Fulani Makiyaya
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| Kabilu masu alaƙa | |
|---|---|
| Makiyayi |
Fulani makiyaya Fulani ne makiyaya ko kuma Fulani makiyaya wadanda sana’arsu ta farko ita ce kiwon dabbobi. [1] Fulani makiyaya sun fi yawa a yankin Sahel da kuma yankunan da ba su da ruwa a Yammacin Afirka, amma saboda sauye-sauyen kwanan nan game da yanayin, makiyaya da yawa sun kuma koma kudu zuwa savannah da na yankin Yammacin Afirka. Ana samun makiyayan a kasashe irin su Najeriya, Nijar, Senegal, Guinea, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, da Kamaru. A Senegal, suna zaune a Arewa Maso Gabashin Ferlo da yankin Kudu Maso Gabashin ƙasar. A yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe Fulani yawanci sune yanki tsiraru. Amma a Najeriya da ke aiki a tsakiyar yankin Najeriya, wanda ke adawa da arewa wacce kungiyar Boko Haram ta fi karfi, kungiyar ta samu mutuwar mutane 847 a bara a cikin jihohi biyar, sannan kuma an san ta da kai hare-hare a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (CAR), a cewar sabon rahoto daga Yan ta’addan Duniya.[2]
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Iyalan Fulani makiyaya su ne bangaren kiwo na gargajiya. An rarraba ɗawainiya ta hanyar jinsi da shekaru tsakanin membobin gidan. [3] Babban aikin maza shine kula da garken shanu, nemo wuraren kiwo, gina tantuna da sansanoni, da yin kayayyakin tsaro kamar su wukake, kwari da baka da bindiga. Mata a cikin rukunin suna ɗaukar matsayin mata na gargajiya kamar sayar da kayan abinci a kasuwa, shayar da shanu, saƙa da kuma yin tabarma. [4] Wasu matan ma suna harkar noma kamar su noman kayan lambu da kiwon kaji.
Shanu shi ne babban garken Fulani a kasashe irin su Najeriya, kuma raƙumi shi ne dabba mafi ƙarancin sha'awa. [3] Dabbobin sun fi yawa mata kuma kusan 60% na shanu mata ne; jinsin maza yawanci ana rage su ta hanyar siyar dasu.[5]
Yawon kiwo[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Fulani makiyaya tafiyar bata yusuwa sai da kungiyoyi bazuwar da kuma shirya taron ƙungiyoyi. Tafiye-tafiye bazuwar galibi fulani makiyaya ne ke ɗauka, yayin da makiyaya masu keɓewa suke ɗaukar motsi. Babban dalilin da yasa makiyayan ke ƙaura shine zuwa yankuna da ciyawa da ruwa mai yawa don shanu. [6] Makiyayan kuma suna motsawa don kauce wa masu karbar haraji, kwari masu cutarwa da yanayi mara kyau da yanayin zaman jama'a. Babbar fa'idar da kungiyar makiyayan ke samu ita ce ta kara wadatar kayan abincin ga shanu da kuma rage kiwo. [7] Kafin matsawa zuwa sabbin yankuna, makiyayan sun aika da wata tawaga ta masu leken asiri domin yin nazarin yankin don samun wadatar abubuwa kamar ciyawa da ruwa.
Tushen kudin shiga[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sayar da awaki, tumaki da kayan kiwo kamar madara su ne tushen samun kudin shiga da kuma abincin makiyaya. Ana auna arzikinsu da dukiyoyinsu da girman garken shanu. A al’adance, makiyaya galibi suna bayar da aron shanu (habbanaya) ga juna, kuma da zarar saniyar ta haihu kuma ta yaye saniya sai a mayar da ita ga mai ita. Wadannan makiyayan suna garken nau'ikan shanu da yawa, amma dabbobin sun fi kowa a Yammacin Afirka saboda halaye masu jure fari. Yawan garken shanu dama galibi ana kiwo ne a yankunan da ke da danshi sosai na Fouta Djallon da Casamance sakamakon juriyarsu da trypanosomiasis da sauran yanayin da ke tattare da tsananin zafi.
Mazauni[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Fulani makiyaya suna gina gidaje na gida da ake kira "Suudu hudo" ko "Bukka" da aka yi da ciyawa. A lokacin rani, galibi ana tallafashi da ƙaramin ginshiƙan gero, da kuma katifun sandar da ake haɗawa a ɗaura su a sandunan itace, a lokacin damina ko damina. [8] Fa'idar gidan "Bukka" ita ce ta hannu, mai sauƙin kafawa da tarwatsewa a zaman gidan al'ummomin makiyaya. Idan lokacin canza wuri ya yi, sai a wargaza gidajen kuma a ɗora su a kan raƙumi, dawakai, jakai da kuma wani lokacin shanu don jigilar su. A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan makiyaya da yawa yanzu suna zaune a cikin laka ko kuma gidajen bulo.
Rikici da manoma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tarihi Fulani makiyaya sun yi kiwo a cikin filayen da ke kewayen yankunan Sahel na Yammacin Afirka, wani bangare saboda yanayin muhalli da ke iyakance yawan filaye don dalilan noma, wanda ke haifar da gasa mai tsanani a fili tsakanin manoma da makiyaya. Koyaya, bayan yawan fari a yankuna masu bushewar Sahel, Fulani makiyaya a hankali sun koma kudu zuwa Guinea savanna da yankunan daji na wurare masu zafi, wanda hakan ya haifar da gasa kan hanyoyin kiwo tare da manoma. [9] Manoma sun koma Arewa tare da karuwar yawan mutane.
Najeriya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Fulani makiyaya sun fara kaura zuwa Arewacin Najeriya daga yankin Senegambiya a wajajen karni na goma sha uku ko sha hudu. [9] Bayan jihadin Uthman dan Fodio, Fulani sun shiga cikin al'adun Hausawa na Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan haka, a lokacin rani lokacin da aka rage yawan tsuntsaye, Fulani makiyaya sun fara kora shanunsu zuwa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya wanda kungiyoyin da ba Hausawa ba suka mamaye, suna komawa Arewa a farkon damina. Amma yayin kula da garken shanu da tuka shanu, kiwo a gonaki a wasu lokuta yakan faru, wanda ke haifar da lalata amfanin gona ya zama tushen rikici.
Aiwatar da dokar amfani da filaye a Nijeriya na shekarar 1978 ya baiwa gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya damar sanyawa da kuma bada filaye sannan kuma ta baiwa ‘yan asalin‘ yancin yin nema kuma a ba su takardar shedar zama don neman mallakar filayen kakanninsu. [10] Wannan ya sanya Fulani makiyaya cikin mawuyacin hali saboda yawancin ba su nemi wuraren mallakar wuraren kiwo ba, kuma yawan jujjuya lamurra ya haifar da cin zarafin wasu. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta tsara wasu yankuna a matsayin hanyoyin kiwo amma wannan bai rage rikici ba. Daga 1996 zuwa 2006 kimanin mutane 121 suka rasa rayukansu a jihohin Bauchi da Gombe sakamakon rikici tsakanin makiyaya da manoma. [11]
Dubban mutane ne aka kashe tun shekara ta 2016 a cikin rikici tsakanin manoma da makiyaya makiyaya.
Ghana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kungiyoyin Fulani 'yan ci-rani da makiyaya galibi ana daukar su baƙi da baƙi saboda asalinsu na Senegambiya; [10] sakamakon haka, haƙƙoƙinsu na amfani da yankunan da ƙabilun asalin ke kira filayen kakanni sun gamu da ajiyar wasu wurare.
Mali[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A watan Maris na 2019, an kashe Fulani makiyaya 160 a kauyukan Ogossagou da Welingara a yankin Mopti. An yi zargin cewa masu laifin mafarauta ne 'yan kabilar Dogon.
Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Kiwo makiyaya
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Iro (1994), pp. 22
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20190324004705/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/25/world/africa/nigeria-herders-farmers.html
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Iro (1994), pp. 103
- ↑ Iro (1994), pp. 104
- ↑ Rubutu mai gwaɓi
- ↑ Iro (1994), pp. 106
- ↑ Iro (1994), pp. 107
- ↑ Al-Amin Abu-Manga, Fulfulde in the Sudan: process of adaptation to Arabic (1986), p. 7, books.google.com/books?id=8IYOAAAAYAAJ: "The Fulani in the Sudan are known by the loose generic term 'Fellata'"
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Tonah (2002)
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Okello (2014)
- ↑ Abbass (2014)