Jamhuriyyar tarraya

Jamhuriyar tarayya tarayya ce ta jihohi mai tsarin gwamnatin jamhuriya. A tsakiyarta, ainihin ma’anar kalmar jamhuriya idan aka yi amfani da ita wajen yin nuni ga wani tsari na gwamnati, na nufin: “Ƙasar da zaɓaɓɓun wakilai da zaɓaɓɓen shugaba ne ke mulkarta (kamar shugaban ƙasa) maimakon wani sarki ko sarauniya”.

A jamhuriya ta tarayya, ana samun rabon madafun iko tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da gwamnatin kowane yanki. Yayin da kowace jamhuriya ta tarayya ke tafiyar da wannan rabon muƙamai ta hanyoyi daban-daban, al’amuran gama-gari da suka shafi tsaro da kariya, da kuma tsarin kuɗi ana gudanar da su ne a matakin tarayya, yayin da al’amura kamar su kula da infrastructure da policies na ilimi galibi ana gudanar da su ne a matakin yanki ko na ƙananan hukumomi. Duk da haka, ra’ayoyi sun banbanta kan batutuwan da ya kamata su zama na tarayya, kuma sassan yanki yawanci suna da iko a wasu al’amuran da gwamnatin tarayya ba ta da hurumi. Ta haka ne ake fitar da maa'anar jamhuriya ta tarayya ta saɓanin jumhuriya guda, inda gwamnatin tsakiya ke da cikakken ikon mallakar kowane fanni na rayuwar siyasa. Wannan tsarin da ya fi karkata ya taimaka wajen bayyana ra'ayin kasashe masu yawan al'umma suyi aiki a matsayin jumhuriyar tarayya. ^[1] Yawancin jumhuriyar tarayya sun tsara rarrabuwar madafun iko tsakanin umarnin gwamnati a cikin rubutaccen takardar tsarin mulki .

Bambance-bambancen siyasa tsakanin jamhuriyar tarayya da sauran jihohin tarayya, musamman masarautun tarayya ƙarƙashin parliamentary system na gwamnati, mafi akasari lamari ne da ya shafi tsarin doka maimakon siyasa, domin galibin jihohin tarayya na tsarin dimokuraɗiyya ne idan ba a aikace ba tare checks and balances . Duk da haka kuma wasu tarayyar masarautu, irin su Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa sun dogara ne akan wasu ƙa'idoji da ba na dimokuraɗiyya ba.

Na zamani[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Country	Official name and style	Administrative divisions	Form of government	Head of state
Argentina	Argentine Republic	Provinces (23) and autonomous city (1)	Presidential system	Alberto Fernández
Austriya	Republic of Austria	States (9)	Parliamentary republic	Alexander Van der Bellen
Herzegovina	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Entities (2) and self-governing district (1)	Parliamentary republic	Christian Schmidt Milorad Dodik Šefik Džaferović Željko Komšić
Brazil	Federative Republic of Brazil	States (26) and federal district (1)	Presidential system	Jair Bolsonaro
Komoros	Union of the Comoros	Autonomous islands (3)	Presidential system	Azali Assoumani
Habasha	Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia	Regions (10) and chartered cities (2)	Parliamentary republic	Sahle-Work Zewde
Jamus	Federal Republic of Germany	States (16)	Parliamentary republic	Frank-Walter Steinmeier
India	Republic of India	States (28) and union territories (8)	Parliamentary republic	Ram Nath Kovind
Iraq	Republic of Iraq	Governorates (19)	Parliamentary republic	Barham Salih
Mexico	United Mexican States	States (31) and autonomous entity (1)	Presidential system	Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Mikroneziya	Federated States of Micronesia	States (4)	Presidential system	David W. Panuelo
Nepal	Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal	Provinces (7)	Parliamentary republic	Bidhya Devi Bhandari
Nigeria	Federal Republic of Nigeria	States (36) and federal territory (1)	Presidential system	Muhammadu Buhari
Pakistan	Islamic Republic of Pakistan	Provinces (4), autonomous territories (2) and federal territory (1)	Parliamentary republic	Arif Alvi
Rasha	Russian Federation	Federal subjects (85)	Semi-presidential system	Vladimir Putin
Somaliya	Federal Republic of Somalia	Federal member states (5)	Parliamentary republic	Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed (acting)
Sudan ta Kudu	Republic of South Sudan	States (10), administrative areas (2) and area with special administrative status (1)	Presidential system	Salva Kiir Mayardit
Sudan	Republic of the Sudan	States (18)	Provisional government	Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
Switzerland	Swiss Confederation	Cantons (26)	Parliamentary republic	Guy Parmelin Ignazio Cassis Ueli Maurer Simonetta Sommaruga Alain Berset Karin Keller-Sutter Viola Amherd
United States	United States of America	States (50), federal district (1) and territories (14), nine of which are uninhabited.	Presidential system	Joe Biden
Venezuela	Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela	States (23) and capital district (1)	Presidential system	Nicolás Maduro

Na tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙasa	Sunan hukuma da salo	Zaman tsarin gwamnatin tarayya	sassan gudanarwa
Dutch Republic ^(en) </img> Dutch Republic ^(en)	Jamhuriyar Bakwai United Netherlands	1581-1795	Larduna
</img> Valais	Jamhuriyar Zakkar Bakwai	1613-1798
Gran Colombia ^(en) </img> Gran Colombia ^(en)	Jamhuriyar Colombia	1819-1831
</img> Tarayyar Amurka ta tsakiya	Tarayyar Amurka ta tsakiya	1823-1838
</img> Granadine Confederation	Granadine Confederation	1858-1863
</img> Amurka ta Colombia	Amurka ta Colombia	1863-1886	Jihohi
</img> Jamhuriyar China	Jamhuriyar China	1912-1928	Larduna
</img> Jamhuriyar tsaunuka na Arewacin Caucasus	Jamhuriyar tsaunuka na Arewacin Caucasus	1917-1922	Jamhuriya
German Reich ^(en) </img> German Reich ^(en)	Jamus Reich	1919-1933	Jihohi
German Democratic Republic ^(en) </img> German Democratic Republic ^(en)	Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamus	1949-1952	Jihohi
Template:Country data USSR</img>Template:Country data USSR ^{[lower-alpha 1]}	Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Jamhuriyar	1922-1991	Jamhuriya
{{country data Yugoslavia}}</img>{{country data Yugoslavia}}	Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Tarayyar Yugoslavia (1945-1963) </br> Jamhuriyyar gurguzu ta Yugoslavia (1963-1992)	1945-1992	Jamhuriya
Serbia and Montenegro ^(en) </img> Serbia and Montenegro ^(en)	Tarayyar Yugoslavia	1992-2003	Jamhuriyoyin da suka kunshi
Template:Country data Burma</img>Template:Country data Burma	Tarayyar Burma	1948-1962	Jihohi
Indonesiya</img> Indonesiya	Jamhuriyar Amurka ta Indonesiya	1949-1950 ^{[lower-alpha 2]}	Jihohi
Kameru</img> Kameru	Jamhuriyar Kamaru	1961-1972
{{country data Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}}</img>{{country data Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}} ^[2]	Jamhuriyar Czech (1948-1960) </br> Jamhuriyar Socialist Czechoslovak (1960-1990)	1969-1990	Jamhuriya
</img> Jamhuriyar Czech da Slovak	Jamhuriyar Czech da Slovak	1990-1992	Jamhuriyar 1990)	1969-1990	Jamhuriya
</img> Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth	Serenissima Res Publica Poloniae	1569-1795	Larduna da Voivodeships

Kuma duba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

↑ Forum of Federations:[1], Schram, Sanford. Handbook of Federal Countries: United States, pg 373–391, 2005.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CIA1991

Template:Notes

Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

[1] Forum of Federations:[1], Schram, Sanford. Handbook of Federal Countries: United States, pg 373–391, 2005.

[CIA1991-4] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CIA1991

[1]

[lower-alpha 1]

[lower-alpha 2]

[2]