Magunguna

Magunguna
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	process (en)
Hannun riga da	depathologization (en)

Likitan Sir Luke Fildes (1891)

magunguna shine kimiyya da kuma aiki na kula da marasa lafiya, sarrafa ganewar asali, hangen nesa, rigakafi, magani da kuma warware rauni su ko Cutar, yayin inganta lafiyarsu su. Magunguna sun ƙunshi ayyuka daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka samo asali don kiyayewa da dawo da lafiya ta hanyar rigakafi da maganin rashin lafiya da kamuwa da cuta. Magungunan zamani suna amfani da kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, bincike na kiwon lafiya (biomedical research), kwayoyin halitta, da Fasahar kiwon lafiya don ganowa, magancewa, da hana rauni da cututtuka, yawanci ta hanyar magunguna daban-daban ko tiyata, amma kuma ta hanyar warkewa kamar su psychotherapy, splints na waje da traction, na'urorin kiwon lafiya.

An yi amfani da magani tun zamanin da, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta fasaha ce (fannin kerawa da fasaha), wanda ke da alaƙa da imani na addini da falsafa na al'adun gida. Misali, likitan zai shafa ganye ya yi addu'o'i don warkarwa, ko kuma tsohon masanin falsafa da likita zai yi amfani da zubar jini bisa ga ka'idojin barkwanci, ko barkwanci guda huɗu . A cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan nan, tun bayan zuwan kimiyyar zamani, yawancin magani ya zama haɗin fasaha da kimiyya (duka na asali da na amfani, a ƙarƙashin laima na kimiyyar likitanci ). Misali, yayin da dabarun dinki don dinki fasaha ce da aka koya ta hanyar aiki, ilimin abin da ke faruwa a matakin ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin kyallen da ake dinka yana tasowa ta hanyar kimiyya.

Nau'o'in magani na farko-farko, waɗanda yanzu aka sani da maganin gargajiya ko maganin gargajiya, suna ci gaba da amfani da su ba tare da maganin kimiyya ba, don haka ana kiransu madadin magani . Sauran hanyoyin magani a waje da maganin kimiyya tare da damuwa game da ɗabi'a, aminci da inganci ana kiransu da sihiri ko kuma waɗanda suka dogara da kimiyya mai zurfi .  

Asalin Ma'anar

Magunguna (UK: /ˈmɛdsɪn/ i, US: /ˈmeredɪsɪn/i) kimiyya ce da jiki ganewar asali, hangen nesa, magani, da rigakafi Cutar. Kalmar "magunguna" ta samo asali ne daga Latin medicus, ma'ana " likita". Kalmar "physical" kanta, daga abin da "physician" ya samo asali, tsohuwar kalmar ce ga abin da yanzu ake kira magani, da kuma fagen magani.

Aikin asibiti

Elizabeth Blackwell, likita mace ta farko a Amurka ta kammala karatunta daga SUNY Upstate (1847)

Samuwar likitanci da kuma aikin asibiti sun bambanta a faɗin duniya saboda bambancin yanki a al'adu da fasaha . Maganin kimiyya na zamani ya bunƙasa sosai kuma ya yaɗu a ƙasashen Yammacin duniya, yayin da a wasu yankuna masu ƙarancin albarkatu - ciki har da sassan Afirka, Tsibirin Pacific na Oceania, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, da Latin Amurka - al'umma galibi sun fi dogara da maganin gargajiya . Waɗannan hanyoyin sun ƙunshi tsarin horo na rarrabawa kuma sun bambanta sosai a cikin tallafin gwaji; saboda haka, ƙila ba su da kulawar ƙa'idoji ko shaida mai ƙarfi don ingancin asibiti.

A cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, ba a amfani da maganin da ke tushen shaida (EBM) a duk faɗin duniya a aikin asibiti; misali, wani bincike na wallafe-wallafen da aka gudanar a shekarar 2007 ya gano cewa kusan kashi 49% na hanyoyin magani ba su da isassun shaidu don tallafawa ko dai fa'ida ko cutarwa. Duk da haka, likitocin da suka yi amfani da maganin ba tare da tabbas ba tare da isasshen hujja, bayyana gaskiya, ko yarda da marasa lafiya na iya karya ƙa'idar ilimin halittar jiki ta rashin cin zarafi, babban ka'idar ɗabi'ar likitanci da ke da alaƙa da rantsuwar Hippocratic, wacce ke jaddada babban aikin "da farko, kada a cutar da kowa."

A cikin aikin asibiti na zamani, likitoci da masu aikin matsakaici kamar mataimakan likitoci suna tantance marasa lafiya da kansu don gano cutar, gano ta, magance ta, da kuma hana ta ta amfani da hukuncin asibiti. Haɗuwa ta farko da majiyyaci yawanci tana farawa ne da sake duba tarihin lafiyar majiyyaci da tarihin lafiyarsa, sannan sai a yi hira da likita da kuma gwajin jiki . Ana amfani da na'urorin likitanci na asali (misali, stethoscope, mai rage harshe ) yawanci. Bayan an duba alamun cutar da kuma yin tambayoyi don alamun cutar, likita zai iya yin odar gwaje-gwajen likita (misali, gwaje-gwajen jini ), ɗaukar biopsy, ko kuma rubuta magunguna ko wasu hanyoyin magani. Hanyoyin ganewar asali daban-daban suna taimakawa wajen kawar da yanayi bisa ga bayanin da aka bayar. A lokacin haɗuwa, sanar da majiyyaci yadda ya kamata game da duk abubuwan da suka dace muhimmin ɓangare ne na dangantakar da kuma haɓaka aminci a cikin mahallin dangantakar likita da majiyyaci . Sannan ana rubuta haɗuwar likita a cikin bayanan likita, wanda takarda ce ta shari'a a cikin yankuna da yawa. Haɗuwar bibiya na iya zama gajeru amma ana bin wannan tsari na gabaɗaya, kuma ƙwararru suna bin irin wannan tsari. Ganewar cutar da kuma maganinta na iya ɗaukar mintuna kaɗan ko makonni kaɗan, ya danganta da sarkakiyar matsalar.

Abubuwan da aka tattauna a hirar likita da kuma haɗuwarsu sune:

• Babban ƙara (CC): dalilin ziyarar likita a yanzu. Waɗannan su ne alamomin . Suna cikin kalmomin majiyyaci kuma an rubuta su tare da tsawon lokacin kowanne. Hakanan ana kiransa babban damuwa ko gabatar da ƙara .
• Ayyukan da ake yi a yanzu: aiki, abubuwan sha'awa, abin da majiyyaci ke yi a zahiri a fannin sana'a da kuma wanda ba na sana'a ba.
• Tarihin iyali (FH): jerin cututtuka a cikin iyali waɗanda zasu iya shafar majiyyaci. Wani lokaci ana amfani da bishiyar iyali .
• Tarihin rashin lafiyar da ake da ita a yanzu (HPI): tsarin abubuwan da suka faru na alamun cutar da kuma ƙarin bayani game da kowace alama. An bambanta shi da tarihin rashin lafiyar da ta gabata, wanda galibi ake kira tarihin likita na baya (PMH). Tarihin lafiya ya ƙunshi HPI da PMH.
• Magunguna (Rx): magungunan da majiyyaci ke sha, gami da magungunan da aka rubuta, waɗanda ba a rubuta su ba, da kuma magungunan gida, da kuma magungunan ganye ko magunguna . Haka kuma ana rubuta rashin lafiyar jiki .
• Tarihin likita na baya (PMH/PMHx): matsalolin lafiya a lokaci guda, asibiti da tiyata a baya, raunuka, cututtukan da suka gabata ko allurar rigakafi, tarihin rashin lafiyar da aka sani.
• Bitar Tsarin (ROS) ko Binciken Tsarin : tarin ƙarin tambayoyi da za a yi, waɗanda za a iya rasa su akan HPI: tambaya ta gabaɗaya (shin kun lura da wani raguwar nauyi, canjin yanayin barci, zazzaɓi, kumburi da kumburi? da sauransu), sannan sai tambayoyi kan manyan tsarin gabobin jiki ( zuciya, huhu, hanyar narkewar abinci, hanyar fitsari, da sauransu).
• Tarihin zamantakewa (SH): wurin haihuwa, gidaje, tarihin aure, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, halaye (gami da abinci, magunguna, taba, barasa).

Gwajin jiki shine gwajin majiyyaci don gano alamun cutar da ake iya gani da ido, sabanin alamomin da majiyyaci ya bayar da kansu kuma ba lallai bane a iya ganinsu da ido ba. Mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya yana amfani da gani, ji, taɓawa, da kuma wani lokacin wari (misali, a cikin kamuwa da cuta, uremia, ciwon suga ketoacidosis ). Ayyuka guda huɗu sune tushen gwajin jiki: dubawa, taɓawa (ji), bugun zuciya (taɓawa don tantance halayen amsawa), da kuma sauraro (saurare), gabaɗaya a cikin wannan tsari, kodayake audition yana faruwa kafin bugun zuciya da taɓawa don kimanta ciki.

Gwajin asibiti ya ƙunshi nazarin:

• Ciki da dubura
• Zuciya da jijiyoyin jini ( cardiovascular tract )
• Bayyanar gaba ɗaya na majiyyaci da takamaiman alamun cutar (yanayin abinci mai gina jiki, kasancewar jaundice, fatar jiki ko kuma clubing )
• Genitalia (da kuma ciki idan mara lafiyar yana da ciki ko kuma yana iya zama mai ciki)
• Kai, ido, kunne, hanci, da makogwaro ( HEENT )
• Musculoskeletal (gami da kashin baya da gaɓoɓi)
• Jijiyoyin jijiyoyi (sani, sani, kwakwalwa, gani, jijiyoyin kwanyar, kashin baya da jijiyoyin gefe )
• Ilimin halin dan Adam (hanyar fahimta, yanayin tunani, yanayi, shaidar fahimta ko tunani mara kyau).
• Numfashi (manyan hanyoyin iska da huhu )
• Fata
• Alamomi masu mahimmanci waɗanda suka haɗa da tsayi, nauyi, zafin jiki, hawan jini, bugun jini, saurin numfashi, da kuma cikar iskar oxygen ta haemoglobin

Zai yiwu a mayar da hankali kan fannoni masu ban sha'awa da aka ambata a cikin tarihin likitanci kuma ƙila ba za a haɗa da duk abin da aka lissafa a sama ba.

Tsarin magani na iya haɗawa da yin odar ƙarin gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita da nazarin hotunan likita, fara magani, tura zuwa ga ƙwararre, ko lura da ido. Ana iya ba da shawarar a ci gaba da bin diddigin lamarin. Dangane da tsarin inshorar lafiya da tsarin kulawa da aka gudanar, nau'ikan " bitar amfani ", kamar izinin gwaje-gwaje a baya, na iya sanya shinge kan samun ayyuka masu tsada.

Tsarin yanke shawara kan lafiya (MDM) ya haɗa da nazari da haɗa dukkan bayanan da ke sama don samar da jerin cututtukan da za a iya ganowa (bambancin ganewar asali), tare da ra'ayin abin da ake buƙatar yi don samun ingantaccen ganewar asali wanda zai bayyana matsalar majiyyaci.

A ziyara ta gaba, ana iya maimaita wannan tsari ta hanyar taƙaitacce don samun duk wani sabon tarihi, alamu, abubuwan da aka gano a jiki, sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje ko hotunan hoto, ko kuma shawarwarin ƙwararru.

Cibiyoyi

Asibitin Santa Maria della Scala, fresco ta Domenico di Bartolo, 1441-1442

Gabaɗaya, ana gudanar da maganin zamani a cikin tsarin kula da lafiya . Gwamnatoci daban-daban ne ke kafa tsarin shari'a, takardar shaida, da kuma tsarin kuɗi, waɗanda ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar majami'u, ke ƙarawa a wasu lokutan. Halayen kowane tsarin kiwon lafiya yana da tasiri sosai kan yadda ake samar da kulawar lafiya.

Tun zamanin da, fifita Kiristoci kan ayyukan agaji ya haifar da ci gaban aikin jinya da asibitoci na yau da kullun, kuma Cocin Katolika a yau ta kasance babbar mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya wanda ba na gwamnati ba a duniya. Ƙasashen masana'antu masu ci gaba (banda Amurka ) da ƙasashe masu tasowa da yawa suna ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ta hanyar tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya wanda ke da nufin tabbatar da kulawa ga kowa ta hanyar tsarin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya ko inshorar lafiya ta dole ko ta haɗin gwiwa. An yi nufin wannan don tabbatar da cewa dukkan jama'a suna da damar samun kulawar likita bisa ga buƙata maimakon ikon biya. Isarwa na iya kasancewa ta hanyar ayyukan likita masu zaman kansu, asibitoci da asibitoci mallakar gwamnati, ko ƙungiyoyin agaji, galibi haɗuwa da duka ukun.

Yawancin al'ummomin ƙabilu ba sa ba da garantin kiwon lafiya ga jama'a gaba ɗaya. A cikin irin waɗannan al'ummomi, kiwon lafiya yana samuwa ga waɗanda za su iya biyan kuɗinsa, ko kuma waɗanda suka yi inshorar kansu (ko dai kai tsaye ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwangilar aiki), ko kuma gwamnati ko ƙabila za ta iya ɗaukar nauyin kula da kai tsaye.

Ampoules na zamani na magunguna

Bayyanar bayanai wani abu ne da ke bayyana tsarin isar da sako. Samun bayanai kan yanayi, jiyya, inganci, da farashi yana da matuƙar tasiri ga zaɓin marasa lafiya/masu amfani, saboda haka, ƙarfafa gwiwar ƙwararrun likitoci. Duk da cewa tsarin kiwon lafiya na Amurka ya fuskanci suka saboda rashin buɗe ido, sabuwar doka na iya ƙarfafa buɗe ido. Akwai rashin jituwa tsakanin buƙatar bayyana gaskiya da damuwa kan sirrin marasa lafiya da kuma amfani da bayanan likita ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a kasuwanci. Masu fafutuka sun yi jayayya cewa buɗe ido yana taimaka wa marasa lafiya su yanke shawara mai ma'ana, yayin da masu suka suka yi gargaɗin cewa yana iya fallasa bayanan sirri da kuma gayyatar cin zarafin masu inshora, ma'aikata, ko masu tallatawa. Daidaita alhakin da sirri ya kasance babban ƙalubale.

Ƙwararrun likitocin da ke ba da kulawa a fannin likitanci sun ƙunshi sana'o'i da yawa, kamar likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, likitocin motsa jiki, da kuma masana halayyar ɗan adam . Waɗannan sana'o'in za su sami nasu ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, ilimin ƙwararru, da kuma jiki. An fahimci sana'ar likitanci daga mahangar zamantakewa .

Isarwa

An rarraba bayar da kulawar lafiya zuwa nau'ikan kula da lafiya na farko, na sakandare, da na gaba da sakandare.

Ma'aikatan jinya a Kokopo, Gabashin New Britain, Papua New Guinea

Likitoci, mataimakan likitoci, masu aikin jinya, ko wasu ƙwararrun likitoci ne ke bayar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na farko waɗanda suka fara hulɗa da majiyyaci da ke neman magani ko kulawa. Waɗannan suna faruwa ne a ofisoshin likitoci, asibitoci, asibitoci, gidajen jinya, makarantu, gidajen marasa lafiya, da kuma wasu wurare waɗanda galibi suna kusa da inda marasa lafiya ke zaune, aiki ko karatu. Kimanin kashi 90% na ziyarar likita ana iya magance su cikin gamsuwa da inganci ta hanyar masu ba da kulawa ta farko. Ziyarar kulawa ta farko na iya haɗawa da maganin ƙananan cututtuka, masu tsanani ko na yau da kullun, kulawar rigakafi, da ilimin lafiya . Kulawar farko tana kan lafiyar dukkan al'umma don haka masu ba da kulawa suna kula da marasa lafiya na kowane zamani da jinsi.

Kwararrun likitoci ne ke bayar da ayyukan kula da lafiya na sakandare a ofisoshinsu, asibitoci ko asibitoci, ko a asibitocin al'umma na gida, ga marasa lafiya da mai ba da kulawa ta farko ya tura waɗanda suka fara gano cutar ko suka yi wa majinyaci magani. 'Tuntuɓi' ana yin su ne daga waɗanda suka buƙaci ƙwarewa ta musamman, ko takamaiman hanyoyin da kwararru ke yi. Ayyukan kula da lafiya na sakandare sun haɗa da kula da marasa lafiya a asibiti da ayyukan asibiti, sassan gaggawa, wasu magungunan kulawa mai zurfi, wasu tiyata da sauran ayyuka, jiyya ta jiki, nakasa da haihuwa, sassan endoscopy, ayyukan dakin gwaje-gwaje da hotunan likita, cibiyoyin kula da marasa lafiya, da sauransu ya danganta da tsarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya da ake bayarwa. Wasu masu ba da kulawa ta farko kuma suna iya kula da marasa lafiya da ke asibiti da kuma haihuwar jarirai a wani wuri na biyu na kulawa.

Ana bayar da ayyukan kula da lafiya na gaba da sakandare ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin kwararru na masu ba da sabis a manyan asibitoci ko cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na yanki, waɗanda ke da kayan aikin bincike da magani waɗanda ba a saba samu a asibitoci na gida (sau da yawa ƙananan). Wannan yana ba da damar kulawa da kula da marasa lafiya da ke da yanayi mai rikitarwa ko gaggawa ko mai tsanani, wanda hakan na iya buƙatar ƙarin ƙwarewa (gami da ƙungiyoyi masu fannoni da yawa) da albarkatu (kayayyaki, ma'aikata, kwanakin kwanciya) don magancewa yadda ya kamata. Kulawa ta gaba na iya haɗawa da waɗanda ake bayarwa a cibiyoyin kula da ƙonewa ko raunuka, ayyukan sashen kula da jarirai na gaba, dashen gabobi, ɗaukar ciki mai haɗari da haihuwa, cutar kansa ta radiation, da sauran nau'ikan kulawa ta musamman da ta musamman.

Kula da lafiya ta zamani ya dogara ne akan adanawa da amfani da bayanai, gami da game da wani majiyyaci - har yanzu ana adana su a wurare da yawa na kiwon lafiya a kan takardun 'bayanan likita', amma a zamanin yau ana ƙara samun su ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin lantarki .

A ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi, kiwon lafiya na zamani yakan yi tsada sosai ga talakawa. Masu bincike kan manufofin kiwon lafiya na duniya sun ba da shawarar cewa a cire "kuɗin mai amfani" a waɗannan fannoni don tabbatar da samun dama; duk da haka, koda an cire nauyin kuɗin marasa lafiya, akwai manyan kuɗaɗe da shinge ga talakawa da marasa lafiya wajen samun isasshen kulawa.

Raba takardar magani da kuma bayar da magani aiki ne a fannin likitanci da kantin magani inda likitan da ke ba da takardar magani ya bambanta da mai sayar da magani wanda ke ba wa majiyyaci maganin da aka rubuta . A duniyar Yamma akwai ƙarnoni na al'adu da ayyuka da ke bambanta masu sayar da magani da likitoci, kuma an haɓaka sana'o'i biyu daban-daban. A ƙasashen Asiya da yawa, a gefe guda, al'ada ce ga likitoci su kai magunguna kai tsaye ga marasa lafiya, aƙalla a wasu lokuta. Ana kuma amfani da wannan samfurin a ƙasashen yamma: musamman ga yanayin da aka yi wa magani mai sauƙi (misali, waɗanda ke buƙatar maganin rigakafi na gama gari), a wurare masu nisa, tare da al'ummomin marasa lafiya masu rauni, da kuma a ƙananan wuraren kiwon lafiya ko na haɗin gwiwa.

Reshe

Zane daga Marguerite Martyn (1918) na wata ma'aikaciyar jinya da ta ziyarce ta a St. Louis, Missouri, tare da magani da jarirai

Tare da haɗin gwiwa a matsayin ƙungiya mai fannoni daban-daban, ƙwararrun likitoci da yawa waɗanda suka sami horo sosai suna shiga cikin samar da kulawar lafiya ta zamani. Misalai sun haɗa da: ma'aikatan jinya, ƙwararrun likitoci na gaggawa da ma'aikatan jinya, masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje, masu harhada magunguna, likitocin ƙafa, masu ilimin motsa jiki, masu ilimin numfashi, masu ilimin magana, masu ilimin motsa jiki na aiki, masu nazarin rediyo, masu nazarin abinci, da injiniyoyin halittu, masana kimiyyar lissafi, likitocin tiyata, mataimakin likitan tiyata, masanin fasaha na tiyata .

Fannin ilimin da ke ƙarƙashin maganin ɗan adam ya shafi fannoni da dama. Majinyaci da aka kwantar a asibiti yawanci yana ƙarƙashin kulawar wata ƙungiya ta musamman bisa ga babbar matsalar da ke tattare da shi, misali, ƙungiyar likitocin zuciya, waɗanda daga nan za su iya hulɗa da wasu ƙwararru, misali, tiyata, radiology, don taimakawa wajen gano ko magance babbar matsalar ko duk wata matsala/ci gaba da ta biyo baya.

Likitoci suna da ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa da yawa a wasu fannoni na likitanci, waɗanda aka jera a ƙasa. Akwai bambance-bambance daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa game da fannoni na musamman da wasu ƙananan fannoni ke da su.

Manyan sassan maganin sune:

• Ilimin kimiyyar magani na asali; wannan shine abin da ake ilmantar da kowane likita a kai, wasu kuma suna komawa ga binciken likitanci .
• fannoni daban-daban na fannin likitanci, inda ake haɗa fannoni daban-daban na likitanci don yin aiki a wasu lokuta.
• Ƙwarewar likitanci

Kimiyyar asali

• Ilimin Halittar Jiki nazarin tsarin halittar halittu ne. Sabanin macroscopic ko generic anatomy, ilimin halittar jiki da histology suna da alaƙa da tsarin ƙananan halittu.
• Biochemistry nazarin sinadarai ne da ke faruwa a cikin halittu masu rai, musamman tsari da aikin sinadaran da ke cikinsu.
• Biomechanics nazarin tsari da aikin tsarin halittu ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin Injini .
• Biophysics kimiyya ce ta fannoni daban-daban da ke amfani da hanyoyin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilmin sunadarai na jiki don nazarin tsarin halittu.
• Nazarin halittu (Biostatistics) shine amfani da kididdiga a fannonin halittu a faffadan ma'ana. Sanin ilimin halittu yana da mahimmanci a cikin tsarawa, kimantawa, da fassarar binciken likitanci. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci ga ilimin cututtuka da magani bisa ga shaida.
• Cytology shine binciken ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta.

Louis Pasteur, kamar yadda aka nuna a dakin gwaje-gwajensa, 1885 ta Albert Edelfelt

Mutum-mutumin Robert Koch a Berlin

• Embryology shine nazarin farkon ci gaban halittu.
• Endocrinology shine nazarin hormones da tasirinsu a cikin jikin dabbobi.
• Ilimin cututtuka nazarin alƙaluma ne na tsarin cututtuka, kuma ya haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga ba, nazarin annoba .
• Ilimin Halittar Jini nazarin kwayoyin halitta ne, da kuma rawar da suke takawa a gadon halittu .
• Ilimin mata (Gynecology) nazarin tsarin haihuwa na mace ne.
• Histology nazarin tsarin kyallen halitta ne ta hanyar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa mai haske, na'urar hangen nesa ta electron da kuma na'urar hangen nesa ta immunohistochemistry .
• Immunology nazarin tsarin garkuwar jiki ne, wanda ya haɗa da tsarin garkuwar jiki na asali da na daidaitawa a cikin mutane, misali.
• Maganin rayuwa shine nazarin cututtukan da ke da saurin kamuwa da cuta, da kuma yadda ake hana su, magance su da kuma magance su.
• Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na likitanci nazarin amfani da ka'idojin kimiyyar lissafi a fannin likitanci ne.
• Ilimin halittu masu rai (Microbiology) nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta ne na ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa, da kuma ƙwayoyin halitta kamar su protozoa, ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta, prions, da viroids.
• Ilimin halittar kwayoyin halitta nazarin tushen kwayoyin halitta ne na tsarin kwafi, kwafi da fassara kayan kwayoyin halitta.
• Ilimin jijiyoyi ya haɗa da waɗannan fannoni na kimiyya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da nazarin tsarin jijiyoyi . Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi shi ne ilimin halittu da ilimin halittar kwakwalwa da kashin baya na ɗan adam. Wasu fannoni na asibiti masu alaƙa sun haɗa da ilimin jijiyoyi, tiyatar jijiyoyi da kuma ilimin tabin hankali .
• Kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki (mayar da hankali kan ka'ida) da kuma ilimin abinci (mayar da hankali kan aiki) nazarin alaƙar abinci da abin sha da lafiya da cututtuka ne, musamman wajen tantance abinci mafi kyau. Masana abinci suna yin maganin abinci mai gina jiki na likitanci kuma ana ba da shawararsa ga masu ciwon suga, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, matsalolin nauyi da cin abinci, rashin lafiyan jiki, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da cututtukan da ba su da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin cuta.
• Ilimin cututtuka a matsayin kimiyya shine nazarin cututtuka – dalilai, hanya, ci gaba da warware su.
• Ilimin harhada magunguna shine nazarin magunguna da ayyukansu.
• Photobiology nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin radiation mara ionizing da halittu masu rai.
• Ilimin halittar jiki shine nazarin yadda jiki ke aiki yadda ya kamata da kuma hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashinsa.
• Ilimin halittu na rediyo shine nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin hasken ionizing da halittu masu rai.
• Toxicology bincike ne na illolin miyagun ƙwayoyi da guba .