Hausa Ajami
Rubutun Hausan Ajami yana nufin aikin amfani da haruffa da aka samo daga Rubutun Larabci don rubuta Harshen Hausa.[1]
Ajami sunan da aka saba ba da shi ga haruffa da aka samo daga rubutun Larabci don amfani da harsunan Afirka daban-daban, daga Swahili zuwa Hausa, Fulfulde, da Wolof.
Hausa ajami haruffa ne inda ake rubuta sautunan wasali ta amfani da cakuda alamomi da haruffa. Ba kamar harsunan Semitic kamar Larabci waɗanda ke gina kalmomi a kan alamu na consonant don haka yawanci suna ɓoye alamun wasula a cikin rubutun Larabci ba, yana iya zama da wahala a karanta rubutun Hausa ba tare da cikakken bayanin wasula ba, sabili da haka Hausa yana riƙe da duk alamun wasuli a cikin rubutun.
A Nijar da Najeriya, akwai al'adun orthographic guda biyu, kowannensu ya samo asali ne daga ayyukan orthography na Alkur'ani guda biyu.[2] Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ya dogara ne akan karatun Alkur'ani da rubutun masanin addini na ƙarni na 8 Hafs ibn Sulayman, ɗayan ya dogara ne da karatun Alkur"ani da rubutun wani masanin ƙarni na 8, Warsh. Hadisin Hafs shine mafi mashahuri a duk faɗin Duniyar Musulmi, kuma musamman a Misira, Levant, da Yankin Larabawa. Hadisin Warsh shine al'adar ta biyu mafi mashahuri a duk faɗin Duniyar Musulmi, kuma ya shahara musamman a Arewacin Afirka, Yammacin Afirka, da Andalusia. A Nijar da Najeriya, Warsh shine taron orthographic da makarantun Sufi da malamai suka fi so (ciki har da makarantun Tijaniyyah da Qadiriyya), yayin da Hafs shine taron orthopgraphic wanda makarantun Sunni da malamain suka fi so, gami da Salafi Izala Society. Duk da yake a zahiri irin wannan bambanci tsakanin Sufis da Sunnis ba ya wanzu a fannin tauhidi, wannan kyakkyawar kusanci ce game da halin da ake ciki na zamantakewar harshe.[3]
Duk da yake Hafs galibi ana rubuta shi a Naskh, Warsh ana rubuta shi ko dai a Naskh ne, ko kuma a Rubutun Maghrebi, yana bin al'adun Arewacin Afirka, kuma a cikin al'adar calligraphic ta gida.[4]
Daga 'yancin kai na Najeriya har zuwa 2007, an rubuta rubutun Hausa a kan takardun banki Naira na Najeriya a rubutun Warsh. Kafin samun 'yancin kai, takardun banki na Yammacin Afirka na Burtaniya sun haɗa da rubutun Hausa da aka rubuta a rubutun Hafs. [3]
Suna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An yi amfani da sunan 'Ajami' ta hanyar karɓar Rubutun Larabci don rubuta yaren da ba na Larabci ba a Afirka. Asalin, 'Ajami' yana nufin yaren da ba na Larabci ba a Afirka, kamar yadda ya yi a wasu wurare a Duniyar Musulmi ma, tare da Farisa, Turkiyya, Malay, Mutanen Espanya, da sauransu ana kiransu 'Ajami'. Don haka, a Arewacin Najeriya misali, harsuna kamar Hausa da Fulfulde inda ake kira 'harsunan Ajami'. Don haka ta hanyar fadada, ana kiran matani da aka rubuta a cikin irin waɗannan harsuna 'Ajami', kawai ma'anar "baƙo", kuma a rarrabe su daga matani da suka rubuta a Larabci. Amma, a cikin mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya ne aka fassara ra'ayin farko na 'harshe na Ajami' (Hausa, Fulfulde) kuma ya canza zuwa 'Ajami script'. [5][1]
Ya kasance a cikin mahallin wannan ci gaban cewa Mervyn Hiskett ya bayyana cewa 'An rubuta shi [Hausa] yanzu don dalilai na hukuma da na ilimi a cikin rubutun Roman (tare da ƙarin haruffa na musamman guda uku), amma tsohuwar rubutun Larabci (wanda aka sani da ajami) har yanzu ana amfani dashi sosai don wasikun sirri da warƙoƙi na addini'. [1]
A tsawon lokaci, wannan kuskuren da mishaneri na Kirista na Turai, jami'an mulkin mallaka, da masu ilimin Afirka suka yi, malaman da ke magana da harshen Hausa sun karɓa. Misali, sanannen masanin harshe na Hausa, Ibrahim Yaro Yahaya, yana amfani da 'Ajami' ta wannan hanyar.[1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hausa Ajamī, amfani da haruffa na Larabci don rubuce-rubucen da ba na Larabcin ba, an haɓaka shi azaman hanyar magana ta malamai na Islama a cikin jihohin birnin Hausa tun zuwan Islama a yankin ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa na Malian a karni na 14. Kodayake ba a yadu ba, duk da haka ya ba waɗanda suka iya rubutawa a cikin rubutun sa na'urar karatu da rubutu wanda ya ba su damar musayar sadarwa ta rubuce-rubuce, ba tare da kasancewa da ƙwarewa a cikin harshen Larabci ba. Maganar kalmar kanta tana nuna wani Larabawa wanda ba dan asalin ƙasar ba.
Amfani da rubutun Larabci don rubuta harsunan yankin Afirka ta Yamma, gami da Hausa, wanda limaman Islama suka fara a jihohin Hausa tun zuwan Islama a yankin ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa na Malian a karni na 14. Kodayake ba a yi amfani da shi da farko ba, duk da haka ya ba waɗanda suka iya rubutawa a cikin rubutun sa na'urar karatu da rubutu wanda ya ba su damar musayar sadarwa ta rubuce-rubuce, ba tare da kasancewa masu iya rubuce-aikacen Larabci ba. Koyaya, na ƙarni da yawa, Larabci shine harshen wallafe-wallafen jihohin Hausa, kamar yadda aka gani a matsayin babbar hanyar sadarwa. A zahiri, tsawon ƙarni, al'ummar Fulfulde ce ta Arewacin Najeriya da ta rubuta yarensu a cikin 'Ajami script' fiye da al'ummar Hausa ta birane da ƙauyuka.[5][1]
An bayyana rubuce-rubucen Hausa na mulkin mallaka a cikin rubutun Larabci a matsayin mafi yawan wallafe-wallafen Islama, yawanci a cikin aya ba tare da 'musamman ba' na Islama ba' magana, da kuma wasu tarihin tarihi, tatsuniyoyi, hukuma da masu zaman kansu. Amma duk da haka, ci gaban rubutun Hausa Ajami ya ci nasara kuma an ware shi da rinjaye na Larabci.[1][6] Kuma ta haka ne, ba a taɓa daidaita Hausa na mulkin mallaka ba, ba a taba rarraba shi cikin tarurruka guda ɗaya a cikin wallafe-wallafe daban-daban ba. Wani abu da za a iya kammala shi ne cewa, a fannin ƙasa, akwai sanduna biyu na jan hankali a cikin wallafe-wallafen Hausa. Za'a iya bayyana nau'ikan Hausa Ajami iri-iri a matsayin Yamma ko Sokoto-tsakiya kuma kusa da al'adun rubuce-rubuce na yankin Nijar ta Tsakiya. Wani iri-iri, wanda ke zaune a Kano, wanda yayi kama da reshe na al'adar Borno (harshe na Kanuri) Ajami. Dukansu biyu an nuna su ba kawai a cikin takamaiman tarurruka na rubutun su ba, har ma a cikin salon rubuce-rubucen su. Wannan bambancin ya kasance a cikin karni na 19 da 20, tare da ci gaban al'adun orthographic guda biyu, Warsh da Hafs.[6]
Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da Jamus na Afirka ta Yamma, kuma musamman mamayewar masu wa'azi na Kirista, daidai da Fula Jihads da ci gaban wallafe-wallafen da aka kawo ta hanyar karfafa Khalifancin Sokoto, ya haifar da farkon 'zamanin zinariya na Ajami', a lokacin da rubuce-rubucen Hausa na Larabci ke ' bunƙasa a cikin karni na 19 kuma suna ci gaba zuwa cikin 20', kafin yanke shawara na hukumomin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya don Romanize harshen Hausa a cikin 1930. A gefe guda, malaman Islama da sarakunan yankin sun dogara sosai ga rubutun Larabci na Hausa don sadarwa da bayyana adabi. A gefe guda, bukatun bureaucratic na lokacin, sun tilasta wa masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka na tsakiya su dogara da Ajami Hausa. Kuma na uku, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje sun yi tunanin cewa yin amfani da Ajami don rubutu da sadarwa a cikin yaren yankin zai fi sauƙaƙa yaduwar aikinsu kuma zai fi dacewa ya haɗa su da jama'ar Hausa.[1]
Duk da rashin jin daɗi na ma'aikatan gwamnati, 'yan asalin mulkin mallaka da bayan' yancin kai, kuma duk da yaduwar haruffa na Latin ta hanyar ilimi na duniya, masu wa'azi na Kirista sun ci gaba da sha'awar rubutun Ajami a matsayin daya daga cikin hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin Hausa. A cikin karni na 20 da 21, an samar da litattafan Kirista daban-daban a Ajami, gami da fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta 2020 zuwa rubutun Ajami Hausa.[1][7]
Harshen haruffa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamar yadda ba a taɓa gane rubutun Hausa Ajami ba kuma an tsara shi a hukumance, ba a taɓa yin ƙa'ida ba game da yarjejeniyar haɗin kai. Daidaita haruffa a cikin Ajami ya faru a tsawon lokaci kuma a matakai daban-daban, tare da hadisai na Ajami makwabta, da kuma abubuwan waje.[1][6]
Misali, wasula a cikin rubutun Hausa Ajami, gami da wakilcin wasula [e], da bambancin gajeren wasula da dogon wasula, suna ɗaya daga cikin fannoni na farko da za a haɗa su da daidaita su. Consonants a gefe guda, musamman haruffa consonant don wakiltar sautunan da ba su wanzu a Larabci ba, sun ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo don zama daidaitattun. Har ma an kirkiro wasu sabbin haruffa a ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, kuma saboda tasirin kai tsaye na haruffa na Boko (haruffa na Latin). Misali, yayin da a ba a rubuce, sautuna [b] da [ɓ] na iya kasancewa ana rubuta su da hali ɗaya ba ' ', shine sabon abu na gabatar da harafin daban a cikin haruffa na Latin wanda ya haifar da motsawa ga malaman da ke rubutawa a cikin rubutun Ajami, don ƙirƙirar da gabatar da harajin Ajami daban don sauti daban.[6]
Wasiƙu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin haruffa na Hausa Ajami, a cikin al'adun Warsh da Hafs. Beige yana nuna alamun haruffa waɗanda ake amfani da su kawai don rubuta kalmomin aro na asalin Larabci ko Turai. Green haskaka alamun haruffa waɗanda sune sababbin abubuwa na rubutun Hausa kuma ba a amfani da su a cikin Harshen Larabci.
Wasula
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hausa yana da sautuna biyar na asali, kowannensu yana da gajeren rubutu mai tsawo. Har ila yau, akwai ƙarin maganganu biyu. Waɗannan su ne [a], [e], [i], [o], [u] da takwarorinsu masu tsawo. Yana buƙatar a lura cewa wasula [o] da [e] kusan koyaushe suna cikin dogon tsari, kuma da wuya a cikin gajeren tsari.[6]
A cikin Rubutun Latin na yau da kullun, ba a rarrabe gajerun sautin da tsawo ba. Saboda haka ana nuna tsawon wasula ne kawai a cikin rubutun Latin ko phonemic. Koyaya, a cikin rubutun Ajami, koyaushe ana rubuta su. Koyaya, a cikin furcin magana, bambancin tsakanin tsawon wasula yana da mahimmanci, kuma bambanci a cikin tsawon wasula ya canza ma'anar kalma. Dole ne a lura da tsawo na wasula idan mai magana yana so ya isar da ma'anar da ta dace a cikin Hausa. Rashin kiyaye shi na iya sa maganarsa ba ta da ma'ana. A mafi kyau, irin wannan gazawar na iya ba da shawarar ga mai sauraron Hausa cewa batun ko dai sabon abu ne a cikin harshe ko kuma wanda aka azabtar da lahani na magana. Don haka, a wannan bangaren, an rubuta Hausa daidai a cikin Ajami fiye da rubutun Latin.[9]
Harshen Hausa kuma yare ne na sauti. Kowane ɗayan wasula guda biyar na iya samun sautin ƙasa, sautin sama ko sautin da ke fadowa. Amma an cire sautuna kuma ba a rubuta su ba, ko a cikin Rubutun Latin na yau da kullun ko a cikin Ajami.
Ganin cewa a cikin Larabci, akwai 3 diacritics daidai da wasula [a], [u], [i]; Hausa yana da wasula na asali 5. Ana rubuta wasula iri ɗaya a cikin al'adun Warsh da Hafs na Hausa Ajami.
A cikin Hausa, ana nuna wasula [a] kamar yadda zai kasance a cikin Larabci, tare da alamar fatha 'XA'. Ana nuna dogon wasali [aː] ta hanyar rubuta Alif wanda ya gaji harafin da kuma alamar 'ـَا'.[8]
A cikin rubutun Hausa Ajami, babu bambanci tsakanin [o] da [u]. Dukansu an nuna su tare da alamar damma 'Zan'. Wasu harsuna a Yammacin Afirka, musamman a Yammacin Sahel, suna da bambanci, inda aka yi alama da wasula [o] tare da damma mai juyawa, amma wannan ba haka ba ne a cikin Hausa. Tsawon wasula [oː] da [uː] ana nuna su ta hanyar rubuta waw wanda ya gaji harafin da kuma alamar 'ـُو'. Akwai wasu yunkurin kirkirar yarjejeniya don nuna wasula [o] a cikin Hausa Ajami a cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20, amma waɗannan ba su kama ba. A cikin Hausa, wasula [o] kusan koyaushe yana cikin tsari mai tsawo. A matsayi na ƙarshe, ana rarrabe dogon wasali [oː] daga dogon wasali[uː], ta hanyar rubuta ƙarin alif + sukun diacritic 'ـُواْ'. Fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Hausa na 2020 yana amfani da alif + sukun diacritic a matsayi na tsakiya. Wasu wasu rubuce-rubuce sun sanya sukun a kan waw 'ـُوْ' wanda aka rubuta a zaɓi.[7][6][8]
A cikin Hausa, ana rarrabe wasula [i] da [e], wasula da aka nuna tare da kasra diacritic 'Xia', yayin da [e] aka nuna tare le alamar alamar sautin, wanda aka sani da Imāla. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, rubutun Hausa Ajami ya samo asali ne daga al'adun karatun Alkur'ani na Warsh. A cikin Warsh, akwai instnaces inda, bisa ga Tsohon Larabci, ana ɗaga wasula [a] kuma an motsa shi zuwa gaba, kuma ana furta shi kusan a matsayin [e]. An yi alama da wannan a cikin rubutun Alkur'ani na Warsh, tare da alamar tafiya.[6][8]
Ana nuna dogon wasali [iː] ta hanyar rubuta ya wanda ya gaji harafin da kuma alamar 'ـِیـ ـِی'. Ana ɗaukar wasula [e] a matsayin wasula mai haɗuwa [a+i] a cikin al'adar karatun Kur'ani na Warsh. Don haka ana nuna dogon wasali [eː] ta hanyar haɗuwa da ya + superscript alif 'ــ́́́ىٰــــىٰ'.
Wasula a farkon kalma (ko a tsakiyar kalma, amma a farkon syllable) suna buƙatar harafi don aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar diacritic, kuma a cikin Hausa, wannan harafin mai ɗaukar yana da sauti [ʔ]. Duk da yake wasikar da ake tsammani don wannan rawar ita ce Alif 'ا', a cikin Hausa, a wasu rubuce-rubuce da kuma wasu wasula, ana amfani da wasikar 'ع'. Tebur da ke ƙasa ya kwatanta sautunan farko na kalma tare da Alif a matsayin mai ɗaukar sa.
| A | E | Na | O | U |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gajerun sautin | ||||
| Tsawon Sautin | ||||
Tebur da ke ƙasa yana nuna sautunan kalma-tsakiya a cikin Hausa.
| a | da kuma | i | o | u |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gajerun sautin | ||||
| Tsawon Sautin | ||||
Tebur da ke ƙasa yana nuna wasula na ƙarshe a cikin Hausa.
| a | da kuma | i | o | u |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gajerun sautin | ||||
| Tsawon Sautin | ||||
Diphthong
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai maganganu biyu a cikin Hausa, wanda aka wakilta a cikin Latin ta au da ai.[10] Kamar yadda Hausa phonotactics ya nuna, babu wata wasali a cikin diphthong mai tsawo. Wadannan diphthongs an rubuta su da haruffa waw da ya bi da bi, tare da sukun ko zero-vowel diacritic a saman:
| Latin | Ajami | Misali | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | Ajami | ||
| -a- | Hausa | ||
| -ai- | Taimako | ||
Palatalization da labialization
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai haruffa uku a cikin Hausa wanda zai iya zama ƙarƙashin palatalization (ƙaddamarwa ta biyu na sauti 'y' [j]) ko Labialization (ƙiddamarwa ta ƙarshe na sauti [w]". Waɗannan su ne 'G g / غ', 'K k / ک', da kuma ' Ƙ ƙ / Ō'. A cikin haruffa na Boko, ana amfani da digraphs, hada waɗannan haruffa tare da ko dai 'y' ko 'w'. A cikin Ajami, an halicci sabbin haruffa, tare da maki 3, don wannan dalili. Palatalization da labialization suna rarrabewa ta hanyar diacritic a saman waɗannan haruffa na musamman, fatha diacritic 'Zā' da damma diacritic' bi da bi,da kuma ta hanyar ko waɗannan haruffan suna biye da waw ko y. A cikin Hausa, a mafi yawan lokuta amma ba duk lokuta ba, waɗannan sautunan palatized da labialized suna biyewar [a]. A cikin Ajami, don haka, an sauke alamar [a] mai zuwa. Don haka, idan waɗannan haruffa za a bi su da wata wasali daban ban da [a], ana sanya alamar a kan wasikar da ta biyo baya.
| Ya kasance | gwa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ƙya | ƙwa | ||||
| kya | kwa |
Rubuce-rubuce
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin alamun Hausa Ajami suna kama da Larabci, Farisa, da sauran harsuna da ke amfani da rubutun Larabci.
Bambanci kawai shine, na wani lokaci, Hausa Ajami yana amfani da maɓallin Kur'ani uku 'ang' a maimakon maɓallin guda ɗaya.
Samfurori na rubutu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mataki na 1 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights: [11][12]
| Fassara | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dukkanin 'yan adam an haife su da 'yanci kuma daidai ne a cikin mutunci da haƙƙoƙi. Suna da hankali da lamiri kuma ya kamata suyi aiki da juna cikin ruhun 'yan uwantaka. | |||
| Latin | Su dai 'yan-adam, ana haifuwarsu ne duka 'yantattu, kuma kowannensu na da mutunci da hakkoki daidai da na kowa. Suna da hankali da tunani, saboda haka duk abin da za su aikata wa juna, ya kamata su yi shi a cikin 'yan-uwanci. | ||
| Ajami (Naskh) (Hafs) | Sُنَکَلِي دَ تُنَد حَکَدَدَا دَکَدا دَکْدَد] أَبِنْدَدا د.__hau____hau____hau__ | ||
| Ajami (Naskh) (Warsh) | Sُنَکَلِی دَ تُنَانَ سَبُوْدَ حَکَا دُکْدَدَدۆَدۆْدۆَا دَدۆ]__hau____hau____hau__ | ||
| Ajami (Hausa Calligraphy) (Warsh) | Sُنَکَلِی دَ تُنَانَ سَبُوْدَ حَکَا دُکْدَدَدۆَدۆْدۆَا دَدۆ]__hau____hau____hau__ | ||
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Dobronravine, N., Philips, J.E., 2004. Hausa ajami literature and script: colonial innovations and post-colonial myths in northern Nigeria. Lang. Africa 15, 85–110. Retrieved from. . (PDF Access)
- ↑ A.Brockett, Studies in Two Transmission of the Qur'an, doctorate thesis, University of St. Andrews,Scotland, 1984, p.138
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Warren-Rothlin, Andy. 2012. Arabic script in modern Nigeria . In Roger M. Blench and Stuart McGill (eds.), Advances in minority language research in Nigeria, Vol. I. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe, 105-121. Rüdiger Köppe. (PDF Access)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Evans, Lorna Priest. Warren-Rothlin, Andy. (2018, 26 April) Proposal to encode additional Arabic script characters for Hausa to the UCS.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Uba Adamu, Aballa. (2023, September) The Gutenberg Principle: Hausa Digital Alàr̃ammà and Ajamīzation of Knowledge. Bayero University Kano, Nigeria. Published for Conference on Arabic in Africa: Historical and Sociolinguistic perspectives, University of Bayreuth, Germany.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Bondarev, Dmitry and Dobronravin, Nikolay and Bondarev, Dmitry and Gori, Alessandro and Souag, Lameen. Standardisation Tendencies in Kanuri and Hausa Ajami Writings. 2019. DOI: 10.1515/9783110639063-010
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Genesis 1. Ajami-script Hausa. Hausa Common Language Ajami Bible © The Bible Society of Nigeria, 2020 https://www.bible.com/bible/3307/GEN.1.HAUAS
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Hausa (Ajami) orthography notes".
- ↑ Na’Allah, A. R. (1991). Vowel length in Hausa. The Language Learning Journal, 3(1), 84–85. DOI:10.1080/09571739185200291
- ↑ BASICS OF HAUSA PHONOLOGY. (2015) Russell G. Schuh. UCLA
- ↑ Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Hausa edition https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hausa.htm
- ↑ Robinson, Charles Henry. (1899) Hausa-English Dictionary, in both Latin and Ajami, Vol 1. https://archive.org/details/dictionaryhausa01englgoog/page/n2/mode/2up
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Robinson, Charles Henry. (1899) Hausa-English Dictionary, a cikin Latin da Ajami, Vol 1. https://archive.org/details/dictionaryhausa01englgoog/page/n2/mode/2up
- Ajami-script Hausa fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki. Harshen Hausa na yau da kullun Ajami Bible © The Bible Society of Nigeria, 2020 LinkHaɗin kai
- Haɗakarwa ta Hausa Ajami na Littafin Farawa a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki Link da Link (Archive)
- Rubutun Hausa Ajami na Littafin Luka a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki (Archive)
- Littattafan Jami'ar Boston na Hausa Ajami.
- Jagoran Geomancy a cikin Hausa Ajami LinkHaɗin kai
- Fassarar littafin Muammar Gaddafi mai suna The Green Book zuwa rubutun Hausa Ajami LinkHaɗin kai