Gurɓacewa

Litter a bakin tekun Guyana

Gurbacewa a Mashhad

 Gurɓacewa ita ce shigar da gurɓataccen abu a cikin yanayin yanayi wanda ke haifar da mummunan canji. Gurbacewa na iya ɗaukar nau'in kowane abu (solid, ruwa, ko gas) ko makamashi (kamar rediyo, zafi, sauti, ko haske). Masu gurɓatawa, abubuwan da ke tattare da gurɓatawa, na iya zama ko dai abubuwa/makamashi na waje ko gurɓataccen yanayi. Ko da yake ana iya haifar da gurɓacewar muhalli ta abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi, kalmar gurɓatawa gabaɗaya tana nuna cewa gurɓataccen abu yana da tushen ɗan adam-wato tushen da ayyukan ɗan Adam suka ƙirƙira. Ana lasafta gurɓataccen abu a matsayin tushen wuri ko gurɓataccen tushe. A shekara ta 2015, gurɓataccen yanayi ya kashe mutane miliyan 9 a duniya.

Factory

Gurbacewa

Nau'ikan gurɓataccen yanayi sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska, gurɓataccen haske, datti, gurɓataccen hayaniya, gurɓataccen filastik, gurɓataccen ƙasa, gurɓataccen radiyo, gurɓataccen yanayi, gurɓacewar gani, da gurɓacewar ruwa.

Siffofin gurɓatar yanayi

Wani hayaki a tsakiyar Moscow, Rasha a watan Agusta 2010

An jera manyan nau'ikan gurɓatawa a ƙasa tare da takamaiman gurɓatattun abubuwan da suka dace da kowannensu:

• Gurbacewar iska: sakin sinadarai da barbashi cikin yanayi. Abubuwan gurɓataccen iskar gas na yau da kullun sun haɗa da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da nitrogen oxides waɗanda masana'antu da motocin ke samarwa. Photochemical ozone da smog an halicce su yayin da nitrogen oxides da hydrocarbons ke amsawa ga hasken rana. Ƙaƙƙarfan kwayoyin halitta, ko ƙura mai laushi yana da alamar girman su na micrometer PM ₁₀ zuwa PM _2.5.
• Electromagnetic pollution : da yawa daga electromagnetic radiation a cikin wadanda ba ionizing siffar, kamar rediyo waves, da dai sauransu, cewa mutane kullum fallasa su, musamman a manyan birane. Har yanzu ba a san ko waɗancan nau'ikan radiation suna da wani tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam ba ko a'a.
• Lalacewar haske: ya haɗa da keta haske, yawan haske da tsangwama a sararin samaniya.
• Littering: mai laifi jefa abubuwan da ba su dace da mutum ba, ba a cire su ba, kan kadarorin jama'a da na sirri.
• Gurbacewar amo: wanda ya ƙunshi hayaniyar hanya, hayaniyar jirgin sama, hayaniyar masana'antu gami da ƙarar sonar.
• Gurbacewar filastik: ya haɗa da tarin samfuran filastik da microplastics a cikin mahallin da ke cutar da namun daji, mazaunin namun daji, ko mutane.
• Gurɓataccen ƙasa yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka fitar da sinadarai ta hanyar zubewa ko zubar da ƙasa. Daga cikin mafi mahimmancin gurɓataccen ƙasa akwai hydrocarbons, ƙarfe masu nauyi, MTBE, herbicides, magungunan kashe qwari da chlorinated hydrocarbons.
• Gurɓataccen rediyo, wanda ya samo asali daga ayyukan ƙarni na 20 a cikin ilimin kimiyyar atomatik, kamar samar da makamashin nukiliya da binciken makaman nukiliya, ƙira da turawa. (Dubi alpha emitters da actinides a cikin muhalli.)
• Gurbacewar yanayi, shine canjin zafin jiki a jikin ruwa na halitta wanda tasirin ɗan adam ke haifarwa, kamar amfani da ruwa azaman sanyaya a cikin tashar wutar lantarki.
• Gurbacewar gani, wanda zai iya nuni ga kasancewar layukan wutar lantarki na sama, allunan talla na babbar hanya, tarkacen filayen ƙasa (kamar daga ma'adinan tsiri ), buɗaɗɗen ajiyar shara, ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida ko tarkacen sararin samaniya.
• Gurbacewar ruwa, ta hanyar fitar da ruwan sha na masana'antu daga sharar kasuwanci da masana'antu (da gangan ko ta zube) cikin ruwan saman; fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba, da gurɓatattun sinadarai, irin su chlorine, daga najasar da aka yi da ita; sakin sharar gida da gurɓataccen abu a cikin ruwan sama da ke kwarara zuwa saman ruwa (ciki har da ɓarkewar birane da na noma, waɗanda za su iya ƙunshi takin sinadari da magungunan kashe qwari; gami da najasar ɗan adam daga bayan gida a buɗe - har yanzu babbar matsala ce a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa); gurbatar ruwan karkashin kasa daga zubar da sharar gida da zubewa cikin kasa, ciki har da daga latrine na rami da tankunan ruwa; eutrophication da sharar gida.

Masu gurɓatawa

Canal Lachine a Montreal, Quebec, Kanada

Magudanar ruwan shuɗi da alamar kifin rawaya da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Burtaniya ke amfani da ita don wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin muhalli na gurɓataccen magudanar ruwa.

Gurbataccen abu ne da ke lalata iska, ruwa, ko ƙasa. Abubuwa uku ne ke tabbatar da tsananin gurɓataccen abu: yanayin sinadaransa, yawan tattarawa, wurin da abin ya shafa da kuma dagewa.

Sources da Sanadin

Air pollution produced by ships may alter clouds, affecting global temperatures.

Gurbacewar iska ta fito daga tushe na halitta da na ɗan adam (anthropogenic). Koyaya, gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi a duniya daga konewa, gine-gine, hakar ma'adinai, noma da yaƙi suna ƙara yin tasiri a cikin ma'aunin gurɓataccen iska.

Fitar da ababen hawa na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haddasa gurbatar iska. China, Amurka, Rasha, Indiya Mexico, da Japan sune jagororin duniya wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata iska. Babban tushen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu sun haɗa da tsire-tsire masu guba, masana'antar wutar lantarki ta kwal, matatun mai, tsire-tsire na petrochemical, aikin zubar da sharar nukiliya, incinerators, manyan gonakin dabbobi (sanan kiwo, aladu, kiwon kaji, da sauransu.), masana'antun PVC, masana'antar samar da karafa, masana'antar filastik, da sauran masana'antu masu nauyi. Gurbacewar iska ta noma ta fito ne daga al'adun zamani waɗanda suka haɗa da saran sarewa da kona ciyayi da kuma fesa magungunan kashe qwari da maganin ciyawa

Kimanin metric ton miliyan 400 na sharar gida masu haɗari ana samarwa kowace shekara. Amurka kadai tana samar da kusan tan miliyan 250. Amirkawa sun ƙunshi ƙasa da kashi 5% na yawan mutanen duniya, amma suna samar da kusan kashi 25% na CO na duniya, kuma suna samar da kusan kashi 30% na sharar duniya. A cikin 2007, China ta mamaye Amurka a matsayin babbar mai samar da CO, yayin da har yanzu ta yi nisa a baya bisa la'akari da gurbatar muhalli (wanda ke matsayi na 78 a cikin al'ummomin duniya).

Wani yanki na masana'antu, mai tashar wutar lantarki, kudu da tsakiyar garin Yangzhou, kasar Sin

Wasu daga cikin mafi yawan gurɓataccen ƙasa sune chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), ƙarfe masu nauyi (kamar chromium, cadmium-samuwa a cikin batura masu caji, da gubar-ana samun su a cikin fenti na gubar, man jirgin sama da har yanzu a wasu ƙasashe, man fetur), MTBE, zinc, arsenic da benzene. A shekara ta 2001 jerin rahotannin manema labaru da suka ƙare a cikin wani littafi mai suna Fateful Harvest sun bayyana wata al'ada da ta yaɗu ta hanyar sake sarrafa kayayyakin masana'antu zuwa taki, wanda ya haifar da gurɓata ƙasa da ƙarafa daban-daban. Wuraren shara na yau da kullun na birni sune tushen yawancin abubuwan sinadarai da ke shiga cikin ƙasa (kuma galibi ruwan ƙasa), waɗanda ke fitowa daga nau'ikan ƙima iri-iri, musamman abubuwan da aka jefar da su ba bisa ka'ida ba a can, ko kuma daga wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa kafin 1970 waɗanda wataƙila ba su da iko sosai a ciki. Amurka ko EU. Hakanan an sami wasu abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na dibenzodioxins na polychlorinated, waɗanda aka fi sani da dioxins don sauƙi, kamar TCDD.

Gurbacewar yanayi kuma na iya zama sakamakon bala'i. Misali, guguwa sau da yawa kan hada da gurbacewar ruwa daga najasa, da zubewar sinadarin petrochemical daga fashewar jiragen ruwa ko motoci. Babban ma'auni da lalacewar muhalli ba bakon abu ba ne lokacin da ake hada ma'aikatan man fetur ko matatun mai a bakin teku. Wasu hanyoyin gurɓatawa, kamar tashoshin makamashin nukiliya ko tankunan mai, na iya haifar da yaɗuwa da yuwuwar sakin haɗari lokacin da hatsari suka faru.

A cikin yanayin gurbatar amo babban tushen ajin shine abin hawa, wanda ke samar da kusan kashi casa'in na duk hayaniya maras so a duniya.

Fitar da iskar gas

Tarihi da hasashen iskar CO ₂ ta ƙasa (kamar na 2005).



Source: Hukumar Kula da Makamashi.

Carbon dioxide, yayin da yake da muhimmanci ga photosynthesis, wani lokaci ana kiransa gurɓatacce, saboda yawan iskar gas a cikin yanayi yana shafar yanayin duniya. Rushewar muhalli kuma na iya nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin wuraren gurɓacewar muhalli waɗanda galibi za a keɓe su daban, kamar na ruwa da iska. Nazarin kwanan nan sun bincika yuwuwar haɓakar matakan haɓakar carbon dioxide na yanayi na dogon lokaci don haifar da ɗanɗano kaɗan amma haɓaka mai mahimmanci a cikin acidity na ruwan teku, da yuwuwar tasirin wannan akan yanayin yanayin ruwa.

A cikin watan Fabrairun 2007, wani rahoto da Hukumar Kula da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ta yi, wanda ke wakiltar aikin masana kimiyya, masana tattalin arziki, da masu tsara manufofi 2,500 daga kasashe fiye da 120, ya tabbatar da cewa mutane ne suka zama sanadin dumamar yanayi tun shekara ta 1950. Wani babban rahoton yanayi ya kammala, mutane suna da hanyoyin da za su rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da kuma guje wa illar dumamar yanayi. Amma don sauya yanayin, sauyin yanayi daga albarkatun mai kamar kwal da mai na bukatar faruwa cikin shekaru da dama, bisa ga rahoton karshe na wannan shekara daga kwamitin sulhu na MDD kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC).

Tasiri

Lafiyar dan Adam

Bayanin babban illolin kiwon lafiya a kan mutane daga wasu nau'ikan gurɓatawa na gama gari

Rashin ingancin iska na iya kashe kwayoyin halitta da yawa, gami da mutane. Gurbacewar Ozone na iya haifar da cututtukan numfashi, cututtukan zuciya, kumburin makogwaro, ciwon kirji, da cunkoso . Gurbacewar ruwa na janyo mutuwar mutane kusan 14,000 a kowace rana, akasari saboda gurbatar ruwan sha ta hanyar najasa da ba a kula da su ba a kasashe masu tasowa. Kimanin Indiyawa miliyan 500 ba su da damar shiga bandaki mai kyau, Sama da mutane miliyan goma a Indiya sun kamu da rashin lafiya ta ruwa a cikin 2013, kuma mutane 1,535 suka mutu, yawancinsu yara. Kusan Sinawa miliyan 500 ba su da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2010 ya nuna cewa mutane miliyan 1.2 ne ke mutuwa da wuri kowace shekara a kasar Sin saboda gurbacewar iska. Yawan hayakin da kasar Sin ta dade tana fuskanta na iya yin illa ga jikin fararen hula tare da haifar da cututtuka daban-daban. Hukumar ta WHO ta yi kiyasin a shekara ta 2007 cewa gurbacewar iska na janyo mutuwar rabin miliyan a kowace shekara a Indiya. Bincike ya yi kiyasin cewa adadin mutanen da ake kashewa kowace shekara a Amurka zai iya wuce 50,000.

Zubewar mai na iya haifar da haushin fata da rashes. Gurbacewar amo yana haifar da asarar ji, hawan jini, damuwa, da tashin hankali barci. An danganta Mercury da raunin ci gaba a cikin yara da alamun cututtukan neurologic. Tsofaffi sun fi kamuwa da cututtuka da gurɓacewar iska ke haifarwa. Wadanda ke da cututtukan zuciya ko huhu suna cikin ƙarin haɗari. Yara da jarirai kuma suna cikin haɗari mai tsanani. An nuna gubar da sauran karafa masu nauyi na haifar da matsalolin jijiyoyin jiki. Abubuwan sinadarai da rediyoaktif na iya haifar da ciwon daji da kuma lahani na haihuwa.

Wani bincike da hukumar Lancet ta gudanar a watan Oktobar 2017 da hukumar kula da gurbatar yanayi da lafiya ta gudanar ya gano cewa gurbacewar yanayi a duniya, musamman iska mai guba, ruwa, kasa da wuraren aiki, na kashe mutane miliyan tara a duk shekara, wanda ya ninka adadin mace-macen da cutar AIDS, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro ke haddasawa a hade, da kuma Sau 15 ya fi yawan mace-macen da yaƙe-yaƙe ke haifarwa da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankalin ɗan adam. Binciken ya kammala da cewa "gurɓata yanayi na ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta a zamanin Anthropocene. Gurbacewar yanayi na barazana ga zaman lafiyar tsarin tallafi na duniya kuma yana barazana ga ci gaba da rayuwar al'ummomin bil'adama."

Muhalli

Babban facin facin Pacific

An gano gurɓataccen abu a cikin muhalli. Akwai illoli da dama na wannan:

• Biomagnification yana kwatanta yanayi inda gubobi (kamar ƙarfe mai nauyi ) na iya wucewa ta matakan trophic, ya zama mai da hankali sosai a cikin tsari.

  

  Fitar da iskar carbon dioxide ta duniya ta ikon hukuma (kamar na 2015)

• Fitar da iskar carbon dioxide yana haifar da acidification na teku, raguwar ci gaba a cikin pH na tekunan Duniya yayin da CO ke narkewa.
• Fitar da iskar iskar gas na haifar da dumamar yanayi wanda ke shafar yanayin halittu ta hanyoyi da dama.
• Nau'in cin zarafi na iya ƙetare nau'ikan 'yan ƙasa da rage bambancin halittu. Tsire-tsire masu cin zarafi na iya ba da gudummawar tarkace da ƙwayoyin halittu ( allelopathy ) waɗanda za su iya canza ƙasa da abubuwan haɗin sinadarai na yanayi, galibi suna rage gasa ga nau'in 'yan asalin.
• Ana cire sinadarin Nitrogen oxides daga iska ta ruwan sama da kuma takin ƙasa wanda zai iya canza nau'in halittun halittu.
• Smog da hazo na iya rage yawan hasken rana da tsire-tsire ke karɓa don aiwatar da photosynthesis kuma yana haifar da samar da ozone mai zafi mai zafi wanda ke lalata tsire-tsire.
• Ƙasa na iya zama marar haihuwa kuma ba ta dace da tsire-tsire ba. Wannan zai shafi sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin gidan yanar gizon abinci.
• Sulfur dioxide da nitrogen oxides na iya haifar da ruwan sama na acid wanda ke rage darajar pH na ƙasa.
• Gurbacewar yanayi na magudanan ruwa na iya rage matakan iskar oxygen da rage bambancin nau'in.

Wani bincike na 2022 da aka buga a Kimiyyar Muhalli & Fasaha ya gano cewa matakan gurɓatar sinadarai na ɗan adam sun wuce iyakokin duniya kuma yanzu suna yin barazana ga duk yanayin halittu a duniya.

Bayanan lafiyar muhalli

Shirin Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Programme (TEHIP) a Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Amurka (NLM) tana kula da cikakkiyar ilimin guba da gidan yanar gizon lafiyar muhalli wanda ya haɗa da samun damar samun albarkatun da TEHIP ke samarwa da kuma wasu hukumomi da kungiyoyi na gwamnati. Wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya ƙunshi hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo zuwa bayanan bayanai, litattafai, koyawa, da sauran albarkatun kimiyya da mabukaci. TEHIP kuma ita ce ke da alhakin Cibiyar Bayanan Toxicology (TOXNET) tsarin haɗin gwiwar toxicology da bayanan lafiyar muhalli waɗanda ke samuwa kyauta akan gidan yanar gizon.

TOXMAP shine Tsarin Bayanan Kasa (GIS) wanda ke cikin TOXNET. TOXMAP yana amfani da taswirori na Amurka don taimakawa masu amfani su gano bayanai na gani daga Hukumar Kariyar Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) Abubuwan Sakin Guba da Shirye-shiryen Bincike na Musamman na Superfund.

Laifi

Wani bincike na 2021 ya gano cewa fallasa gurɓata yanayi yana haifar da haɓakar laifukan tashin hankali.

Sakamakon makaranta

Wata takarda ta 2019 ta danganta gurbacewar yanayi da sakamako mara kyau ga yara.

Yawan aiki na ma'aikata

Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa gurbatar yanayi yana da mummunar tasiri akan yawan aiki na ma'aikata na cikin gida da waje.

Ka'ida da saka idanu

Domin kare muhalli daga illar gurbacewar yanayi, kasashe da dama a duniya sun kafa doka don daidaita nau'o'in gurbatar yanayi tare da rage illar gurbatar yanayi.

Kula da gurbataccen yanayi

Tarkon datti ya kama sharar da ke iyo a cikin Kogin Yarra, gabas ta tsakiya Victoria, Ostiraliya.

Tsarin kula da gurɓataccen iska, wanda aka sani da thermal oxidizer, yana lalata iskar gas mai haɗari daga magudanan iska na masana'antu a masana'anta a Amurka.

Mai tara kura a Pristina, Kosovo

Bututun iskar gas tare da dawo da tururi

Motar Kariya ta Waya a Indiya

Thermal oxidizers tsarkake masana'antu iska kwarara.

Kula da gurɓata yanayi kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen sarrafa muhalli. Yana nufin sarrafa fitar da hayaki da magudanar ruwa a cikin iska, ruwa ko ƙasa. Idan ba tare da kula da gurɓata yanayi ba, abubuwan sharar gida daga cunkoson jama'a, dumama, noma, ma'adinai, masana'antu, sufuri da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam, ko sun taru ko kuma sun watse, za su lalata muhalli. A cikin tsarin sarrafawa, rigakafin gurɓatawa da rage sharar gida sun fi sha'awa fiye da sarrafa gurɓatawa. A fannin raya kasa, samar da karamin tasiri, irin wannan dabara ce ta rigakafin kwararar ruwa a birane.

Ayyuka

• Sake yin amfani da su
• Sake amfani da shi
• Rage sharar gida
• Ragewa
• Rigakafin gurbatawa
• Takin

Na'urorin sarrafa gurbatar yanayi

• Kula da gurbataccen iska
  • Thermal oxidizer
• Tsarin tarin kura
  • Baghouses
  • Cyclones
  • Electrostatic precipitators
• Masu gogewa
  • Baffle goge goge
  • Cyclonic sprayer
  • Ejector venturi scrubber
  • Taimakon injin goge goge
  • Hasumiyar fesa
  • Mai goge goge
• Maganin najasa
  • Sedimentation (maganin farko)
  • Ayyukan sludge biotreaters (jiyya na biyu; kuma ana amfani da shi don ruwan sharar masana'antu)
  • Ruwan iska
  • Gina dausayi (kuma ana amfani dashi don zubar da ruwa a birane)
• Maganin sharar gida na masana'antu
  • API mai raba ruwa-ruwa
  • Biofilters
  • Narkar da iska (DAF)
  • Maganin carbon da aka kunna foda
  • Ultrafiltration
• Tsarin dawo da tururi
• Phytoremediation

Kudin gurbatar yanayi

Gurbacewa yana da tsada. Ayyukan masana'antu da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska yana ɗaukar nauyin lafiya da tsaftacewa ga dukkanin al'umma. Ayyukan masana'antu wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska shine misali na mummunan waje a cikin samarwa. Wani mummunan waje a cikin samarwa yana faruwa "lokacin da samar da kamfani ya rage jin daɗin wasu waɗanda kamfanin bai biya su ba." Misali, idan kamfanin wanki yana kusa da kamfanin kera karafa masu gurbata muhalli, za a kara farashin kamfanin wanki saboda datti da hayakin da kamfanin kera karafa ke samarwa. Idan farashin waje ya wanzu, kamar waɗanda ƙazanta suka ƙirƙira, masana'anta za su zaɓi samar da ƙarin samfuran fiye da yadda za a kera idan ana buƙatar masana'anta su biya duk farashin muhalli da ke da alaƙa. Domin alhaki ko sakamakon aikin kai-kai ya ta'allaka wani bangare a wajen kai, wani bangare na waje yana shiga. Idan akwai fa'idodin waje, kamar a cikin amincin jama'a, ƙasan mai kyau na iya samarwa fiye da yadda lamarin zai kasance idan mai samarwa ya karɓi biyan kuɗi don fa'idodin waje ga wasu. Koyaya, kayayyaki da sabis waɗanda ke haɗa abubuwan waje mara kyau a cikin samarwa, kamar waɗanda ke samar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, galibi ana yin su da yawa kuma ba su da tsada tunda ba a saka farashin waje a kasuwa.

Gurbacewar yanayi na iya haifar da farashi ga kamfanonin da ke samar da gurbatar yanayi. Wani lokaci kamfanoni suna zaɓar, ko kuma an tilasta musu su ta hanyar ƙa'ida, don rage yawan gurɓacewar da suke samarwa. Haɗin kuɗin yin wannan ana kiran kuɗaɗen ragewa, ko ƙimar ragewa ta gefe idan an auna ta kowane ƙarin raka'a. A shekara ta 2005 yawan kashe-kashen kashe-kashe na gurɓacewar muhalli da kuma farashin aiki a Amurka ya kai kusan dala biliyan 27.

Al'umma da al'adu

Yawancin masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli

The Pure Earth, wata kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta da ta sadaukar da kai don kawar da gurbacewar rayuwa a kasashe masu tasowa, ta fitar da jerin sunayen wasu masana'antu mafi gurbata muhalli a duniya. A ƙasa akwai jerin abubuwan 2016: