Haƙƙoƙin yara

Haƙƙoƙin yara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Hakkokin Yan-adam
Motsi	Kungiyar kare hakkin yara
Foundational text (en)	Sanarwar 'Yancin Yara
Hashtag (mul)	mánáidvuoigatvuođat
Babban tsarin rubutu	Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara

Hakkin yara ko haƙƙin yara wani ɓangare ne na haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da kulawa ta musamman ga haƙƙin kariya ta musamman da kulawa da aka ba yara. Yarjejeniyar 1989 kan 'Yancin Yara (CRC) ta bayyana yaro a matsayin "duk wani ɗan adam da ke ƙasa da shekaru goma sha takwas, sai dai idan a ƙarƙashin dokar da ta shafi yaro, an sami mafi rinjaye a baya. "Hakkin yara ya haɗa da haƙƙinsu na haɗuwa da Iyaye biyu, asalin ɗan adam da kuma bukatun asali don kariya ta Jima'i, abinci, ilimi na duniya, kiwon lafiya, da dokokin aikata laifuka da suka dace da shekarun da ci gaban yaro, daidaitattun kariya ga haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma 'yanci daga nuna bambanci bisa ga launi fata na yaro, jinsi, asalin jinsi, asalin ƙasa, Addini, nakasa, launin fata, ko wasu halaye.

Fassara game da haƙƙin yara sun fito ne daga ba wa yara damar yin aiki mai cin gashin kansu zuwa tilasta wa yara kasancewa a jiki, a hankali da kuma motsin rai ba tare da cin zarafi ba, kodayake abin da ya zama " cin zarafi" batun muhawara ne. Sauran ma'anoni sun haɗa da haƙƙin kulawa da kulawa. Babu ma'anar wasu kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don bayyana Matasa kamar "matasa", "matasa" ko "matasa " a cikin dokar kasa da kasa, amma ana ɗaukar ƙungiyar kare hakkin yara ta bambanta da ƙungiyar kare hakkin matasa. Yankin haƙƙin yara ya kunshi fannonin doka, Siyasa, Addini, da ɗabi'a.

Bayyanawa

Wani yaro da ke aiki a matsayin "yaro mai sa'a" a kan titunan Merida, Mexico

  A matsayin kananan yara ta hanyar doka, yara ba su da ikon cin gashin kansu ko kuma damar yin yanke shawara da kansu a kowane sanannen iko na duniya. Maimakon haka, masu kula da su, gami da Iyaye, ma'aikatan zamantakewa, malamai, ma'aikata matasa, da sauransu, suna da wannan iko, dangane da yanayin. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa wannan yanayin yana ba wa yara isasshen iko akan rayuwarsu kuma yana sa su kasance masu rauni. Louis Althusser ya tafi har ya bayyana wannan kayan aikin shari'a, kamar yadda ya shafi yara, a matsayin "kayan aiki na gwamnati".

Wasu masu sharhi sun gudanar da tsarin kamar manufofin gwamnati don rufe hanyoyin da manya ke cin zarafin yara, wanda ke haifar da talauci na yara, rashin damar ilimi, da aikin yara. A kan wannan ra'ayi, yara za a ɗauka a matsayin Ƙungiyar 'yan tsiraru waɗanda al'umma ke buƙatar sake la'akari da yadda take nunawa.

Masu bincike sun gano yara kamar yadda suke buƙatar a gane su a matsayin mahalarta a cikin al'umma waɗanda haƙƙoƙin su da alhakin su ke buƙatar a san su a kowane zamani.

Ma'anar tarihi game da haƙƙin yara

Yarinyar Fir'auna tana jin tausayin jariri Musa a cikin kwandon da ke iyo. (Mahaifinta ya ba da umarnin kashe jarirai Ibrananci.)

Sir William Blackstone (1765-9) ya amince da ayyuka uku na iyaye ga yaro: kulawa, kariya, da ilimi. A cikin harshe na zamani, yaro yana da damar karɓar waɗannan daga iyaye.

Kungiyar Kasashe ta amince da sanarwar Geneva ta 'Yancin Yara (1924), wanda ya bayyana haƙƙin yaro na karɓar buƙatun ci gaba na al'ada, haƙƙin yaron da ke fama da yunwa da za a ciyar da shi, haƙƙin yaro mara lafiya da za a karɓi kulawa, haƙƙin ɗan da ya koma baya, haƙƙin marayu da za su sami mafaka, da haƙƙin kariya daga cin zarafi.

Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam (1948) a cikin Mataki na 25 (2) ta amince da bukatar uwaye da yara ga "kariya ta musamman da taimako" da kuma haƙƙin dukkan yara ga "karewar zamantakewa".

Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da sanarwar Majalisar Dinkinobho game da 'Yancin Yara' (1959), wanda ya bayyana ka'idoji goma don kare' yancin yara, gami da ikon karewa na musamman, da kuma ikon karewa daga nuna bambanci, da sauran hakkoki.

Yarjejeniya kan bayyana haƙƙin yara ya zama bayyananne a cikin shekaru hamsin da suka gabata. Wani littafi na 1973 na Hillary Clinton (wanda a lokacin lauya ne) ya bayyana cewa haƙƙin yara "kalma ce da ke buƙatar ma'anar". A cewar wasu masu bincike, har yanzu ba a bayyana ra'ayin haƙƙin yara sosai ba, tare da aƙalla ɗaya yana ba da shawarar cewa babu ma'anar da aka yarda da ita ko ka'idar haƙƙin da yara ke riƙe.

An bayyana dokar haƙƙin yara a matsayin batun da doka ta haɗu da rayuwar yaro. Wannan ya haɗa da laifin yara, tsari da ya dace ga yara da ke cikin tseren shari'ar aikata laifuka, wakilci mai dacewa, da kuma ingantaccen sabis na farfadowa; kulawa da kariya ga yara a cikin kulawar Jima'i; tabbatar da ilimi ga dukkan yara ba tare da la'akari da launi fata ba, jinsi, asalin jinsi, asalin ƙasa, Addini, nakasa, launi, kabilanci, da; kulawa da bayar da shawarwari.

Rarraba

Yarinyar Palasdinawa mai shekaru hudu ta mutu da yunwa, a lokacin GazaGaza Yunwa

Yara suna da nau'ikan haƙƙin ɗan adam guda biyu a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. Suna da irin wannan haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali kamar manya, kodayake wasu haƙƙin ɗan Adam, kamar Hakkin yin aure, ba su da rai har sai sun kai shekaru, Na biyu, suna da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa na musamman waɗanda suka zama dole don kare su a lokacin 'yan tsiraru. Hakkin da ke aiki a ƙuruciya sun haɗa da haƙƙin tsaro na mutum, ga 'yanci daga rashin mutunci, zalunci, ko wulakanci, da haƙƙin kariya ta musamman a lokacin ƙuruciya. Hakkin ɗan adam na musamman na yara sun haɗa da, a tsakanin sauran haƙƙoƙi, haƙƙin rayuwa, haƙƙin suna, haƙƙin bayyana ra'ayinsa a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi yaro, haƙƙin 'yancin tunani, lamiri da addini, haƙƙin kiwon lafiya, haƙƙin kariya daga cin zarafin tattalin arziki da jima'i, da haƙƙin ilimi.

An bayyana haƙƙin yara ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da nau'ikan haƙƙin jama'a, siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Hakki suna da nau'o'i biyu: waɗanda ke ba da shawara ga yara a matsayin Mutane masu cin gashin kansu a ƙarƙashin doka da waɗanda ke da'awar al'umma don kariya daga lahani da aka yi wa yara saboda dogaro da su. Wadannan an lakafta su a matsayin haƙƙin karfafawa da kuma haƙƙin kariya.

Jagororin ilimi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don yara suna rarraba haƙƙoƙin da aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara a matsayin "3 Ps": Bayarwa, Karewa, da Kasancewa. Ana iya bayyana su kamar haka:

• Bayani: Yara suna da 'yancin samun isasshen rayuwa, kiwon lafiya, ilimi da ayyuka, da kuma wasa da nishaɗi. Wadannan sun hada da daidaitaccen abinci, gado mai dumi don barci, da kuma samun damar zuwa makaranta.
• Karewa: Yara suna da 'yancin kariya daga cin zarafi, sakaci, cin zarafi da nuna bambanci. Wannan ya haɗa da haƙƙin wurare masu aminci ga yara su yi wasa; halayyar renon yara, da kuma amincewa da ikon haɓaka yara.
• Kasancewa: Yara suna da damar shiga cikin al'ummomi kuma suna da shirye-shirye da ayyuka ga kansu. Wannan ya haɗa da shigar yara a cikin ɗakunan karatu da shirye-shiryen al'umma, ayyukan muryar matasa, da kuma shigar da yara a matsayin masu yanke shawara.

A cikin irin wannan salon, Cibiyar Kula da Hakkin Yara ta Duniya (CRIN) ta rarraba hakkoki zuwa kungiyoyi biyu:

• Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, wanda ke da alaƙa da yanayin da ake buƙata don biyan bukatun ɗan adam na asali kamar abinci, mafaka, ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da aiki mai fa'ida. An haɗa da haƙƙin ilimi, isasshen gidaje, abinci, ruwa, mafi girman matakin kiwon lafiya, haƙƙin aiki da haƙƙin aiki, da haƙƙin al'adu na 'yan tsiraru da' yan asalin ƙasar.
• Hakkin muhalli, al'adu da ci gaba, wanda wani lokacin ake kira "yancin ƙarni na uku", kuma ya haɗa da haƙƙin rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai aminci da lafiya da kuma cewa kungiyoyin mutane suna da haƙƙin ci gaban al'adu, siyasa, da tattalin arziki.

Amnesty International openly advocates four particular children's rights, including the end to juvenile incarceration without parole, an end to the recruitment of military use of children, ending the death penalty for people under 21, and raising awareness of human rights in the classroom. Human Rights Watch, an international advocacy organization, includes child labour, juvenile justice, orphans and abandoned children, refugees, street children and corporal punishment.

Scholarly study generally focuses children's rights by identifying individual rights. The following rights "allow children to grow up healthy and free": 

• 'Yanci na magana
• 'Yanci na tunani
• 'Yanci daga tsoro
• 'Yanci na zabi da' yancin yanke shawara'yancin yin yanke shawara
• Mallaka a jikin mutum

Hakkin jiki

Wani rahoto daga Kwamitin Harkokin Jama'a, Lafiya, da Ci Gaban Ci gaba na Majalisar Dokokin Majalisar Turai ya gano yankuna da yawa da Kwamitin ya damu da su, gami da hanyoyin kamar "yankewar mata, kaciya ga yara maza saboda dalilai na addini, shiga tsakani na kiwon lafiya na yara masu jima'i da kuma miƙa ko tilasta yara cikin furewa, tattoos ko tiyata filastik". Majalisar ta amince da ƙuduri mara ɗaurewa a cikin 2013 wanda ke kira ga kasashe 47 da su dauki matakai da yawa don inganta amincin yara. [Ba a buƙatar tushe na farko] 

Mataki na 19 na Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara ya umarci jam'iyyun da su "yi duk matakan da suka dace na doka, gudanarwa, zamantakewa da ilimi don kare yaro daga kowane nau'i na tashin hankali na jiki ko tunani, rauni ko cin zarafi, sakaci ko kulawa, cin zarafi ko cin zarafin". Kwamitin kan 'Yancin Yara ya fassara Mataki na 19 kamar yadda ya haramta azabtar da jiki, yana yin sharhi game da " wajibin dukkan Jam'iyyun Jihohi su matsa da sauri don hanawa da kawar da duk hukuncin jiki".Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma fassara Mataki na 7 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa wanda ya haramta "mummunan, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa" don fadadawa ga yara, gami da azabtar da yara. [Ba a buƙatar tushe na farko] 

The Committee on Bioethics of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) (1997), citing the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), asserts that "every child should have the opportunity to grow and develop free from preventable illness or injury."

Hakkin jima'i

Misali na likita na yau da kullun shine yaudarar likita ga yara masu jima'i, daga littafin karatu na 1963.

Yaran Intersex yara ne da aka haifa ko haɓaka, halaye na jima'i. A tarihi yara masu jima'i sun kasance batun aikin tiyata ba tare da son rai ba kuma daga baya maganin maye gurbin hormone zuwa jima'i / jinsi, wanda sau da yawa ana ɓoye shi daga marasa lafiya; a Amurka, wannan tsarin an san shi da mafi kyawun jinsi na samfurin kiwo, wanda kungiyoyi kamar ISNA suka soki sosai. Yara masu jima'i sau da yawa suna fuskantar matakai masu yawa na damuwa, da kuma nuna bambanci, da kuma warewa don samun jikin da ba a saba gani ba, ko yin hanyoyin kiwon lafiya.

Matsayin kula da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ga yara masu jima'i shine jinkirta duk aikin tiyata har sai yaron ya isa ya shiga cikin yardar da aka sani, sai dai idan an buƙaci tiyata ta gaggawa. Mutanen da ke tsakanin jima'i suna iya kamuwa da matsalar jinsi sannan yawan jama'a. Kungiyoyi irin su InterACT da kungiyoyin farar hula na intersex sun wanzu don tallafawa da kuma ba da shawara ga matasa masu jima'i, da kuma dakatar da magunguna marasa amfani da kunya da ke kewaye da batutuwan intersex.

Sauran batutuwa

Sauran batutuwan da ke shafar haƙƙin yara sun haɗa da Amfani da yara na soja, Sayar da yara, karuwancin yara da Hotunan batsa na yara.

Bambanci tsakanin 'yancin yara da' yancin matasa

A mafi yawan hukunce-hukunce, alal misali, ba a yarda yara su jefa kuri'a ba, su yi aure, su sayi barasa, su yi jima'i, ko su shiga aikin biyan kuɗi. A cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin Matasa, an yi imanin cewa babban bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin yara da haƙƙin matasa shine cewa masu goyon bayan haƙƙin yara gabaɗaya suna ba da shawarar kafawa da aiwatar da kariya ga yara da matasa, yayin da haƙƙin matasa (ƙaramin motsi) gabaɗaya yana ba da shawarar fadada 'yanci ga yara da / ko matasa da haƙƙin kamar su sufrage.

Hakki da alhakin iyaye

Hakkin iyaye da Hakkin rayuwar iyali suna da alaƙa da nauyin iyaye. Ana ba wa iyaye isasshen iko don cika ayyukansu ga yaron.

Iyaye suna shafar rayuwar yara ta hanyar da ta dace, kuma saboda haka dole ne a rarrabe rawar da suke takawa a cikin 'yancin yara ta wata hanya. Batutuwan musamman a cikin dangantakar yaro da iyaye sun haɗa da sakaci na yara, cin zarafin yara, 'yancin zaɓe, azabtar da jiki da Kula da yara. Akwai ra'ayoyin da aka bayar waɗanda ke ba wa iyaye ayyukan da suka danganci haƙƙoƙi waɗanda ke warware tashin hankali tsakanin "bayyanar iyaye" da haƙƙin yara. Batun yana da mahimmanci a cikin shari'ar shari'a wanda ke shafar yiwuwar 'yanci na yara, da kuma lokuta inda yara ke kai karar iyayensu.

Hakkin yaro na dangantaka da iyayensu biyu ana karuwa a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci don tantance saki kyawun bukatun yaro a cikin kisan aure da tsarin Kula da yara. Wasu gwamnatoci sun kafa dokoki da ke haifar da zato mai rikitarwa cewa Iyaye da aka raba suna da kyau ga yara.

Ƙuntatawa na ikon iyaye

Iyaye ba su da cikakken iko a kan yaransu. Iyaye suna ƙarƙashin dokokin aikata laifuka game da watsi, cin zarafi, da kuma watsi da yara. Dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya ta ba da cewa bayyanar addinin mutum na iya iyakancewa don amfanin lafiyar jama'a, don kare tsarin jama'a، kiwon lafiya ko ɗabi'a, ko don kare haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci na wasu. [Ba a buƙatar tushe na farko] 

Kotuna sun sanya wasu iyakoki kan ikon iyaye da ayyukan. Kotun Koli ta Amurka, a cikin shari'ar Prince v. Massachusetts, ta yanke hukuncin cewa addinin iyaye ba ya ba da izinin sanya yaro cikin haɗari. Lords of Appeal in Ordinary sun yi mulki, a cikin yanayin Gillick v West Norfolk da Wisbech Area Health Authority da kuma wani, cewa haƙƙin iyaye yana raguwa tare da karuwar shekaru da ƙwarewar yaron, amma ba su ɓace gaba ɗaya ba har sai yaron ya kai mafi rinjaye. Hakkin iyaye yana da alaƙa da ayyukan iyaye ga yaro. Idan babu aiki, babu haƙƙin iyaye.

Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukunci, a cikin yanayin E (Mrs) v Hauwa'u, cewa iyaye bazai ba da izinin maye gurbin don rashin warkewa ba. Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukunci, a cikin shari'ar B. (R.) v. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto:

Duk da yake yara ba za a iya musanta su ba suna amfana daga Yarjejeniyar, musamman a cikin kariya ga hakkinsu na rayuwa da kuma tsaron kansu, ba su iya tabbatar da waɗannan hakkoki ba, kuma al'ummarmu ta dace da haka suna zaton iyaye za su yi amfani da 'yancin zaɓe a hanyar da ba ta ɓata haƙƙin yaransu ba.

Motsi

Littafin Thomas Spence na 1796 na 'Yancin Yara yana daga cikin farkon maganganun harshen Ingilishi game da' yancin yara. A cikin karni na 20, masu fafutukar kare hakkin yara sun shirya don kare hakkin yara marasa gida da kuma ilimin jama'a. Littafin 1927 na The Child's Right to Respect na Janusz Korczak ya ƙarfafa wallafe-wallafen da ke kewaye da filin, kuma a yau ƙungiyoyin duniya da yawa suna aiki a duniya don inganta haƙƙin yara. A cikin Burtaniya kafa al'umma ta malamai, malamai da ma'aikatan shari'a na matasa, 'yan siyasa da masu ba da gudummawa ga al'adu da ake kira Sabon Ideals a Taron Ilimi (1914-37) sun tsaya ga darajar 'yantar da yaro' kuma sun taimaka wajen bayyana makarantar firamare 'mai kyau' a Ingila har zuwa 80s. Taron su ya yi wa kungiyar UNESCO, New Education Fellowship.

A.S. Neill's 1915 book A Dominie's Log (1915), a diary of a headteacher changing his school to one based on the liberation and happiness of the child, can be seen as a cultural product that celebrates the heroes of this movement.

A cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin yara, akwai muhawara game da ko haƙƙoƙin ya kamata su mai da hankali kan hukumar yara kuma su ba su kayan aiki ko kuma haƙƙoƙinsu ya kamata su jaddada kulawa da kariya daga lahani.

Hamayya

Hamayya da haƙƙin yara ya riga ya wuce duk wani yanayin yanzu a cikin al'umma, tare da bayanan da aka rubuta game da haƙƙin yaran da suka fara daga karni na 13 da baya. Masu adawa da haƙƙin yara sun yi imanin cewa matasa suna buƙatar karewa daga duniyar manya, gami da yanke shawara da alhakin wannan duniyar. A cikin al'umma mai yawan manya, ana tsara ƙuruciya a matsayin lokacin rashin laifi, lokacin da ba shi da alhakin da rikici, da kuma lokacin da wasa ya mamaye. Yawancin 'yan adawa sun samo asali ne daga damuwa da ke da alaƙa da ikon mallakar ƙasa, haƙƙin jihohi, dangantakar iyaye da yaro. An kuma ambaci matsalolin kudi da "ƙididdigar dabi'un gargajiya a adawa da haƙƙin yara". Ma'anar haƙƙin yara ba ta sami kulawa sosai a Amurka ba.

Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa

An ga Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya a matsayin tushen dukkan ka'idojin shari'a na kasa da kasa don' yancin yara a yau. Akwai tarurruka da dokoki da yawa da ke magance haƙƙin yara a duniya. Yawancin takardun yanzu da na tarihi sun shafi waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, gami da sanarwar haƙƙin yaro, wanda Eglantyne Jebb ya tsara a 1923, wanda League of Nations ta amince da shi a 1924 kuma ta sake tabbatar da shi a 1934. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karɓi sigar da aka faɗaɗa kaɗan a 1946, sannan Majalisar Dinkinobho ta karɓa a 1959. Daga baya ya zama tushen Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara.

Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR) a shekarar 1966. ICCPR yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa da kusan dukkanin kasashe a duniya suka amince da ita. Al'umman da suka zama bangarorin jihohi ga Alkawari ana buƙatar su girmamawa da aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin da Alkawari ta bayyana. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki ne a ranar 23 ga Maris 1976. Hakkin da ICCPR ta tsara na duniya ne, don haka suna aiki ga kowa ba tare da bambanci ba kuma wannan ya haɗa da yara. Kodayake yara suna da dukkan hakkoki, wasu hakkoki kamar haƙƙin yin aure da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a sun fara aiki ne kawai bayan yaron ya kai ga balaga.

Wasu hakkoki na yau da kullun da suka shafi yara sun hada da:

• 'Yancin rayuwa
• haƙƙin tsaro na mutum
• 'yancin 'yanci daga azabtarwa
• 'yancin samun' yanci daga zalunci, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa
• haƙƙin rabuwa da manya lokacin da aka tuhume su da laifi, haƙƙin yin hukunci da sauri, da haƙƙin samun magani da ya dace da shekarunsu

Mataki na 24 ya tsara haƙƙin yaro ga kariya ta musamman saboda ƙarancinsa, haƙƙin suna, da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa.

Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara

Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1989 kan 'Yancin Yara, ko CRC, ita ce kayan aiki na farko na kasa da kasa don haɗa dukkan' yancin ɗan adam - na farar hula, al'adu, tattalin arziki, siyasa da na zamantakewa. Kwamitin kan 'Yancin Yara ne ke sa ido kan aiwatar da shi. Gwamnatocin kasa da suka tabbatar da shi sun himmatu ga karewa da tabbatar da haƙƙin yara, kuma sun amince da ɗaukar kansu da alhakin wannan sadaukarwar a gaban al'ummar duniya. CRC ita ce yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam da aka fi amincewa da ita tare da tabbatarwa 196; Amurka ita ce kadai kasar da ba ta tabbatar da ita ba.

CRC ta dogara ne akan ka'idoji guda huɗu: ka'idar rashin nuna bambanci; mafi kyawun bukatun yaro; haƙƙin rayuwa, rayuwa da ci gaba; da kuma la'akari da ra'ayoyin yaro a cikin yanke shawara da ke shafar su, bisa ga shekarunsu da balaga. CRC, tare da hanyoyin aikata laifuka na kasa da kasa kamar Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, Kotun Yugoslavia da Rwanda, da Kotun Musamman ta Saliyo, an ce sun kara yawan bayanan haƙƙin yara a duk duniya.

Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki sun bukaci, a Sashe na II zuwa 47, duk kasashe da su dauki matakan da suka fi dacewa da albarkatun da suke da su, tare da goyon bayan hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa, don cimma burin da ke cikin Shirin Aikin Taron Duniya. Kuma ya yi kira ga Jihohi da su haɗa Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara a cikin shirye-shiryen aikinsu na kasa. Ta hanyar waɗannan shirye-shiryen ayyukan ƙasa da kuma ƙoƙarin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya kamata a sanya fifiko na musamman akan rage yawan mutuwar jarirai da uwaye, rage rashin abinci mai gina jiki da ƙimar jahilci da samar da damar samun ruwan sha mai aminci da ilimi na asali. Duk lokacin da aka kira shi, ya kamata a tsara shirye-shiryen aiki na kasa don yaki da gaggawa mai lalacewa wanda ya haifar da bala'o'i da rikice-rikicen makamai da kuma matsalar yara masu matsanancin talauci. Bugu da ƙari, para 48 ya bukaci dukkan jihohi, tare da goyon bayan hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa, don magance matsalar yara a cikin yanayi mai wahala. Ya kamata a yi yaƙi da cin zarafin yara sosai, gami da magance tushen su. Ana buƙatar matakai masu inganci game da Kisan jarirai mata, aikin yara mai cutarwa, Sayar da yara da gabobin, karuwancin yara, Hotunan batsa na yara, da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafin jima'i. Wannan ya rinjayi karɓar Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Haɗin Yara a cikin Rikicin Makamai da Yarjejeniyar Shaɓuɓɓugar kan Sayar da Yara, Karuwancin Yara da Batsa na Yara.

Matsi

Akwai kungiyoyi da hanyoyin tilasta aiki iri-iri don tabbatar da haƙƙin yara. Sun hada da Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Yara don Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman kan Yara. An kafa shi ne don inganta cikakken aiwatarwa da bin Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an ba da' yancin yara fifiko a lokacin Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman kan Yara da kuma tsarin shiryawa. An kirkiro Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya "tare da fatan cewa za ta iya zama mafi ma'ana, gaskiya da inganci wajen fallasa take hakkin dan adam a duk duniya fiye da Hukumar Kare Hakkin dan Adam da ke da matukar siyasa".Kungiyar NGO don Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba na duniya da aka kafa a 1983 don sauƙaƙe aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan' Yancin Yara.

Dokar ƙasa

Kasashe da yawa a duniya suna da 'yancin yara ko kwamishinonin yara waɗanda jami'in su, aikin gwamnati shine wakiltar bukatun jama'a ta hanyar bincike da magance korafe-korafe da kowane ɗan ƙasa ya bayar game da' yancin yara. Har ila yau, yara na iya aiki ga kamfani, jarida, NGO, ko ma ga jama'a.

Dokar Amurka

Amurka ta sanya hannu amma ba ta tabbatar da CRC ba. A sakamakon haka, ba a aiwatar da haƙƙin yara a cikin Amurka ba.

Ana ba wa yara hakkoki na asali da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya nuna, kamar yadda Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ta tsara. Matsayin Kariya na Daidaitawa na wannan gyare-gyare shine ya shafi yara, waɗanda aka haifa a cikin aure ko a'a, amma ya cire yara da ba a haife su ba. Wannan ya karfafa ta hanyar yanke shawara ta Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta In re Gault (1967). A cikin wannan shari'ar 'yan sanda na yankin sun kama Gerald Gault mai shekaru 15 na Arizona bayan an zarge shi da yin kiran waya mai lalata. An tsare shi kuma ya shiga Makarantar Masana'antu ta Jihar Arizona har sai ya kai shekaru 21 don yin kiran waya ga wani maƙwabci mai girma. A cikin yanke shawara 8-1, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa a cikin sauraron da zai iya haifar da sadaukarwa ga wata hukuma, mutanen da ba su kai shekara 18 ba suna da damar lura da ba da shawara, yin tambayoyi ga shaidu, da kuma kariya daga cin zarafin kansu. Kotun ta gano cewa hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a sauraron Gault ba su cika waɗannan bukatun ba.

Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a cikin shari'ar Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) cewa ɗalibai a makaranta suna da haƙƙin Tsarin Mulki.

Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a cikin shari'ar Roper v. Simmons cewa ba za a iya kashe mutane ba saboda laifuka da aka aikata ba lokacin da ba su kai shekara goma sha takwas ba. Ya yanke hukuncin cewa irin wannan kisa mummunan hukunci ne kuma ba a saba gani ba, don haka sun saba wa Kwaskwarima ta takwas ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka.

Akwai wasu damuwa a Amurka game da haƙƙin yara. Jami'ar Lauyoyin Kwalejin Amurka ta damu da haƙƙin yara ga tsarin iyali mai aminci, mai tallafawa da kwanciyar hankali. Matsayinsu game da haƙƙin yara a cikin shari'o'in tallafi ya bayyana cewa, "yara suna da sha'awar 'yanci ta tsarin mulki a cikin kariya ga iyalansu da aka kafa, haƙƙoƙin da aƙalla daidai da, kuma mun yi imanin sun fi ƙarfin, haƙƙin wasu waɗanda za su yi ikirarin' sha'awar'awar 'mallaka' a cikin waɗannan yara".Sauran batutuwan da aka tayar a cikin kare hakkin yara na Amurka sun hada da haƙƙin yara ga gado a cikin auren jinsi ɗaya da kuma wasu haƙƙoƙi ga matasa.

Dokar Jamus

Wani rahoto da Shugaban Taron INGO na Majalisar Turai, Annelise Oeschger ya gabatar ya gano cewa yara da iyayensu suna ƙarƙashin cin zarafin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai da UNICEF. Abin damuwa na musamman shine hukumar Jamus (da Austrian), Jugendamt (Jamusanci: Ofishin Matasa) wanda sau da yawa ba da izini ga ikon gwamnati ba tare da kulawa ba game da dangantakar iyaye da yaro, wanda ya haifar da lahani ciki har da azabtarwa, ƙasƙanci, zalunci kuma ya haifar da mutuwar yara. Matsalar ta kasance mai rikitarwa ta hanyar kusan "ikon da ba a iyakance ba" na jami'an Jugendamt, ba tare da matakai don sake dubawa ko warware rashin dacewa ko cutarwa ba. Ta hanyar dokar Jamus, ana kare jami'an Jugendamt (JA) daga gurfanar da su. Ana ganin ikon jami'an JA a cikin shari'o'in da ke zuwa kotun iyali inda ƙwararrun jami'an MA masu ilimi ko ƙwararrun zasu iya soke shaidar; A cikin fiye da 90% na shari'oʼin shawarar jami'in JA kotun iyali ta yarda da ita. Jami'ai sun kuma yi watsi da yanke shawara na kotun iyali, kamar lokacin da za su mayar da yara ga iyayensu, ba tare da tasiri ba. Jamus ba ta amince da yanke shawara game da jin dadin yara da Kotun Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yi ba wanda ya nemi karewa ko warware take hakkin yara da iyaye.

Dubi kuma

• Ilimi na haƙƙin yara
• Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam
• Cutar kaciya, kaciya ta tilasta, da Ka'idojin kaciya
• Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ta Yara ta Duniya
• Ka'idojin Jagora na Tsakanin Hukumomi akan Yara marasa Bi da Rabuwa
• Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa don Yara
• Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye
• Ranar Red Hand

Hakkin yara na duniya

• Hakkin yara a Chile
• Hakkin yara a Colombia
• Hakkin yara a Iran
• Hakkin yara a Japan
• Hakkin yara a Mali
• Hakkin yara a Ƙasar Ingila
• Sanarwar 'Yancin Yara