factbook, idan aka kwatanta da amfani da kowace ƙasa DoD zai matsayi na 34th a duniya a matsakaicin amfani da man fetur na yau da kullum, yana zuwa a bayan Iraki da kuma gaba da Sweden.[19]

Kona sharar gida[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A sansanonin Amurka a lokacin yakin ƙarni na 21 a Iraki da Afghanistan, an kona sharar ɗan adam a cikin buɗaɗɗen ramuka tare da alburusai, robobi, na'urorin lantarki, fenti, da sauran sinadarai. Ana zargin hayakin da ke da cutar sankarau ya raunata wasu sojojin da aka fallasa gare shi.[20]

ambaliya da gangan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana iya amfani da ambaliya azaman manufofin ƙasa mai ƙonewa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa don mayar da ƙasa mara amfani. Hakanan ana iya amfani da shi don hana motsin mayakan makiya. A lokacin yakin Sino-Japan na biyu, an keta rijiyoyin da ke kan kogin Yellow da na Yangtze don dakatar da ci gaban sojojin Japan . A lokacin Siege na Leiden a cikin 1573, an keta dykes don dakatar da ci gaban sojojin Spain. A lokacin Operation Chastise a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, sojojin sama na Royal sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a madatsun ruwa na Eder da Sorpe a Jamus, lamarin da ya mamaye wani babban yanki tare da dakatar da masana'antu da Jamusawa ke amfani da su wajen yakin.

Soja da muhalli[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsaron ɗan adam a al'ada yana da alaƙa da ayyukan soji da tsaro. [21] Masana da cibiyoyi irin su Hukumar Kula da Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya a yanzu suna ƙara yin kira da a samar da cikakken tsarin tsaro, musamman ma mai da hankali kan alaƙa da haɗin kai da ke tsakanin ɗan adam da muhalli. [22] [21] Ayyukan soja yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan yanayi. [22] [21] [23] Ba wai kawai yaki zai iya zama barna ga al'umma ba, amma ayyukan soja suna samar da iskar gas mai yawa (wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi na anthropogenic ), gurbatawa, da haifar da raguwar albarkatu, a tsakanin sauran tasirin muhalli. [22] [21] [23]

Fitar da iskar gas da gurbatar yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawancin bincike sun sami kyakkyawar alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin kashe kuɗin soja da haɓaka hayakin iskar gas, tare da tasirin kashe kuɗin soji akan hayaƙin carbon da aka fi bayyanawa ga ƙasashen Arewacin Duniya (watau ƙasashen da suka ci gaba OECD). [23] [22] Saboda haka, an kiyasta cewa sojojin Amurka su ne na farko a duniya masu amfani da man fetur. [24]

Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan soja sun haɗa da fitar da hayaki mai yawa. [21] Daraktan muhalli, aminci da lafiyar sana'a na Pentagon, Maureen Sullivan, ya bayyana cewa suna aiki tare da gurɓatattun wurare kusan 39,000. [25] Tabbas, ana kuma daukar sojojin Amurka a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da gurbatar yanayi a duniya. [25] A haɗe, manyan kamfanoni biyar na Amurka suna samar da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na gubar da Pentagon ke samarwa. [21] A Kanada, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Kasa ta yarda da ita cewa ita ce mafi girman masu amfani da makamashi na Gwamnatin Kanada, kuma mabukaci na "mafi yawa na kayan haɗari". [26]

Gurbacewar soji ta zama ruwan dare gama duniya. Sojoji daga ko'ina cikin duniya ne ke da alhakin fitar da kashi biyu cikin uku na chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) waɗanda aka haramta a cikin Yarjejeniyar Montreal ta 1987 don yin lahani ga sararin samaniyar ozone . Bugu da kari, hadurran jiragen ruwa a lokacin yakin cacar baka sun ragu a kalla manyan makaman nukiliya 50 da na'urorin sarrafa makamashin nukiliya 11 a cikin tekun, suna nan a kan tekun. 

Amfani da ƙasa da albarkatu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bukatun amfani da filin soji (kamar sansanonin, horo, ajiya da sauransu) galibi suna korar mutane daga filaye da gidajensu. [21] Ayyukan soji suna amfani da abubuwan kaushi, mai da sauran sinadarai masu guba waɗanda za su iya fitar da gubobi zuwa cikin yanayin da ya kasance a can shekaru da yawa har ma da ƙarni. [24] [21] Bugu da ƙari, manyan motocin sojoji na iya yin lahani ga ƙasa da ababen more rayuwa. [21] Gurbacewar hayaniyar da sojoji ke haifarwa na iya rage ingancin rayuwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa da kuma iyawarsu ta kiwon ko farautar dabbobi don tallafawa kansu. [21] Masu ba da shawara suna tayar da damuwa game da wariyar launin fata da/ko rashin adalci na muhalli saboda yawancin al'ummomin da aka raba su da muhallansu da/ko abin ya shafa. [27] [21]

Sojoji kuma suna da karfin kayan aiki. [21] [27] Makamai da kayan aikin soja su ne na biyu mafi girma a fannin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa. [21] Hukumar kula da zaman lafiya ta kasa da kasa ta ce sama da kashi hamsin cikin dari na jirage masu saukar ungulu a duniya na amfani da sojoji ne, kuma kusan kashi ashirin da biyar cikin dari na man jiragen da ake amfani da su na motocin sojoji ne. [21] Waɗannan motocin kuma ba su da inganci, masu ɗaukar carbon, da fitar da hayaki mai guba fiye da na sauran motocin. [27]

Martanin masu fafutuka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tallafin soja, a halin yanzu, ya fi kowane lokaci, kuma masu fafutuka sun damu da abin da ke haifar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da sauyin yanayi. [27] Suna bayar da shawarar kawar da sojoji, suna yin la'akari da yawan hayaƙin iskar gas da kuma tallafawa sake karkatar da waɗannan kudade zuwa ayyukan sauyin yanayi. [27] A halin yanzu duniya tana kashe kusan kashi 2.2% na GDP na duniya kan tallafin soja a cewar Bankin Duniya. An kiyasta cewa zai kashe kusan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na GDP na duniya a kowace shekara har zuwa 2030 don kawar da rikicin yanayi. Haka kuma, masu fafutuka sun jaddada bukatar yin rigakafi da kuma nisantar tsaftar tsadar kayayyaki. [27] A halin yanzu, kuɗin da ake kashewa don tsaftace gurɓataccen wurin soji ya kai aƙalla dala biliyan 500. [21] A ƙarshe, masu fafutuka suna yin nuni ga al'amuran zamantakewa kamar matsanancin talauci da bayar da shawarwari don ƙarin kudade don a karkatar da su daga kuɗin soja zuwa waɗannan dalilai. [27]

Ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki don lalata da zaman lafiya sun haɗa da Ofishin Aminci na Duniya, Muryar Kanada na Mata don Aminci, Cibiyar Rideau, Ceasefire.ca, Project Plowshares, da Codepink . Duba Jerin ƙungiyoyin yaƙi don ƙarin ƙungiyoyi.

Kyakkyawan tasirin sojoji akan muhalli[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai misalai daga ko'ina cikin duniya na sojojin ƙasa da ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa filaye da kiyayewa. [28] Alal misali, a Bhuj, Indiya, sojojin da aka jibge a wurin sun taimaka wajen sake farfado da yankin; a Pakistan, Sojojin sun shiga cikin tsunami Biliyan, suna aiki tare da fararen hula don sake dazuzzuka a cikin KPK da Punjab .; a Venezuela, yana daga cikin nauyin da ke da alhakin kare albarkatun kasa . [28] Bugu da ƙari, amincewar soja na fasahar da ta dace da muhalli kamar makamashi mai sabuntawa na iya samun damar samar da goyon bayan jama'a ga waɗannan fasahohin. [29] A ƙarshe, wasu fasahohin soja kamar GPS da jirage marasa matuƙa suna taimaka wa masana kimiyyar muhalli, masu kiyayewa, masu ilimin halittu da masu ilimin halitta don gudanar da ingantaccen bincike, sa ido, da gyarawa. [30]

Yaƙi da dokar muhalli[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ta fuskar shari'a, kare muhalli a lokutan yaƙi da ayyukan soja ana magana da su a wani bangare ta dokar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana kuma samun ƙarin tushe a fannonin doka kamar dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa gabaɗaya, dokokin yaƙi, dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokokin gida na kowace ƙasa da abin ya shafa. Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dama, ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta hudu, Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta 1972 da Yarjejeniyar Gyara Muhalli ta 1977 suna da tanadi don iyakance tasirin muhalli na yaƙi.

Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke hana sojoji ko wasu amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, mai dorewa ko mai tsanani. Yarjejeniyar ta haramta yakin yanayi, wanda shine amfani da dabarun gyaran yanayi don dalilai na haifar da lalacewa ko lalacewa. Wannan yarjejeniya tana aiki kuma an amince da ita (karɓar da ita a matsayin ɗaure) ta hanyar jagorancin ikon soja.

Nassoshi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 DeWeerdt, Sarah (January 2008). "War and the Environment". World Wide Watch. 21 (1).
  2. ↑ King, Jessie (8 July 2006). "Vietnamese wildlife still paying a high price for chemical warfare". The Independent. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  3. ↑ Daskin, Joshua H.; Pringle, Robert M. (2018). "Warfare and wildlife declines in Africa's protected areas". Nature. 553 (7688): 328–332. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..328D. doi:10.1038/nature25194. PMID 29320475. S2CID 4464877.
  4. ↑ Pringle, Robert M. (2017). "Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity". Nature. 546 (7656): 91–99. Bibcode:2017Natur.546...91P. doi:10.1038/nature22902. PMID 28569807. S2CID 4387383.
  5. ↑ Kanyamibwa, Samuel (1998). "Impact of war on conservation: Rwandan environment and wildlife in agony". Biodiversity and Conservation. 7 (11): 1399–1406. doi:10.1023/a:1008880113990. S2CID 31015910.
  6. ↑ Evenden, Matthew (2011). "Aluminum, commodity chain, and the environmental history of the second world war". Environmental History. 16: 69–93. doi:10.1093/envhis/emq145.
  7. ↑ Stoddart (1968). "Catastrophic human interference with coral atoll ecosystems". Geography: 25–40.
  8. ↑ Lemon. "Environmental Effects of the Atomic Bomb".
  9. ↑ Justice, Environmental. "Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – SJ Environmental Justice – sj environmental justice". Archived from the original on 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  10. ↑ Wills, M. (August 18, 2020) "The Environmental Costs of War," JSTOR Daily,
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named rob
  12. ↑ Joel Hayward, Airpower and the environment: The Ecological Implications of Modern Air Warfare. Air University Press, 2013.
  13. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  14. ↑ Williams, M. (February 9, 2004) "First Award for Depleted Uranium Poisoning Claim," The Herald Online, (Edinburgh: Herald Newspapers, Ltd.)
  15. ↑ "MoD Forced to Pay Pension for DU Contamination," CADU News 17
  16. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  17. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  18. ↑ Karbuz, Sohbet (2006-02-25). "The US military oil consumption". Energy Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2009-05-10. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  19. ↑ Colonel Gregory J. Lengyel, USAF, The Brookings Institution, Department of Defense Energy Strategy, August 2007, "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-26. Retrieved 2009-09-12.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ↑ Valentine, Catherine; Keilar, Brianna (21 June 2021). "Surviving combat only to die at home: Retired Staff Sgt. Wesley Black is picking out his coffin at 35 years old". CNN. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 21.13 21.14 International Peace Bureau. (2002). The Military’s Impact on The Environment: A Neglected Aspect Of The Sustainable Development Debate A Briefing Paper For States And Non-Governmental Organisations, Retrieved from: http://www.ipb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/briefing-paper.pdf Archived 2018-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Empty citation (help)
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Empty citation (help)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Schwartz, M. et al. (2012) Department of Defense Energy Initiatives: Background and Issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service, [Online] Available at: http://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42558.pdf
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :8
  26. ↑ Department of National Defence Canada (2017). Defence Energy and Environment Strategy. Retrieved from the Government of Canada Website: https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/dnd-mdn/documents/reports/2017/20171004-dees-en.pdf
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 Lorincz, T. (2014). Demilitarization for Deep Decarbonization: Reducing Militarism and Military Expenditures to Invest in the UN Green Climate Fund and to Create Low-Carbon Economies and Resilient Communities. Retrieved from The International Peace Bureau Website: http://www.ipb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Green_Booklet_working_paper_17.09.2014.pdf Archived 2018-05-27 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 D’Souza, E. (1994). The potential of the military in environmental protection: India. Unasylva – FAO. 46. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/v7850e/V7850e12.htm#The%20potential%20of%20the%20military%20in%20environmental%20protection:%20India
  29. ↑ Light. S. (2014)b Interview by Knowledge@Wharton The Surprising Role the Military Plays in Environmental Protection [Print Interview]. Retrieved from: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/military-environmental-protection/
  30. ↑ Lawrence, M. et al. 2015. The effects of modern war and military activities on biodiversity and the environment. Environ. Rev. 23: 443–460 dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2015-0039
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