Jamhuriyyar tarraya
Jamhuriyar tarayya tarayya ce ta jihohi mai tsarin gwamnatin jamhuriya. A tsakiyarta, ainihin ma’anar kalmar jamhuriya idan aka yi amfani da ita wajen yin nuni ga wani tsari na gwamnati, na nufin: “Ƙasar da zaɓaɓɓun wakilai da zaɓaɓɓen shugaba ne ke mulkarta (kamar shugaban ƙasa) maimakon wani sarki ko sarauniya”.
A jamhuriya ta tarayya, ana samun rabon madafun iko tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da gwamnatin kowane yanki. Yayin da kowace jamhuriya ta tarayya ke tafiyar da wannan rabon muƙamai ta hanyoyi daban-daban, al’amuran gama-gari da suka shafi tsaro da kariya, da kuma tsarin kuɗi ana gudanar da su ne a matakin tarayya, yayin da al’amura kamar su kula da infrastructure da policies na ilimi galibi ana gudanar da su ne a matakin yanki ko na ƙananan hukumomi. Duk da haka, ra’ayoyi sun banbanta kan batutuwan da ya kamata su zama na tarayya, kuma sassan yanki yawanci suna da iko a wasu al’amuran da gwamnatin tarayya ba ta da hurumi. Ta haka ne ake fitar da maa'anar jamhuriya ta tarayya ta saɓanin jumhuriya guda, inda gwamnatin tsakiya ke da cikakken ikon mallakar kowane fanni na rayuwar siyasa. Wannan tsarin da ya fi karkata ya taimaka wajen bayyana ra'ayin kasashe masu yawan al'umma suyi aiki a matsayin jumhuriyar tarayya. [1] Yawancin jumhuriyar tarayya sun tsara rarrabuwar madafun iko tsakanin umarnin gwamnati a cikin rubutaccen takardar tsarin mulki .
Bambance-bambancen siyasa tsakanin jamhuriyar tarayya da sauran jihohin tarayya, musamman masarautun tarayya ƙarƙashin parliamentary system na gwamnati, mafi akasari lamari ne da ya shafi tsarin doka maimakon siyasa, domin galibin jihohin tarayya na tsarin dimokuraɗiyya ne idan ba a aikace ba tare checks and balances . Duk da haka kuma wasu tarayyar masarautu, irin su Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa sun dogara ne akan wasu ƙa'idoji da ba na dimokuraɗiyya ba.
Na zamani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Country | Official name and style | Administrative divisions | Form of government | Head of state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Argentina
|
Argentine Republic | Provinces (23) and autonomous city (1) | Presidential system | Alberto Fernández |
 Austriya
|
Republic of Austria | States (9) | Parliamentary republic | Alexander Van der Bellen |
 Herzegovina
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Entities (2) and self-governing district (1) | Parliamentary republic | Christian Schmidt Milorad Dodik Šefik Džaferović Željko Komšić |
 Brazil
|
Federative Republic of Brazil | States (26) and federal district (1) | Presidential system | Jair Bolsonaro |
 Komoros
|
Union of the Comoros | Autonomous islands (3) | Presidential system | Azali Assoumani |
 Habasha
|
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | Regions (10) and chartered cities (2) | Parliamentary republic | Sahle-Work Zewde |
 Jamus
|
Federal Republic of Germany | States (16) | Parliamentary republic | Frank-Walter Steinmeier |
 India
|
Republic of India | States (28) and union territories (8) | Parliamentary republic | Ram Nath Kovind |
 Iraq
|
Republic of Iraq | Governorates (19) | Parliamentary republic | Barham Salih |
 Mexico
|
United Mexican States | States (31) and autonomous entity (1) | Presidential system | Andrés Manuel López Obrador |
 Mikroneziya
|
Federated States of Micronesia | States (4) | Presidential system | David W. Panuelo |
 Nepal
|
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal | Provinces (7) | Parliamentary republic | Bidhya Devi Bhandari |
 Nigeria
|
Federal Republic of Nigeria | States (36) and federal territory (1) | Presidential system | Muhammadu Buhari |
 Pakistan
|
Islamic Republic of Pakistan | Provinces (4), autonomous territories (2) and federal territory (1) | Parliamentary republic | Arif Alvi |
 Rasha
|
Russian Federation | Federal subjects (85) | Semi-presidential system | Vladimir Putin |
 Somaliya
|
Federal Republic of Somalia | Federal member states (5) | Parliamentary republic | Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed (acting) |
 Sudan ta Kudu
|
Republic of South Sudan | States (10), administrative areas (2) and area with special administrative status (1) | Presidential system | Salva Kiir Mayardit |
 Sudan
|
Republic of the Sudan | States (18) | Provisional government | Abdel Fattah al-Burhan |
 Switzerland
|
Swiss Confederation | Cantons (26) | Parliamentary republic | Guy Parmelin Ignazio Cassis Ueli Maurer Simonetta Sommaruga Alain Berset Karin Keller-Sutter Viola Amherd |
 United States
|
United States of America | States (50), federal district (1) and territories (14), nine of which are uninhabited. | Presidential system | Joe Biden |
 Venezuela
|
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela | States (23) and capital district (1) | Presidential system | Nicolás Maduro |
Na tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Ƙasa | Sunan hukuma da salo | Zaman tsarin gwamnatin tarayya | sassan gudanarwa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Dutch Republic (en)  </img> Dutch Republic (en)
|
Jamhuriyar Bakwai United Netherlands | 1581-1795 | Larduna | ||
| </img> Valais | Jamhuriyar Zakkar Bakwai | 1613-1798 | |||
 Gran Colombia (en) </img> Gran Colombia (en)
|
Jamhuriyar Colombia | 1819-1831 | |||
| </img> Tarayyar Amurka ta tsakiya | Tarayyar Amurka ta tsakiya | 1823-1838 | |||
| </img> Granadine Confederation | Granadine Confederation | 1858-1863 | |||
| </img> Amurka ta Colombia | Amurka ta Colombia | 1863-1886 | Jihohi | ||
| </img> Jamhuriyar China | Jamhuriyar China | 1912-1928 | Larduna | ||
| </img> Jamhuriyar tsaunuka na Arewacin Caucasus | Jamhuriyar tsaunuka na Arewacin Caucasus | 1917-1922 | Jamhuriya | ||
 German Reich (en) </img> German Reich (en)
|
Jamus Reich | 1919-1933 | Jihohi | ||
 German Democratic Republic (en) </img> German Democratic Republic (en)
|
Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamus | 1949-1952 | Jihohi | ||
| Samfuri:Country data USSR</img>Samfuri:Country data USSR [lower-alpha 1] | Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Jamhuriyar | 1922-1991 | Jamhuriya | ||
| {{country data Yugoslavia}}</img>{{country data Yugoslavia}} | Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Tarayyar Yugoslavia (1945-1963) </br> Jamhuriyyar gurguzu ta Yugoslavia (1963-1992) |
1945-1992 | Jamhuriya | ||
 Serbia and Montenegro (en) </img> Serbia and Montenegro (en)
|
Tarayyar Yugoslavia | 1992-2003 | Jamhuriyoyin da suka kunshi | ||
| Samfuri:Country data Burma</img>Samfuri:Country data Burma | Tarayyar Burma | 1948-1962 | Jihohi | ||
 Indonesiya</img> Indonesiya
|
Jamhuriyar Amurka ta Indonesiya | 1949-1950 [lower-alpha 2] | Jihohi | ||
 Kameru</img> Kameru
|
Jamhuriyar Kamaru | 1961-1972 | |||
| {{country data Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}}</img>{{country data Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}} [2] | Jamhuriyar Czech (1948-1960) </br> Jamhuriyar Socialist Czechoslovak (1960-1990) |
1969-1990 | Jamhuriya | ||
| </img> Jamhuriyar Czech da Slovak | Jamhuriyar Czech da Slovak | 1990-1992 | Jamhuriyar 1990) | 1969-1990 | Jamhuriya |
| </img> Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth | Serenissima Res Publica Poloniae | 1569-1795 | Larduna da Voivodeships |
Kuma duba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Forum of Federations:[1], Schram, Sanford. Handbook of Federal Countries: United States, pg 373–391, 2005.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedCIA1991
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found