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Karancin ruwa a Afirka

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Karancin ruwa a Afirka

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 1°04′16″N 34°10′30″E / 1.0711896°N 34.1749506°E / 1.0711896; 34.1749506
Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta ƙauyen Mwamanogu, Tanzania. A cikin Gundumar Meatu, Yankin Shinyanga, ruwa galibi yana fitowa ne daga ramuka da aka haƙa a cikin yashi na busassun koguna, kuma koyaushe yana gurɓata.

Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da karancin ruwa a Afirka shi ne karancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Tasirin canjin yanayi akan sake zagayowar ruwa. Rashin ruwa shine rashin albarkatun Ruwa mai kyau don biyan Bukatar ruwa.[1] Ruwan sama a Yankin Saharar Afirka yana da yanayi sosai kuma ba a rarraba shi daidai ba, yana haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da fari akai-akai.[2]

Water challenges in Africa
Ƙalubalen ruwa a Afirka

Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ruwaito a shekarar 2012 cewa karuwar karancin ruwa yanzu yana daya daga cikin manyan kalubale ga Ci gaba mai ɗorewa.[3] Wannan shi ne saboda karuwar adadin koguna sun kai ga yanayin karancin ruwa. Dalilan wannan shine haɗin bukatun noma da sauran bangarori. Rashin ruwa a Afirka yana da tasiri da yawa. Sun fito ne daga kiwon lafiya, musamman ta shafi mata da yara, zuwa ilimi, yawan aikin gona da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Hakanan yana iya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikicen ruwa.

Don magance matsalar karancin ruwa a Afirka, Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta jaddada bukatar saka hannun jari a ci gaban albarkatun ruwa na Afirka. Wannan zai inganta Tsaro na abinci da Tsaro na ruwa, da kuma kare ribar tattalin arziki ta hanyar sarrafa fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da hamada.[4]

  1. ↑ "Water Scarcity | Threats | WWF". World Wildlife Fund (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  2. ↑ "International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015". Retrieved 1 April 2013.
  3. ↑ FAO (2012). Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security, FAO Rome.
  4. ↑ "Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2012.

Scale

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'Yan mata na cikin gida daga Babile (Ethiopia) sun cika kwantena na ruwan filastik a babban tushen ruwa na yankin.

Afirka ta kudu da Sahara tana da mafi yawan ƙasashe masu fama da ruwa fiye da kowane wuri a duniya kuma daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka, miliyan 300 suna zaune a cikin yanayin da ke fama da ruwa.[1] A cikin 2012, an kiyasta cewa nan da shekara ta 2030, mutane miliyan 75 zuwa miliyan 250 a Afirka za su zauna a yankunan da ke da matsanancin damuwa.[1] Wannan zai iya kawar da ko'ina tsakanin mutane miliyan 24 zuwa miliyan 700 yayin da yanayin ya zama mai wuya.[1]

Afirka ita ce nahiya ta biyu mafi bushe a duniya, tare da miliyoyin 'yan Afirka har yanzu suna fama da karancin ruwa a duk shekara.[2] Wadannan karancin suna da alaƙa da matsalolin rarrabawar da ba daidai ba, karuwar yawan jama'a da rashin kula da kayan da ke akwai. Wani lokaci akwai ƙananan mutane da ke zaune inda akwai ruwa mai yawa. Misali, kashi 30 cikin dari na ruwan nahiyar yana cikin kwandon Kongo wanda kashi 10 cikin dari na yawan jama'ar Afirka ke zaune. [2]

Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin ruwan sama da aka lura a wurare daban-daban da lokaci. Har ila yau, akwai ƙimar evaporation a wasu sassan yankin wanda ke haifar da ƙananan kashi na hazo a irin waɗannan wurare.[3]

Koyaya, akwai bambancin yanayi da albarkatun ruwa masu mahimmanci tsakanin shekara-shekara, don haka yayin da wasu yankuna ke da isasshen ruwa, ta kudu da Sahara tana fuskantar ƙalubalen da yawa da ke da alaƙa da ruwa waɗanda ke hana Ci gaban tattalin arziki da barazana ga rayuwar mutanenta. Aikin nomawa na Afirka galibi ya dogara ne akan aikin gona mai ruwan sama, kuma kasa da kashi 10% na ƙasar noma a nahiyar ana ban ruwa.[4][5] Tasirin canjin yanayi da bambancin yanayi ya bayyana sosai.[5]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges". Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Water in Africa". studyres.com. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
  3. ↑ "Water in Africa". African Studies Centre Leiden (in Turanci). 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
  4. ↑ "Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA)". www.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :04

Bambancin yanki

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Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Kudu suna ci gaba zuwa Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium akan ruwa a matakai daban-daban.[1] Duk da yake Arewacin Afirka yana da kashi 92% na ruwa mai aminci, Afirka ta Kudu ta Sahara ta kasance a cikin kashi 60% na ɗaukar hoto - ta bar kashi 40% na mutane miliyan 783 a wannan yankin ba tare da samun damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ba.[1]

Wasu daga cikin wadannan bambance-bambance a cikin wadatar ruwa mai tsabta ana iya danganta su da yanayin yanayi mai tsanani na Afirka. Kodayake Afirka ta kudu da Sahara tana da wadataccen ruwan sama, yana da yanayi kuma ba a rarraba shi ba, yana haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da fari akai-akai.[1] Bugu da ƙari, ci gaban tattalin arziki da batutuwan talauci, tare da saurin karuwar yawan jama'a da ƙaura daga yankunan karkara sun sanya Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin mafi talauci da kuma mafi ƙarancin ci gaba a duniya.[1] Don haka, wannan ƙuntataccen talauci ya hana birane da yawa a wannan yankin samar da ruwa mai tsabta da sabis na tsabtace muhalli da kuma hana ci gaba da lalacewar ingancin ruwa koda kuwa akwai damar magance waɗannan batutuwan ruwa.[1] Bugu da ƙari, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a yana haifar da karuwar yawan ƙauyukan Afirka a kan ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma ƙasa mai haɗari.[1]

Rahoton baya-bayan nan na burin SDG 6 ya ambaci abubuwa daban-daban game da yanayin ruwa a yankin Sahara na Afirka ciki har da rashin tsabta da tasirinsa akan matsayin abinci mai gina jiki musamman tsakanin yara saboda karuwar cututtukan cututtuka. Har ila yau, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan mutanen da ke kudu da Sahara suna cikin haɗarin yunwa saboda rashin samun abinci. Bugu da ƙari, Afirka ta kudu da Sahara ba ta da damar samun ruwan sha mai aminci da kashi 76% yayin da kashi 6% kawai na Turai da Arewacin Amurka ba a rufe su ba.[2]

Dalilan da suka haifar

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Rashin jiki da tattalin arziki

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Rashin ruwa abu ne na halitta da na mutum.[3] Don haka yana da mahimmanci a raba shi zuwa nau'o'i biyu: Rashin tattalin arziki da Rashin jiki. Rashin tattalin arziki yana nufin gaskiyar cewa samun amintaccen tushen ruwa mai aminci yana cin lokaci kuma yana da tsada. A madadin haka, karancin jiki shine lokacin da babu isasshen ruwa a cikin yankin da aka ba shi.[4]

Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2006 ta kiyasta cewa miliyan 300 daga cikin miliyan 800 da ke zaune a nahiyar Afirka suna zaune a cikin yanayin karancin ruwa.[5] Musamman a arewacin Afirka, da kuma kudancin Afirka, hauhawar yanayin zafi na duniya tare da canjin yanayi ya kara karfin yanayin ruwa wanda ke haifar da lokutan bushewa, don haka yana kara haɗarin matsananciyar fari. Wannan yana da tasiri sosai ga wadata, inganci da yawan ruwa saboda raguwar kogin da ajiyar tafki, saukar da teburin ruwa da bushewar ruwa a yankunan arewa da kudancin Afirka.

An bayyana tsananin fari na Afirka a yankuna daban-daban.

An haɗa shi a cikin rukunin ƙarancin jiki shine batun yawan amfani. Wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga raguwar manyan tabkuna da yawa na Afirka, gami da Nakivale, Nakuru, da Tafkin Chadi, wanda ya ragu zuwa 10% na tsohuwar sautin.[6] Dangane da manufofi, abubuwan da ke motsawa don amfani da yawa suna daga cikin mafi lalacewa, musamman game da hakar ruwa. Ga ruwan ƙasa, da zarar an shigar da famfo, manufofin kasashe da yawa shine kawai su hana cirewa bisa ga farashin wutar lantarki, kuma a lokuta da yawa su tallafawa farashin wutar lantarki don amfanin gona, wanda ke lalata abubuwan da ke motsawa don kiyaye irin waɗannan albarkatun.[6] Bugu da ƙari, ƙasashe da yawa a cikin Afirka sun saita farashin ruwa a ƙasa da matakan farfadowa, don haka suna hana amfani da inganci da barazanar dorewa.[6]

Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a

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A cikin ƙarni da ya gabata, yawan jama'ar duniya ya ninka fiye da sau biyu.[7] Yawan jama'ar Afirka shine mafi saurin girma a duniya. Ana sa ran zai karu da kusan kashi 50% a cikin shekaru 18 masu zuwa, yana girma daga mutane biliyan 1.2 a yau zuwa sama da biliyan 1.8 a cikin 2035. A zahiri, Afirka za ta kai kusan rabin yawan jama'a na duniya a cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa.[8] Har ila yau, akwai daidaitattun abubuwa masu sauki amma masu ban sha'awa waɗanda, yayin da yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, haka kuma buƙatar ruwa. A lokaci guda, albarkatun ruwa a yankin Afirka suna raguwa a hankali saboda mazaunin a wuraren da suka kasance tushen ruwa a baya. Yayin da yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa da sauri, akwai buƙatun gaggawa don inganta lafiyar jiki, ingancin rayuwa, tsaro na abinci, da 'mai' na ci gaban masana'antu, wanda kuma ya sanya ƙuntatawa mai tsanani a kan ruwan da ke akwai don cimma waɗannan burin.[9]

Yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa zai kara rikicin karancin ruwa yayin da ake sanya ƙarin matsin lamba a kan wadata da samun damar albarkatun ruwa. "A yau, kashi 41% na yawan jama'ar duniya suna zaune a cikin kogin da ke ƙarƙashin damuwa na ruwa".[10] Wannan yana haifar da babbar damuwa yayin da yankuna da yawa ke kaiwa iyakar da za a iya isar da ayyukan ruwa mai ɗorewa.[11] A duniya, kusan kashi 55 cikin dari na yawan jama'ar duniya suna zaune a cikin birane, kuma a shekara ta 2030, akwai yiwuwar karuwar kashi 5 cikin dari a cikin wannan rabo. Wannan gogewa iri ɗaya ne a Afirka. Manyan birane kamar Legas, Kinshasa da Nairobi sun ninka yawan jama'arsu sau biyu a cikin shekaru goma sha biyar.[12] Kodayake mutane suna ƙaura zuwa cikin waɗannan biranen birane, wadatar ruwa mai kyau ta kasance iri ɗaya, ko kuma a wasu lokuta an rage, tunda ruwa abu ne mai iyaka. Yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa a cikin biranen Afirka yana haifar da alaƙa da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin samar da ruwa da buƙatu a cikin waɗannan biranen.[12]

Baya ga birane da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaituwa tsakanin buƙata da samar da ruwa, birane kuma yana haifar da karuwar gurɓataccen ruwa. A sakamakon karin mutane da ke motsawa cikin birane, akwai karuwar ajiyar datti da sharar gida a cikin ruwa.[13] A cikin kasashe masu tasowa, sama da kashi 90 cikin dari na datti da aka samar ana zubar da shi cikin ruwa kuma an bar shi ba tare da magani ba. Har ila yau, tsarin datti ba ya gudana yadda ya kamata, irin wannan ana barin leaks daga bututun datti ba tare da kulawa ba, wanda a ƙarshe ya ɓace cikin ƙasa kuma ya haifar da ƙarin gurɓataccen ruwa na karkashin kasa.[13]

Canjin yanayi

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  A cewar African Partnership Forum, "Ko da yake Afirka ita ce nahiyar da ba ta da alhakin Canjin yanayi, tana da matukar damuwa ga tasirin," kuma tasirin na dogon lokaci sun haɗa da, "canjin tsarin ruwan sama da ke shafar noma da rage tsaro na abinci; kara tsaron ruwa; rage albarkatun kifi a cikin manyan tabkuna saboda hauhawar zafin jiki; sauya cututtukan da ke yaduwa; matakin teku yana shafar yankunan bakin teku masu tasowa tare da yawan jama'a. " [14] Irin waɗannan tasirin na iya shafar yawan ruwa da ingancin da yara ke buƙata don rayuwa.[15]

Bincike ya yi hasashen cewa a shekara ta 2050 ruwan sama a Afirka ta Kudu na iya raguwa da kashi 10%, wanda zai haifar da babban karancin ruwa. Wannan raguwar 10% a cikin hazo zai rage magudanar ruwa da kashi 17% kuma yankunan da ke karɓar ruwan sama na 500-600 mm / shekara za su sami raguwa da kashi 50-30% bi da bi a cikin magudanar ƙasa.  Bugu da ƙari, Rahoton Ci gaban Dan Adam ya yi hasashen dumama tare da 10% ƙasa da ruwan sama a yankunan ciki na Afirka, wanda za a kara shi ta hanyar asarar ruwa saboda ƙaruwar asarar ruwa daga hauhawar zafin jiki.[6] Ana ɗaukar fari da ambaliyar ruwa a matsayin mafi haɗari ga ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri.[16] Wannan dumama zai zama mafi girma a yankunan da ba su da ruwa na Sahara, tare da Sahel, da yankunan ciki na kudancin Afirka.[6]

Kwamitin Intergovernmental kan Canjin Yanayi ya ba da rahoton cewa Canjin yanayi a Afirka ya bayyana kansa a cikin fari mai tsanani da kuma tsawon lokaci a cikin subtropics da tropics, yayin da wuraren da ba su da ruwa ko wuraren da ba a da ruwa a arewa, yamma, gabas, da sassan kudancin Afirka suna zama masu bushewa kuma suna iya fuskantar canjin hazo da hadari.[14] Canjin yanayi ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga halin da ake ciki na rikicin ruwa a Afirka da kuma duniya baki daya, yana sa kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayyana canjin yanayi a matsayin babbar barazana ga lafiyar duniya a karni na 21.[17]

Rahoton Ci gaban Dan Adam ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa saboda dogaro da Afirka kan aikin gona mai ruwan sama, talauci mai yawa, da rashin ƙarfi, matsalolin ruwa da canjin yanayi ya haifar da nahiyar da ƙarfi sosai idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ke da albarkatu da bambancin tattalin arziki don magance irin waɗannan canje-canjen duniya. Wannan karuwar yiwuwar fari da faduwar amfanin gona zai iya haifar da karuwar talauci, karamin kudaden shiga, rashin tsaro, da karuwar barazanar yunwa ga talakawa a yankin Sahara.[6] Gabaɗaya wannan yana nufin cewa damuwa ta ruwa da aka haifar ta hanyar canza yawan ruwan sama yana da lahani musamman ga Afirka kuma saboda haka canjin yanayi yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cikas da nahiyar dole ne ta fuskanta yayin ƙoƙarin tabbatar da amintaccen tushen ruwa mai tsabta.

Tasirin Lafiya

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 Mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun juya zuwa albarkatun ruwa marasa aminci, wanda ke taimakawa wajen yaduwar cututtukan da ke tattare da ruwa ciki har da zazzabin typhoid, kwalara, dysentery da zawo.[18] Bugu da ƙari, karancin ruwa yana sa mutane da yawa su adana ruwa a cikin gida, wanda ke kara haɗarin gurɓata ruwan gida da abubuwan da suka faru na zazzabin cizon sauro da zazzabin dengue da sauro suka yada.[18] Wadannan cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa ba a yawan samun su a kasashe masu tasowa saboda tsarin kula da ruwa mai sophisticated wanda ke tacewa da chlorinate ruwa, amma ga waɗanda ke zaune tare da karancin kayan aikin ruwa ko wadanda ba su wanzu ba, na halitta, tushen ruwa marasa magani galibi suna dauke da ƙananan tsutsotsi masu dauke da cututtuka da ƙwayoyin cuta.[4] Kodayake yawancin waɗannan cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa ana iya magance su kuma ana iya hana su, duk da haka suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka da mutuwa a duniya. A duniya, mutane miliyan 2.2 suna mutuwa a kowace shekara daga cututtukan da suka shafi zawo, kuma a kowane lokaci kashi hamsin cikin dari na dukkan gadajen asibiti a duniya marasa lafiya ne ke fama da cututtukani masu alaƙa da ruwa.[19] Jarirai da yara suna da saukin kamuwa da waɗannan cututtukan saboda tsarin rigakafin su na matasa, wanda ke haifar da hauhawar Mutuwar jarirai a yankuna da yawa na Afirka.[4]

Lokacin da suka kamu da waɗannan cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa, waɗanda ke zaune a cikin al'ummomin Afirka da ke fama da karancin ruwa ba za su iya ba da gudummawa ga yawan aiki da ci gaban al'umma ba saboda rashin ƙarfi. Bugu da ƙari, mutum, al'umma da albarkatun tattalin arziki na gwamnati suna raguwa ta hanyar farashin magani don magance cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa, wanda ke cire albarkatun da za a iya ba da su don tallafawa samar da abinci ko kuɗin makaranta.[4] Har ila yau, wasu manoma a kasashe masu tasowa suna amfani da waɗannan ruwan da aka gurbata don ban ruwa da amfanin gonar su wanda ke haifar da cututtuka kamar, kamuwa da cuta da ke haifar da tsutsotsi, hepatitis A da E, da kuma dysentery saboda amfani da waɗannan amfanin gona [20]

Mata da 'yan mata

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  Matsayi daban-daban na mata da maza na Afirka suna haifar da bambance-bambance a cikin nauyin ruwa, haƙƙoƙi, da samun dama, [21] don haka mata na Afirka suna da nauyin nauyin ƙarancin ruwan sha mai tsabta. A mafi yawan al'ummomin Afirka, ana ganin mata a matsayin masu tarawa, manajoji, da masu kula da ruwa, musamman a cikin gida wanda ya haɗa da ayyukan gida, dafa abinci, wanka, da kuma kula da yara.[22] Saboda wadannan ayyukan aiki na al'ada, ana tilasta mata su kashe kusan kashi sittin cikin dari na kowace rana don tattara ruwa, wanda ke fassara zuwa kimanin sa'o'i miliyan 200 na aiki ta mata a duniya kowace rana da kuma raguwar adadin lokacin da ake da shi don ilimi.[23]

Har ila yau, saboda bambance-bambance na halitta, lokacin da makarantu ba su da albarkatu don samar da wuraren wanka masu kyau, 'yan mata yawanci suna fita kafin su kai ga balaga.[24] Rashin ruwa yana kara wannan batun, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar alaƙar raguwar samun ruwa tare da raguwar haɗin farko, sakandaresakandare haɗin mata.[21]

Ga matan Afirka, rawar da suke takawa a yau da kullun wajen dawo da ruwa mai tsabta sau da yawa yana nufin ɗaukar kayan ado na yau da kullun wanda zai iya auna nauyin fiye da fam 40 lokacin da ya cika [4] don matsakaicin kilomita shida kowace rana. [19] Wannan yana da sakamakon kiwon lafiya kamar lalacewar kwarangwal na dindindin daga ɗaukar nauyin ruwa mai nauyi a kan nesa mai tsawo kowace rana, wanda ke fassara zuwa damuwa ta jiki wanda ke taimakawa wajen ƙara damuwa, ƙara lokacin da aka kashe a farfado da lafiya, da kuma rage ikon ba kawai halartar wuraren ilimi ba, har ma da hankali don shawo kan ilimi saboda tasirin damuwa akan yanke shawara da ƙwarewar ƙwaƙwalwa.[25] Har ila yau, dangane da kiwon lafiya, samun damar samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta yana haifar da kariya mafi girma daga cututtukan da ke dauke da ruwa wanda ke kara dukkan damar dalibai don halartar makaranta.[21]

Aikin noma

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Matakin Habasha don cika tafkin Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam na iya rage kwararar Nilu da kusan kashi 25% kuma ya lalata gonakin Masar.

Saboda yawancin Afirka sun kasance sun dogara da salon rayuwar noma kuma kashi 80% zuwa 90% na dukkan iyalai a yankunan karkara na Afirka sun dogara da samar da nasu abinci, [25] karancin ruwa yana fassara zuwa asarar Tsaro na abinci. Fiye da kashi 70% na aikin gona da ake yi a Afirka ta kudu da Sahara shine aikin gona mai ruwan sama. Tare da karuwar bambancin yanayin yanayi na yanzu amfanin gona da girbi sun fi fuskantar tasirin fari da ambaliyar ruwa.

A cewar Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Afirka da Sabon Hadin gwiwar Ci gaban Afirka, "ban ruwa shine mabuɗin cimma karuwar samar da aikin gona wanda ke da mahimmanci ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma samun tsaro na abinci". Yawancin al'ummomin karkara na Afirka a halin yanzu ba sa amfani da damar ban ruwa.[25] Aikin noma na ban ruwa kawai yana da asusun 20% na nau'ikan noma a duniya.[26] A Afirka ta kudu da Sahara gwamnatoci a tarihi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban ban ruwa. Farawa a cikin shekarun 1960 masu ba da gudummawa kamar Bankin Duniya sun goyi bayan waɗannan gwamnatocin Afirka a ci gaban tsarin ban ruwa.[27] Koyaya, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, aikin gona na ban ruwa ya samar da ƙasa da amfanin gona da ake tsammani.[26] A cewar Bankin Duniya samar da aikin gona a Afirka ta Kudu na Sahara na iya kusan ninka sau uku a shekara ta 2050. [28]

Manufar Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa ta 2 tana da niyyar kawo karshen yunwa da inganta aikin gona mai dorewa don cimma matsakaicin abinci mai gina jiki.[2] Ana buƙatar sauyawa daga samar da amfanin gona mai yawan amfanin gona zuwa tsarin amfanin gona daban-daban, gami da amfanin gonar da ba a amfani da su ba wanda zai ba da gudummawa ga bambancin abinci da cimma burin abinci mai gina jiki na yau da kullun.[29]

Amma ga yankuna da yawa, akwai rashin kudi da albarkatun ɗan adam don tallafawa ababen more rayuwa da fasaha da ake buƙata don ban ruwa mai kyau. Saboda wannan, tasirin fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da hamada sun fi girma dangane da asarar tattalin arzikin Afirka da asarar rayuwar mutum saboda gazawar amfanin gona da yunwa. A cikin binciken da Bankin Duniya ya gudanar, sun gano cewa, a matsakaita, mutanen da ke fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki sun rasa kashi 10% na abin da za su iya samu na rayuwa. Sun kuma gano cewa ƙasashe sun rasa kashi 2%-3% na GDP saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki.[30]

Bugu da ƙari, rashin ruwa yana sa 'yan Afirka da yawa su yi amfani da ruwa mai guba don ci gaban amfanin gona, wanda ke haifar da mutane da yawa su cin abinci wanda zai iya ƙunsar sunadarai ko kwayoyin da ke haifar da cututtuka da ruwa mai tsabta ya canja.[18] Yankunan da aka gina na Greywater da gyaran matattarar yashi sune hanyoyi guda biyu na matattarar ruwan toka waɗanda aka ba da shawarar. Wadannan hanyoyin suna ba da damar tsarkake ruwan toka ko tacewa don cire haɗarin halittu daga ruwa wanda ba zai zama lafiya don amfani da shi a aikin gona ba.[31] Don haka, ga yawan yankunan Afirka da ke fama da matsalolin karancin ruwa, saka hannun jari a ci gaba yana nufin janyewa daga tushen ruwa mai tsabta, tabbatar da tsaro na abinci ta hanyar fadada wuraren ban ruwa, da kuma sarrafa tasirin canjin yanayi yadda ya kamata.[5] Rahoton burin ci gaba mai ɗorewa yana da niyyar kara yawan amfani da ruwa mai tsabta don taimakawa wajen kara samar da abinci mai gina jiki.[2]

Samun aiki da ci gaba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Talauci yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta- ba tare da shi ba, damar fita daga tarkon talauci yana da ƙanƙanta. Wannan ra'ayi na "tarkon talauci na ruwa" ya samo asali ne daga masana tattalin arziki musamman da ke lura da Afirka ta kudu da Sahara kuma yana nufin sake zagayowar talauci na kudi, ƙarancin aikin gona, da karuwar lalacewar muhalli.[21] A cikin wannan mummunan ra'ayi, wannan yana haifar da alaƙa tsakanin rashin albarkatun ruwa tare da rashin albarkatu na kudi wanda ke shafar duk matakan al'umma ciki har da mutum, iyali, da al'umma.[21] A cikin wannan tarko na talauci, mutane suna fuskantar ƙananan kudaden shiga, tsada mai tsada na wuraren samar da ruwa, da rashin bashi don saka hannun jari na ruwa, wanda ke haifar da ƙananan saka hannun jari a cikin ruwa da albarkatun ƙasa, rashin saka hannun jari cikin ayyukan samar da riba, lalacewar albarkatu, da talauci mai tsanani.[21] Da yake karawa da wannan, a cikin unguwanni na kasashe masu tasowa, talakawa yawanci suna biyan sau biyar zuwa goma fiye da kowane ruwa fiye da mutanen da ke da damar samun ruwa saboda batutuwa - gami da rashin ababen more rayuwa da Cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati - wanda aka kiyasta zai kara farashin ayyukan ruwa da kashi 10% zuwa 30% .[25][32]

Don haka, sakamakon zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na rashin ruwa mai tsabta ya shiga cikin fannonin ilimi, damar samun aiki mai kyau, ƙarfin jiki da kiwon lafiya, ci gaban noma da masana'antu, kuma ta haka ne damar samar da al'umma, al'umma da / ko yanki. Saboda wannan, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kadai tana rasa sa'o'i biliyan 40 na aiki a kowace shekara don tattara ruwa.[4]

Rikici

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Girman yawan jama'a a duk faɗin duniya da canjin yanayi dalilai ne guda biyu waɗanda tare zasu iya haifar da rikice-rikicen ruwa a sassa da yawa na duniya.[33] Tunda, fashewar yawan jama'a a kasashe masu tasowa a cikin Afirka tare da canjin yanayi yana haifar da matsanancin damuwa a ciki da tsakanin kasashe. A baya, kasashe sun yi aiki don warware matsalolin ruwa ta hanyar tattaunawa, amma ana hasashen cewa za a sami karuwar tashin hankali kan samun ruwa.

Za'a iya raba yiwuwar rikicin ruwa na Afirka zuwa yankuna huɗu: Kogin Nilu, Nijar, Zambezi, da Kogin Volta.[32] Gudun ta hanyar Masar, Habasha, da Sudan, ruwan Nilu yana da damar haifar da rikici da tashin hankali.[32] A yankin Nijar, kogin ya kai daga Guinea ta hanyar Mali har zuwa Najeriya. Musamman ga Mali - daya daga cikin kasashe mafi talauci a duniya - kogin yana da mahimmanci ga abinci, ruwa da sufuri, kuma yawan amfani da shi yana ba da gudummawa ga tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da rashin amfani.[32] A kudancin Afirka, kogin Zambezi yana daya daga cikin tsarin kogin da aka fi amfani da shi a duniya, don haka Zambia da Zimbabwe suna gasa sosai a kansa. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2000, Zimbabwe ta sa yankin ya fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa mafi muni a tarihin kwanan nan lokacin da ƙasar ta buɗe ƙofofin Dam din Kariba.[32] A ƙarshe, a cikin kogin Volta, Ghana ta dogara da fitar da wutar lantarki amma ana fama da fari na yau da kullun wanda ke shafar samar da wutar lantarki daga madatsar ruwan Akosombo da iyakance ikon Ghana na ci gaba da bunkasa tattalin arziki. Tare da ƙuntatawa wannan kuma yana sanya ikon Ghana na samar da wutar lantarki ga yankin, wannan na iya taimakawa ga rashin kwanciyar hankali na yanki.[32]

A wannan lokacin, hukumomin leken asiri na tarayya sun ba da hukunci na hadin gwiwa cewa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, batutuwan ruwa ba za su iya haifar da tashin hankali na ciki da na waje wanda zai haifar da yakin basasa ba. Amma idan yawan amfani na yanzu tare da damuwa na yanayi ya ci gaba, matakan karancin ruwa a Afirka an yi hasashen su ta UNECA don kaiwa matakan haɗari mai haɗari nan da 2025. Wannan yana nufin cewa nan da shekara ta 2022 akwai yiwuwar sauyawa a cikin karancin ruwa don taimakawa ga rikici.[34] Dangane da Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigat ta ƙasa game da tsaron ruwa, wanda Sakataren Harkokin Waje Hillary Clinton ya nema kuma ya kammala a cikin Fall 2011, bayan 2022 za a iya amfani da ruwa a matsayin makami na yaki da kayan aiki na ta'addanci, musamman a Arewacin Afirka.[34] A Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta bayyana cewa damuwa ta ruwa, "za ta kara haɗarin rashin kwanciyar hankali da gazawar jihar, ta kara tashin hankali na yanki da kuma janye hankalin kasashe daga aiki tare da Amurka a kan mahimman manufofin manufofi. "Musamman magana game da Kogin Nilu a Misira, Sudan, da kasashe masu zuwa kudu, rahoton ya yi hasashen cewa kasashe masu tasowa za su iyakance samun ruwa saboda dalilai na siyasa kuma 'yan ta'adda na iya yin niyya ga kayan aikin da ke da ruwa, kamar tafkuna da madatsun ruwa, sau da yawa.[34] Saboda wannan, Rahoton Hadarin Tattalin Arziki na Duniya na 2011 ya haɗa da karancin ruwa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan haɗari biyar na duniya a karon farko.

Hanyoyi don sarrafa ƙarancin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bidiyo na Water.org game da magance karancin ruwa a Habasha.

Tsarin izinin ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu yankuna a cikin ƙasashen Afirka, kamar Tanzania, sun yi ƙoƙari su magance matsalolin da ke tattare da karancin ruwa ta hanyar kafa tsarin izinin ruwa. A karkashin irin wannan tsarin, ana amfani da dokoki na gida don ba masu amfani damar samun wani ruwa a wasu wurare. Koyaya, irin waɗannan tsarin sau da yawa suna haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikice, kamar yadda manyan masu ban ruwa za su iya mallakar haƙƙin ruwa a kan kuɗin ƙananan manoma a yankin.[35]

Ƙoƙarin ƙasashen duniya da waɗanda ba na gwamnati ba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Don magance matsalar karancin ruwa a Afirka, Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta jaddada bukatar saka hannun jari a ci gaban albarkatun ruwa na Afirka don rage wahalar da ba ta da mahimmanci, tabbatar da Tsaro na abinci, da kuma kare ribar tattalin arziki ta hanyar sarrafa bushewa, ambaliyar ruwa, da hamada.[5] Wasu da aka ba da shawarar da kuma ci gaba da kokarin cimma wannan sun haɗa da jaddadawa kan aiwatarwa da kayan aiki da inganta rijiyoyi, tsarin ruwa mai ruwan sama, da tankunan ajiyar ruwa mai tsabta.

Kokarin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi daidai da Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium sun yi niyya ga karancin ruwa ba kawai ga Afirka ba, amma a duniya. Jerin da aka tattara ya haɗa da burin ci gaban kasa da kasa guda takwas, bakwai daga cikinsu suna da tasiri kai tsaye ta hanyar karancin ruwa. Samun ruwa yana shafar talauci, karancin abinci, samun ilimi, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na mata, tsaro na rayuwa, cututtuka, da lafiyar mutum da muhalli.[36] Saboda magance batun ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga isa ga MDGs, daya daga cikin ƙananan manufofi ya haɗa da rage rabin yawan jama'ar duniya ba tare da samun damar samun ruwan sha mai aminci ba ta hanyar 2015. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da sanarwar cewa an cika wannan burin kusan shekaru hudu da suka gabata, yana nuna cewa kokarin duniya na rage karancin ruwa yana kan nasara.[37]

A matsayinta na daya daga cikin mambobi biyar na dindindin na Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Amurka tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta mafita don taimakawa tare da karancin ruwa mai tsabta. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙoƙarin da yawa ya haɗa da USAID's WASH- haɗin gwiwar WASH for Life tare da Gidauniyar Gates- wanda ke aiki don inganta ruwa, tsaftacewa, da tsabta. Tare da wannan, Amurka "za ta gano, gwada, da haɓaka hanyoyin da suka danganci shaida don isar da waɗannan ayyukan ga mutane a wasu yankuna mafi talauci".[37] Bugu da ƙari, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, Hillary Clinton ta ba da sanarwar hadin gwiwar ruwa ta Amurka, wanda zai haɗa mutane daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, al'ummomin agaji, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ba na gwamnati ba, masana, da gwamnati a cikin ƙoƙari na neman mafita na tsarin.[37] Fasahar da ikon magance matsalar karancin ruwa da tsabta suna nan, amma lamari ne na samun dama. Don haka, haɗin gwiwar zai yi niyyar samar da waɗannan mafita kuma ana iya samun su a matakin gida.

Baya ga rawar da Amurka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da sauran hukumomin gwamnati na kasa da kasa, kungiyoyin agaji da yawa suna aiki don samar da ruwa mai tsabta a Afirka da sauran wurare a duniya. Wadannan kungiyoyin agaji sun dogara ne akan gudummawar mutum da na rukuni, wanda ake saka hannun jari a hanyoyi da fasaha daban-daban don samar da ruwa mai tsabta.[38]

A cikin shekara ta 2015, an samar da ruwan sha mai kyau da hanyoyin tsabtace muhalli ga kashi 90% na mazaunan duniya saboda kokarin da aka yi don cimma MDGs. A ci gaba da wannan ci gaban an gane Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [2] don haɗawa da "Ruwa mai tsabta da tsabta" a matsayin burin lamba shida don "Tabbatar da samun ruwa da tsabta ga kowa". Manufar ta dogara da isasshen ruwa mai kyau na duniya don cimma damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da ruwa mai tsabta don tsabtace muhalli, amma rashin tsarawa da karancin saka hannun jari shine abin da duniya ke buƙatar mayar da hankali. Babban burin SDG guda shida shine cewa nan da shekara ta 2030, duniya za ta tabbatar da samun ruwa ga kowa, samar da albarkatun tsabta musamman ga mutanen da ke cikin haɗari, kara maganin sharar gida da rage yawan gurɓataccen ruwa. Baya ga kafa sabbin kokarin hadin gwiwa a matakin kasa da kasa da na gida don inganta tsarin kula da ruwa.[2]

Iyakancewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Afirka ita ce gida ga mafi yawan kasashe masu karancin ruwa daga kowane yanki, da kuma gida ga kasashe masu wahala a isa dangane da taimakon ruwa. Yaduwar ƙauyukan karkara ya kama yankuna da yawa a cikin abin da Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ke magana da shi a matsayin "Mataki na Girbi", [5] wanda ke sa yankunan da ke da karancin ruwa da wuya a taimaka saboda rashin fasahar masana'antu don samar da mafita mai ɗorewa. Baya ga abubuwan da ke iyakance yanayin ƙasa da ci gaba, dalilai da yawa na siyasa, tattalin arziki suma suna tsaye a hanyar tabbatar da isasshen taimako ga Afirka. A siyasance, tashin hankali tsakanin kananan hukumomi da kungiyoyin kasashen waje da ba na gwamnati ba yana tasiri ga ikon samun nasarar kawo kudi da ma'aikatan taimako. A fannin tattalin arziki, yankunan birane suna fama da matsanancin wadata inda talakawa ke biyan sau hudu zuwa goma don ruwa mai tsabta fiye da ƙwararrun, yana hana matalauta samun damar samun fasahar ruwa mai tsabta da ƙoƙari.[5] A sakamakon duk waɗannan abubuwan, an kiyasta cewa kashi hamsin cikin dari na duk ayyukan ruwa sun kasa, ana ziyartar ƙasa da kashi biyar cikin dari na ayyukan, kuma ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin dari suna da sa ido na dogon lokaci.[23]

Girbi na ruwan sama

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Girbin ruwan sama (RWH) tsari ne na tattarawa da adana ruwan sama maimakon barin shi ya gudana. Ruwan sama yana faɗuwa a kan farfajiyar kamar rufin kuma ana ba da umarnin sake cika teburin ruwa na ƙasa ta hanyar shiga cikin tanki, rami, rami mai zurfi (rijiyar, shaft, ko borehole), ruwa, ko tafki ta amfani da percolation. wanda aka adana kuma daga baya aka yi amfani da shi don dalilai masu amfani. Don fahimtar bukatar ingantaccen damar samun ruwan sha a kasashe masu tasowa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Manufofin Ci gaban Millennium shine rage yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan shan ruwa a shekarar 2015. [39]Wannan yana haifar da karɓar da amfani da girbi na ruwan sama don ƙara samar da ruwa mai ɗaukar hoto. Girbi ruwan sama (RWH), wani zaɓi ne wanda a tarihi aka karɓa a yankunan da tsarin samar da ruwa na al'ada ya kasa biyan bukatun mutane, saboda haka, ana inganta shi don magance matsalar karancin ruwa a wasu birane na kasashe masu tasowa.[40]

Country or city examples

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Birnin da ke fuskantar matsalar ruwa shine Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu . Gwamnati da masana kimiyya a yankin suna shirin "ranar zero", ma'ana cewa yankin kusan ba shi da ruwa. Gwamnati tana da fatan cewa kokarin kiyayewa na son rai da abubuwan muhalli zasu kara samar da ruwa a cikin tafkunan, amma waɗannan abubuwa ba su faru ba wanda ya kara yiwuwar birnin ya ƙare da ruwan sha. Masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Cape Town suna damuwa saboda ba tare da tushen ruwa ba ba za su iya gudanar da bincike mai mahimmanci na likita ko nazarin asibiti ba.[41] An kauce wa Ranar Zero kuma an ɗaga ƙuntatawa ga mazauna, amma har yanzu ana ƙoƙarin kiyayewa tare da rashin tabbas a cikin ruwan sama.[42]

Madagaska

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A kan tsaunuka masu tsawo na Madagascar, wani babban canji ya faru wanda ya kawar da kusan dukkanin ciyayi masu yawa a cikin shekarun 1970 zuwa 2000. Aikin noma da konewa ya kawar da kusan kashi goma cikin dari na jimlar halittu na ƙasar kuma ya canza shi zuwa hamada. Wadannan tasirin sun fito ne daga Yawan jama'a da kuma bukatar ciyar da talakawa 'yan asalin ƙasar, amma mummunan tasirin ya haɗa da yaduwar yaduwar lalacewar koguna wanda hakan ya haifar da koguna masu yawa waɗanda "ya yi ja" shekaru da yawa bayan sare daji. Wannan ya kawar da ruwa mai yawa mai amfani kuma ya lalata yawancin yanayin halittu na koguna da yawa na yamma. An kori nau'ikan kifaye da yawa zuwa gefen halaka kuma wasu, kamar su tsarin coral da aka damu a cikin Tekun Indiya, sun ɓace yadda ya kamata.

Yara biyu suna shan ruwaRuwan leda

Najeriya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tare da kimanin mutane miliyan 199, kashi 86% na 'yan Najeriya ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai aminci.[43] UNICEF ta ba da rahoton cewa sama da rabin ayyukan ruwa na asali ga kashi 70% na 'yan Najeriya sun gurbata.[44] Rashin ababen more rayuwa a ko'ina cikin Najeriya yana hana yawancin al'ummomi samun ruwa mai tsabta; dan Najeriya na yau da kullun yana samun lita 9 na ruwa a matsakaici kowace rana.[45] Saboda wannan, 'yan Najeriya da yawa sun dogara da ruwan da ake samu a kasuwa kamar ruwan sachet (duba hoton) ko ruwan kwalba.[43] Ruwan da aka gurɓata gurɓataccen ruwa yana taimakawa ga karancin ruwa a Najeriya.[46] Wasu manyan nau'o'in gurɓataccen abu sun haɗa da taki da ragowar aikin gona, tsarin kula da datti mara kyau, sharar masana'antu, gurɓatawar mai da iskar gas, kayan hakar ma'adinai, da kuma magudanar yanka.[45]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Ambaliyar ruwa ta Afirka ta 2007
  • Ruwan ruwa na Yammacin Afirka na 2009
  • Janareta na ruwa na sararin samaniya
  • Rikicin ruwa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
  • Batutuwan ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa
  • Siyasa ta ruwa
  • Tsaro na ruwa
  • Girbi ruwan sama a cikin Sahel

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015". Retrieved 1 April 2013.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 United Nations. Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All. Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/publications/SDG6_SR2018.pdf
  3. ↑ "International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015". Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 "Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access". Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 "Water Scarcity, Risk, and Vulnerability" (PDF). Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  7. ↑ "International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity". www.un.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  8. ↑ ISSAfrica.org (2017-05-15). "Africa's population boom: burden or opportunity?". ISS Africa (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  9. ↑ Falkenmark, Malin (1990). "Rapid Population Growth and Water Scarcity: The Predicament of Tomorrow's Africa". Population and Development Review. 16: 81–94. doi:10.2307/2808065. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 2808065.
  10. ↑ "Water Scarcity | Threats | WWF". World Wildlife Fund (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  11. ↑ United Nations. Water Scarcity. UN Water.https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/scarcity/
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Chitonge, Horman (2020-04-02). "Urbanisation and the water challenge in Africa: Mapping out orders of water scarcity". African Studies. 79 (2): 192–211. doi:10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662. ISSN 0002-0184. S2CID 221361042.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Wang, Yuan-Xu (2020-08-27). "Runoff pollution control of a sewage discharge project based on green concept – a sewage runoff pollution control system". Water Supply. 20 (8): 3676–3686. doi:10.2166/ws.2020.183. ISSN 1606-9749.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Climate Change and Africa" (PDF). Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  15. ↑ "Water and the global climate crisis: 10 things you should know". www.unicef.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  16. ↑ Reinacher, L. (2013 Oct 3). The Water Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Borgen Project.
  17. ↑ Kumaresan, Jacob; Sathiakumar, Nalini (2010-03-01). "Climate change and its potential impact on health: a call for integrated action". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 88 (3): 163. doi:10.2471/blt.10.076034. ISSN 0042-9686. PMC 2828801. PMID 20428377.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "10 Facts About Water Scarcity". Archived from the original on November 16, 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "The Facts About The Global Drinking Water Crisis". 2010. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  20. ↑ qadir, manzoor. "the challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries".
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Crow, Ben; Roy, Jessica (2004-03-26). "Gender Relations and Access to Water: What We Want to Know About Social Relations and Women's Time Allocation". Retrieved 18 March 2013. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ↑ "Impacts of Water Scarcity on Women's Life". Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Women Affected by the Crisis". Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  24. ↑ "The Water Crisis: Education in Africa".
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 "Coping With Water Scarcity: Challenge of the 21st Century" (PDF). Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Kauffman, J., Mantel, S., Ringersma, J., Dijkshoorn, J., Van Lynden, G., Dent, D. Making Better Use of Green Water in Sub-Saharan Africa.
  27. ↑ Kadigi, R., Tesfay, G., Bizoza, A., Zinabou, G. (2013). Global Development Network GDN Working Paper Series Irrigation and Water Use Efficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa Working Paper No. 63. Global Development Network. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263464548
  28. ↑ Bjornlund, Vibeke; Bjornlund, Henning; Van Rooyen, Andre F. (2020-10-01). "Why agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa remains low compared to the rest of the world – a historical perspective". International Journal of Water Resources Development. 36 (sup1): S20–S53. doi:10.1080/07900627.2020.1739512. ISSN 0790-0627. S2CID 218928549.
  29. ↑ Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe; Chibarabada, Tendai; Modi, Albert (2016). "Water-Food-Nutrition-Health Nexus: Linking Water to Improving Food, Nutrition and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 13 (1): 107. doi:10.3390/ijerph13010107. PMC 4730498. PMID 26751464.
  30. ↑ Bain, L., Et al. (2013). Malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Burden, Causes and Prospects. Pan African Medical Journal. www.panafrican-med-journal.com
  31. ↑ Madungwe, Emaculate; Sakuringwa, Saniso (2007). "Greywater reuse: A strategy for water demand management in Harare?". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. 32 (15–18): 1231–1236. Bibcode:2007PCE....32.1231M. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.015.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 "Africa Rising 21st Century". 2010-02-26. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  33. ↑ "The Coming Wars for Water". Report Syndication. October 12, 2019.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 "US Intel: Water a Cause for War in Coming Decades". Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  35. ↑ Komakech, Hc; Condon, M; Van der Zaag, P (2012). "The role of statutory and local rules in allocating water between large- and small-scale irrigators in an African river catchment". Water SA. 38 (1): 115–126. doi:10.4314/wsa.v38i1.14. ISSN 0378-4738. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Alt URL
  36. ↑ "International Decade for Action Water for Life 2005-2015: Water Scarcity". Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 "Remarks in Honor of World Water Day". Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  38. ↑ "Water Charities:A Comprehensive List". Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  39. ↑ [ttps://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_55_2.pdf "united nations millennium declaration"] (PDF).
  40. ↑ "Mapping the Potential of Rainwater Harvesting Technologies in Africa: A GIS Overview on Development Domains for the Continent and Nine selected Countries".
  41. ↑ Maxmen, Amy (2018). "As Cape Town water crisis deepens, scientists prepare for 'Day Zero'". Nature. 554 (7690): 13–14. Bibcode:2018Natur.554...13M. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-01134-x.
  42. ↑ Browdie, Brian (16 January 2019). "Cape Town delayed Day Zero but South Africa's water woes aren't over". Quartz Africa.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Ighalo, Joshua O.; Adeniyi, Adewale George (2020-12-01). "A comprehensive review of water quality monitoring and assessment in Nigeria". Chemosphere (in Turanci). 260: 127569. Bibcode:2020Chmsp.260l7569I. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127569. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 32688315. S2CID 220669885.
  44. ↑ "Nearly one third of Nigerian children do not have enough water to meet their daily needs - UNICEF". www.unicef.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-09-28.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR), Government of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and UNICEF. 2020. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: National Outcome Routine Mapping (WASH NORM) 2019: A Report of Findings. FCT Abuja. Nigeria
  46. ↑ "Water Stress: A Triple Threat in Nigeria". Pacific Council on International Policy (in Turanci). 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
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