'Yancin Dan Adam da ɓoyewa

Yawancin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ɓoyewa ana kallon su azaman masu alaƙa. Rufewa na iya zama fasaha da ke taimakawa aiwatar da ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam . A cikin shekarun dijital, ' yancin yin magana ya zama mafi rikici; duk da haka, ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam, ana samun karuwar wayar da kan jama'a cewa boye-boye yana da mahimmanci don Intanet kyauta, buɗaɗɗiya, kuma amintacce.

Fage

Haƙƙin ɗan adam

Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ƙa'idodi ne ko ƙa'idodi na ɗabi'a na ɗan adam waɗanda ake kiyaye su akai-akai azaman haƙƙoƙin doka a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa . ^[1] An fi fahimtar su a matsayin waɗanda ba za a iya raba su ba, ^[2] haƙƙoƙin asali "wanda mutum ke da haƙƙinsa a zahiri kawai saboda ɗan adam ne". ^[3] Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin “suna cikin dukan ’yan Adam” ^[4] ba tare da la’akari da ƙasarsu, wurinsu, harshensu, addini, asalin ƙabila, ko kowane matsayi ba. ^[2] Ana amfani da su a ko'ina kuma a kowane lokaci kuma sun kasance na duniya ^[1] kuma masu daidaitawa . ^[2]

Rubutun Rubutu

Cryptography wani yanki ne mai dadewa na duka ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta . Ana iya bayyana shi gabaɗaya a matsayin "kare bayanai da ƙididdiga ta amfani da dabarun lissafi." Rufewa da cryptography suna da alaƙa sosai, kodayake "cryptography" yana da ma'ana mai faɗi. Misali, sa hannu na dijital shine "cryptography", amma ba "rufewa" a zahiri ba. ^[5]

Dubawa

A ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa, an amince da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 19 na Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) da kuma Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan 'yancin ɗan adam da siyasa (ICCPR). A cikin doka ta 19 ta UDHR ta bayyana cewa "kowane mutum na da 'yancin yin ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba" kuma "kowa yana da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki; wannan 'yancin ya hada da 'yancin neman, karba da ba da bayanai da ra'ayoyin kowane iri. ba tare da la’akari da iyakoki ba, ko dai a baki, ko a rubuce ko a bugu, ko ta hanyar fasaha, ko ta wata hanyar sadarwa da yake so”. ^[6]

Tun daga shekarun 1970s, samuwar ƙididdiga na dijital da ƙirƙira na maɓalli na jama'a sun sa ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen abu. (A baya, dabarun ɓoyewa sune yanki na masu wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa ). Samuwar da amfani da boye-boye na ci gaba da haifar da hadaddun, mahimmanci, da muhawarar manufofin shari'a mai cike da cece-kuce. Wasu hukumomin gwamnati sun ba da sanarwa ko shawarwari don rage irin wannan amfani da turawa saboda matsalolin da suke bayarwa don samun damar gwamnati. Haɓaka ayyukan ɓoyayyen kasuwanci na ƙarshen-zuwa-ƙarshen ya matsa zuwa ƙarin muhawara game da amfani da ɓoyewa da kuma matsayin doka na cryptography gabaɗaya.

Rufewa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, saitin dabaru ne na sirri don kare bayanai. Ƙimar ɓoyewa ta al'ada, duk da haka, ba a kayyade ba amma ta bambanta da nau'i da manufar hanyoyin rubutun da aka yi amfani da su. A al'adance, ana amfani da dabarun ɓoyewa (cipher) don tabbatar da sirrin sadarwa da hana samun damar bayanai da sadarwa ta wasu da waɗanda aka nufa. Cryptography kuma na iya tabbatar da sahihancin ɓangarorin sadarwa da amincin abubuwan da ke cikin sadarwa, tare da samar da mahimmin sinadari don ba da damar amincewa da yanayin dijital .

Akwai haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a a cikin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam cewa boye-boye yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da Intanet mai 'yanci, buɗe kuma amintaccen. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan haɓakawa da kare haƙƙin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki David Kaye ya lura, yayin Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam a watan Yunin 2015, cewa ɓoyewa da ɓoye suna sun cancanci matsayin kariya a ƙarƙashin haƙƙin sirri da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki:

“Rufewa da boye sunayensu, manyan motocin da ake amfani da su a yau don tsaro ta yanar gizo, suna ba wa daidaikun mutane hanyoyin da za su kare sirrinsu, da ba su damar yin bincike, karantawa, haɓakawa da raba ra’ayi da bayanai ba tare da tsangwama ba da ba da damar ‘yan jarida, ƙungiyoyin farar hula, membobin kabilanci ko addini. kungiyoyi, wadanda ake tsananta musu saboda yanayinsu na jima'i ko asalin jinsi, masu fafutuka, masana, masu fasaha da sauran su don amfani da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki."

Rufewa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa

A cikin mahallin kafofin watsa labaru da sadarwa, ana iya bambanta nau'ikan ɓoyewa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa:

Ana iya amfani da shi sakamakon zaɓin mai bada sabis ko masu amfani da Intanet suka tura shi. Kayan aikin ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen abokin ciniki da fasaha sun dace da al'ummomin da ba a sani ba, 'yan jarida da sauran 'yan wasan watsa labarai na kan layi waɗanda ke yin aikin jarida a matsayin hanyar kare haƙƙinsu.
Zai iya hana samun dama ga ɓangare na uku mara izini, amma mai bada sabis yana aiwatar da shi har yanzu yana da damar yin amfani da bayanan mai amfani masu dacewa. Ƙirar-ƙarshen-zuwa-ƙarshe dabara ce ta ɓoyewa da ke nufin ɓoyewa wanda kuma ke hana masu ba da sabis da kansu samun damar shiga sadarwar mai amfani. Aiwatar da waɗannan nau'ikan ɓoyewa ya haifar da mafi yawan muhawara tun farkon ƙarni na 21st.

Masu ba da sabis sun ƙaddamar da dabaru don hana isa ga ɓangare na uku mara izini.

Daga cikin dabarun da aka fi amfani da su na sirri shine tsare hanyar sadarwa tsakanin masu amfani da intanit da takamaiman masu samar da sabis daga hare-haren mutane-tsakiyar-tsakiyar, samun dama ta wasu kamfanoni marasa izini. Idan aka yi la'akari da faɗin abubuwan da ke tattare da su, waɗannan fasahohin ɓoye dole ne su kasance tare da mai amfani da sabis da mai bada sabis don yin aiki yadda ya kamata. Suna buƙatar masu ba da sabis, gami da masu buga labarai na kan layi ko (s) hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa don aiwatar da su cikin ƙirar sabis. Masu amfani ba za su iya tura waɗannan fasahohin ba ɗaya ɗaya ; tura su ya dogara ne akan sa hannun mai bada sabis.Ka'idar TLS, wacce ta zama bayyane ga mai amfani da intanit ta al'ada ta hanyar HTTPS, ana sosai don tabbatar da kasuwancin kan layi, sabis na gwamnati da aikace-aikacen kiwon lafiya da na'urori waɗanda ke haɗa abubuwan more rayuwa ta hanyar sadarwa, misali, hanyoyin sadarwa, kyamarori. Koyaya, kodayake ma'auni ya kasance tun daga 1990, faɗuwar yaduwar fasaha da haɓakar fasahar ya kasance a hankali. Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran hanyoyin rubutun kalmomi da ka'idoji, ƙalubalen ƙalubale masu alaƙa da dacewa, amintattu da (fadi) turawa suna da mahimmanci kuma dole ne a yi la'akari da su. Yawancin masu ba da sabis har yanzu ba sa aiwatar da TLS ko ba sa aiwatar da shi da kyau.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

A cikin mahallin hanyoyin sadarwa mara igiyar waya, yin amfani da dabarun ɓoye bayanan da ke kare sadarwa daga ɓangare na uku ma suna da mahimmanci. An samar da ma'auni daban-daban don kare hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya: 2G, 3G da 4G matakan sadarwa tsakanin wayoyin hannu, tashoshin tushe da masu kula da tashoshin tushe; ka'idoji don kare sadarwa tsakanin na'urorin hannu da masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa mara waya (' WLAN '); da ma'auni na hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta na gida. ^[7] Ɗayan rauni ɗaya na gama gari a cikin waɗannan ƙira shi ne wuraren watsawa na sadarwa mara igiyar waya na iya samun dama ga duk sadarwa misali, mai ba da sadarwa . Wannan raunin yana ƙaruwa lokacin da ka'idodin mara waya ke tabbatar da na'urorin masu amfani kawai, amma ba wurin samun damar mara waya ba.

Ko an adana bayanan akan na'ura, ko akan uwar garken gida kamar yadda yake cikin gajimare, akwai kuma bambanci tsakanin 'lokacin hutawa'. Idan aka yi la'akari da raunin wayoyin hannu ga sata alal misali, ana iya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga iyakance damar samun damar sabis. Wannan baya ware yanayin da mai bada sabis ke bayyana wannan bayanin ga wasu kamfanoni kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci ko gwamnatoci. Mai amfani yana buƙatar amincewa da mai bada sabis don aiwatar da bukatunsu. Yiwuwar cewa an tilasta mai bada sabis bisa doka don mika bayanan mai amfani ko don tsoma baki tare da takamaiman sadarwa tare da takamaiman masu amfani, ya rage.

Fasaha masu haɓaka sirri

Akwai ayyuka da ke tallata kansu musamman da iƙirarin rashin samun damar yin amfani da abun cikin sadarwar masu amfani da su. Masu ba da sabis kuma na iya ɗaukar matakan da za su hana su damar samun bayanai da sadarwa, tare da ƙara kare masu amfani da damar samun bayanansu da sadarwar su. Mutuncin waɗannan Fasaha Haɓaka Sirri (PETs), ya dogara ne akan yanke shawara mai ƙira da kuma niyyar mai bada sabis don zama mai gaskiya da riƙon amana . ^[8] Ga yawancin waɗannan ayyuka, mai bada sabis na iya bayar da wasu ƙarin fasaloli (ban da ikon sadarwa), misali, gudanar da lissafin lamba-ma'ana za su iya lura da wanda ke sadarwa da wane-amma ɗauki matakan fasaha don kada su iya karanta abinda ke cikin sakonnin. Wannan yana da yiwuwar mummunan tasiri ga masu amfani; alal misali, tunda dole ne mai bada sabis ya ɗauki mataki don haɗa masu amfani waɗanda ke son sadarwa ta amfani da sabis ɗin, zai kuma sami ikon hana masu amfani sadarwa tun da farko.

Bayan gano raunin da ya faru, ana samun karuwar wayar da kan jama'a cewa akwai bukatar a kara saka hannun jari wajen tantance lambobin da ake amfani da su da yawa da ke fitowa daga cikin jama'ar software masu kyauta da budewa. Yaɗuwar samfuran kasuwanci waɗanda suka dogara da tattarawa da sarrafa bayanan mai amfani na iya zama cikas ga ɗaukar hanyoyin ɓoye bayanan don kare bayanai yayin hutu. Kamar yadda Bruce Schneier ya ce:

"Sa ido shine tsarin kasuwanci na Intanet. Wannan ya samo asali ne zuwa tsarin gine-gine mai ban mamaki, mai karfi, kuma mai riba. Ana bin ku sosai a duk inda kuka shiga Intanet, kamfanoni da yawa da dillalan bayanai : kamfanoni daban-daban guda goma a daya. site, dozin akan wani." Hanyoyi na ƙididdiga suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a sarrafa bayanan kan layi .

Ana iya amfani da tsarin sahihancin dijital don ba da izinin ma'amalar da ba a san su ba amma ingantattun ma'amala tsakanin masu amfani da masu ba da sabis da gina tsarin tsare sirrin sirri.

Ƙofar mai amfani da ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar al'umma da sabis na haɗin gwiwa

Intanit yana ba masu amfani da ƙarshen damar haɓaka aikace-aikace da amfani da hanyar sadarwa ba tare da haɗawa da masu samar da sabis na intanet masu dacewa ba. Yawancin kayan aikin boye-boye ba su haɓaka ko bayarwa ta masu ba da sabis ko ƙungiyoyi na al'ada amma ta ƙwararrun software na kyauta da buɗaɗɗen tushe (FOSS) da al'ummomin injiniyan Intanet. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan waɗannan yunƙurin shine samar da Fasahar Haɓaka Sirri (PETs) waɗanda za a iya tura su gaba ɗaya ko tare da masu amfani masu sha'awar waɗanda a shirye suke, waɗanda suke shirye, da kuma iya kula da abubuwan sirrin nasu yayin hulɗa da masu samar da sabis. Waɗannan PETs sun haɗa da aikace-aikacen ɓoyewa na tsaye da kuma ƙara-kan mai bincike waɗanda ke taimakawa kiyaye sirrin sadarwar tushen yanar gizo ko ba da izinin shiga cikin sabis na kan layi da injunan bincike ba a san su ba. Fasaha irin su maɓallan maɓalli na iya katse abun ciki kamar yadda aka shigar da shi kafin a yi amfani da ɓoyayyen abu, ta yadda hakan ya gaza bayar da kariya. Yin kutse cikin tsarin bayanai da na'urori don samun damar bayanai a ko bayan lokacin cire bayanan na iya yin tasiri iri ɗaya.

Dabarun lissafin jam’iyyu da yawa (MPC) misali ne na hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke ba da damar ɓangarori, misali, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai masu mahimman bayanai, don yin nazarin bayanan ba tare da bayyana bayanansu ga junansu ba. Duk waɗannan ƙirƙira suna yin amfani da ɓoyayyen ɓoye don samar da keɓaɓɓu da tabbacin tsaro idan babu amintacciyar hukuma ta tsakiya.

Akwai ci gaba da yawa a cikin aiwatar da cryptocurrencies ta amfani da ka'idojin blockchain . Waɗannan tsare-tsaren na iya samun fa'idodi da yawa kuma waɗannan ƙa'idodi kuma na iya zama da amfani ga sabbin nau'ikan kwangiloli da shaidar lantarki, taimako masu amfani lokacin da kayan aikin doka ba sa samuwa. Dangane da kariyar sirrin da ke da alaƙa da biyan kuɗi, kuskure ne na yau da kullun cewa dabarun rubutun da ake amfani da su a cikin Bitcoin suna tabbatar da biyan kuɗi da ba a san su ba. Kariyar kawai da Bitcoin ke bayarwa shine fasikanci . ^[9]

Kariyar sirrin metadata

Samuwar metadata ( bayanan da ba za a iya gane kansu ba ta hanyar sadarwa/halayen mai amfani) na iya haifar da wata barazana ga masu amfani. Wannan bayanin ne wanda doka ba ta kiyaye shi ba, & waɗanda masu ba da sabis za su iya kiyaye su ta hanyar samar da ayyuka; ciki har da amma ba'a iyakance ga: lokaci, mita, tsawon lokaci, bangarorin da abin ya shafa da sauransu. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da metadata don bin diddigin mutane ta yanki kuma suna iya tsoma baki tare da ikon su na sadarwa ba tare da suna ba. ^[10] Kamar yadda rahoton Cibiyar Berkman ya lura, ba a ɓoye metadata gabaɗaya ta hanyoyin da ke sa gwamnatoci ba za su iya isa ba, kuma saboda haka "yana ba da adadi mai yawa na bayanan sa ido da ba a samu ba kafin [fasaharar sadarwar intanet] ta yaɗu." Don rage fallasa metadata mai ma'ana, ana iya buƙatar amfani da kayan aikin ɓoyewa tare da fasahohin da ke ba da ɓoye bayanan sadarwa.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

Mai Rarraba Albasa

The Onion Router, wanda aka fi sani da Tor, yana ba da damar shiga yanar gizo da ayyukan kan layi ba tare da suna ba. Tor yana buƙatar ƙungiyar masu sa kai don gudanar da matakan tsaka-tsaki waɗanda ke ba da hanyar sadarwar mai amfani da gidan yanar gizo ta yadda wasu ɓangarorin uku ba za su iya lura da wanda mai amfani ke sadarwa da su ba. Ta hanyar amfani da boye-boye, kowane wakili yana sane da wani ɓangare na hanyar sadarwa kawai ma'ana cewa babu ɗaya daga cikin wakilan da zai iya da kansa da kansa ga mai amfani da gidan yanar gizon da yake ziyarta. Bayan kare sirri, Tor yana da amfani lokacin da ISP na mai amfani ya toshe damar yin amfani da abun ciki. Wannan yayi kama da kariyar da VPN (Virtual Private Network) ke bayarwa. Masu ba da sabis, kamar gidajen yanar gizo, na iya toshe haɗin da suka fito daga cibiyar sadarwar Tor. Saboda wasu munanan zirga-zirga na iya isa ga masu samar da sabis azaman zirga-zirgar Tor kuma saboda zirga-zirgar Tor na iya tsoma baki tare da tsarin kasuwanci, masu samar da sabis na iya samun abin ƙarfafa yin hakan. Wannan tsangwama na iya hana masu amfani amfani da ingantattun hanyoyi don kare sirrin su akan layi. Tor browser yana bawa masu amfani damar ɓata asali da ƙarshen wuraren sadarwar su lokacin da suke sadarwa akan intanit.

Abin kunya

Ƙarfafawa, ƙirar siginar "ƙarya" mai sarrafa kansa waɗanda ba za a iya bambanta su da ainihin ayyukan masu amfani da yanar gizo ba, suna ba masu amfani da "rufin" mai hayaniya wanda ainihin bayanansu da halayen sadarwar su ya kasance ba a iya gani. Obfuscation ya sami ƙarin kulawa azaman hanya don kare masu amfani akan layi kwanan nan. TrackMeNot kayan aiki ne na ɓoye don masu amfani da injin bincike: plugin ɗin yana aika tambayoyin bincike na karya zuwa injin bincike, yana shafar ikon mai samar da injin bincike don gina ingantaccen bayanin martaba na mai amfani. Ko da yake TrackMeNot da sauran kayan aikin ɓoye bincike an gano suna da rauni ga wasu hare-hare waɗanda ke ba da damar injunan bincike su bambance tsakanin tambayoyin da aka samar da mai amfani da na kwamfuta, ƙarin ci gaba a cikin ɓarna na iya taka rawa mai kyau wajen kare masu amfani lokacin fallasa bayanai. ba makawa, kamar a cikin yanayin bincike ko sabis na tushen wuri .

Rubutu, doka da haƙƙin ɗan adam

Ƙuntatawa akan dabarun ɓoye

Abubuwan da suka faru na ta'addanci na baya-bayan nan sun haifar da ƙarin kiraye-kirayen ƙuntatawa akan ɓoyewa. Ko da yake, a cikin sha'awar lafiyar jama'a, akwai shawarwari da yawa don tsoma baki tare da ƙaddamar da ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen kyauta, waɗannan shawarwari ba su ci gaba da bin binciken kimiyya na kusa ba. Waɗannan shawarwarin suna ɗaukar mataki mai mahimmanci, mai alaƙa da abin da ke kan gungumen azaba ga masu amfani. Ƙarin matakan tsaro na ci gaba da alama sun zama dole ga gwamnatoci, la'akari da yanayin barazanar da ke akwai ga masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na dijital da kwamfuta . ^[11]

Duk da yake gwamnatoci da yawa sunyi la'akari da cewa dabarun ɓoyewa na iya gabatar da matsala a cikin binciken laifuka da kare lafiyar ƙasa, wasu ƙasashe, irin su Jamus ko Netherlands sun dauki matsayi mai karfi a kan ƙuntatawa akan ɓoyewa akan Intanet. A shekara ta 2016, ministocin harkokin cikin gida na Faransa da Jamus sun bayyana cewar akwai bukatar yin aiki tuƙuru kan hanyoyin warware ƙalubalen da jami'an tsaro za su iya fuskanta sakamakon ɓoyayyen ɓoye-ɓoye daga ƙarshen zuwa ƙarshe, musamman idan aka ba da su daga wata hukuma ta waje. ^[12] A cikin wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa, Hukumar Kula da Sadarwar Sadarwa da Tsaro ta Turai ( ENISA ) da Europol suma sun dauki matakin adawa da shigar da kofofin baya a cikin kayayyakin boye-boye. Bugu da kari, hane-hane zai yi mummunar illa kan tsaro ta yanar gizo, kasuwanci da kasuwancin e-commerce . ^[13]

Rufewa da doka: mafi girman shimfidar wuri

Dokokin tsare sirri da bayanai suna da alaƙa da kariyar haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yanzu akwai kasashe sama da 100 da ke da dokokin kariyar bayanai. ^[14] Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ka'idoji don sarrafa bayanan sirri na gaskiya da halal da dokokin kare bayanai suka tsara shi ne ka'idar tsaro. Wannan ka'ida tana nuna cewa ana ɗaukar matakan tsaro da suka dace don tabbatar da kariyar bayanan sirri daga shiga ba bisa ka'ida ba daga wasu fiye da waɗanda aka nufa. Babban Dokar Kariyar Bayanai na Tarayyar Turai, wanda aka karɓa a cikin 2016 kuma zai shiga aiki a cikin 2018, yana ƙunshe da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi masu tasowa game da tsaro na bayanan sirri. ^[15]

Rufewa na iya zama kariya daga keta bayanan sirri ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, saboda yana iya sauƙaƙe aiwatar da sirri da kariya ta bayanai ta ƙira. Cryptography kuma ya kasance muhimmin sinadari don kafa sharuɗɗan kasuwancin e-commerce akan Intanet. An amince da ka'idodin OECD don tabbatar da cewa manufofin cryptography na ƙasa ba za su tsoma baki cikin kasuwanci ba kuma don tabbatar da yanayin ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin kasuwancin e-commerce. ^[15]

Manufar cryptography na duniya da haƙƙin ɗan adam

Muhawarar manufofin game da boye-boye tana da mahimmiyar girma ta kasa da kasa saboda yanayin kasa da kasa na hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa da Intanet da kasuwanci, dunkulewar duniya da kuma matakan tsaron kasa. OECD ta ɗauki manufa don shawarwarin game da jagororin rubutowa a ranar 27 ga Maris, 1997. Akwai abubuwa guda uku a cikin wannan tsoma baki na manufofin OECD, wanda ke da niyya da farko ga ƙasashen Membobin: shawarwarin Majalisar OECD, Jagororin Manufofin Rubutu (a matsayin Annex ga Shawarwari) da Rahoto kan Fage da Batutuwan Manufofin Rubutu. don bayyana mahallin jagororin da mahimman batutuwan da suka shafi doka da muhawarar siyasa . Ka'ida ta 5 akan kariyar sirri da bayanan sirri: ta bayyana a sarari dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar: "Haƙƙin ɗan adam na sirri, gami da sirrin sadarwa da kare bayanan sirri, ya kamata a mutunta su a cikin manufofin cryptography na ƙasa da kuma a cikin aiwatarwa da kuma amfani da hanyoyin cryptographic."

Kungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ( UNESCO ) ta gano boye-boye a matsayin abin da ya dace don manufofin keɓancewa da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Rahoton Keystones (2015) ya bayyana cewa "har za a iya ɗaukar bayananmu wakiltar kanmu, boye-boye yana da rawar da zai taka wajen kare wanda muke, da kuma hana cin zarafi na abun ciki mai amfani. Har ila yau yana ba da damar ƙarin kariya ga sirri. da kuma ɓoye suna a cikin hanyar wucewa ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa abubuwan da ke ciki (da kuma wasu lokuta ma metadata) na sadarwa ana ganin mai karɓa ne kawai." Rahoton ya amince da "rawar da rashin sani da ɓoyewa za su iya takawa a matsayin masu ba da kariya ga sirri da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki" kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa UNESCO ta sauƙaƙe tattaunawa kan waɗannan batutuwa.

Ka'idojin da suka dace kuma masu dacewa da 'yan wasan ƙungiyoyin jama'a suka ɓullo da su kuma suka amince da su sun ba da kariya ga amincin tsarin sadarwa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ka'idoji 13. ^[16] Ka'idodin da kansu ba su bayar da jagorar fayyace kan takamaiman batutuwan manufofin sirri kamar kofofin baya ko ƙuntatawa kan tura ɓoyayyen abu ba. Jagorar da ka'idodin OECD ke bayarwa da kuma matsayi na kwanan nan na Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Rufewa ya bayyana mahimmancin ɓoyewa don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Duk da yake ba ta ba da cikakkiyar amsa ga tambayar ko za a yi la'akari da umarnin boye-boye na baya da dokokin kasa da kasa ba, hakan yana nuni da hakan. Gabaɗaya, jagorar da ake da ita a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa tana fayyace cewa lokacin da aka sanya iyakoki akan ɓoyewa, dole ne a kiyaye garantin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya dace.

Ci gaban matakin ƙasa a cikin zaɓaɓɓun ƙasashe

Amurka

An yi muhawara mai fa'ida, mai aiki da rigima game da boye-boye a Amurka tun daga shekarun 1990 da fara da " Crypto Wars ". Wannan ya haɗa da ɗaukar Dokar Taimakon Sadarwa don Doka (CALEA), wanda ya ƙunshi buƙatu don masu samar da sadarwa da masana'antun kayan aiki don tabbatar da yuwuwar ingantaccen saƙon waya . ^[17] Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi muhawara game da sarrafawar fitarwar da ake da su a kan samfuran ɓoye masu ƙarfi (la'akari da rarrabuwa a matsayin muni) da kuma binciken aikata laifuka a cikin mai haɓaka software na imel ɗin sirri da mai fafutuka Phil Zimmermann . An yi watsi da shari'ar kuma an warware muhawara ta gabaɗaya bayan liberalization na sarrafa fitarwar fitarwa akan yawancin samfuran kasuwanci tare da fasalulluka masu ƙarfi na ɓoyewa da kuma canja wurin waɗannan abubuwa daga Jerin Munitions na Amurka ( USML ), wanda Ma'aikatar Jiha ke gudanarwa, zuwa Jerin Sarrafa Kasuwanci. (CCL), wanda Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci ke gudanarwa. ^[18] Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci ta Amurka tana kula da wasu iko akan abubuwa akan CCL, gami da rajista, bita na fasaha da wajibcin bayar da rahoto, kuma ta ci gaba da sanya lasisi da sauran buƙatu don ɓoyayyen abubuwa masu mahimmanci da siyar da waɗannan abubuwan ga gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje.

Muhawarar ta kunno kai bayan ayoyin Edward Snowden da kuma ingantaccen bayanan da aka samu na matakan ɓoye bayanan sirri ta hanyar sabis na Intanet, masu kera na'urori da masu amfani da su, da kuma kira na haɗin gwiwa daga ƙungiyoyin fasaha da ƙungiyoyin farar hula don haɓaka amfani da ɓoyewa da tsaro don magance yawan sa ido. ayyuka. ^[19] Ƙarfafa ɗaukar bayanan sirri ta masana'antar ya sami karɓuwa sosai daga wasu ƴan wasan gwamnati, musamman FBI . Wannan ya haifar da rikice-rikicen boye-boye na FBI-Apple game da yuwuwar samun damar yin amfani da bayanai akan iPhone don taimako ga aiwatar da doka. A cikin 2016, an gabatar da kudirori da yawa a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka waɗanda za su sanya sabon iyakoki a ƙarƙashin dokar Amurka. Tsarin shari'a na Amurka yana haɓaka kuma yana buƙatar aiwatar da matakan tsaro a cikin abubuwan da suka dace, gami da hanyoyin ɓoye nau'ikan nau'ikan, don tabbatar da tsaro a cikin kasuwanci da kasuwanci. Dokokin da suka dace sune Dokar Zamantakewar Bayanai ta Tarayya (FISMA) na 2014, Dokar Gramm-Leach-Bliley, Dokar Kula da Inshorar Lafiya da Lantarki (HIPAA) da kuma Dokar Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Tarayya . Waɗannan ayyukan sun ƙunshi buƙatun tsaro kuma ta haka a kaikaice suna buƙatar ko tada amfani da boye-boye a wasu yanayi. A ƙarshe, yawancin dokokin sanarwar keta hakkin jihohi suna ɗaukar bayanan ɓoye azaman tashar jiragen ruwa mai aminci ta hanyar keɓance kamfanoni waɗanda suka ɓoye bayanan daga wajibcin sanarwa. ^[15]

La'akari da tsarin mulki da haƙƙin ɗan adam suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a muhawarar Amurka game da yadda ake kula da hanyoyin ɓoyayyen doka. Ƙuntatawa kan rarraba ƙa'idodin rubutun kalmomi, da kuma buga hanyoyin rubutun ana ɗaukar su a matsayin tsangwama tare da Kwaskwarimar Farko, Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka yana kare 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Amurka tana da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ƙungiyoyin jama'a waɗanda ke da hannu cikin manufofin sirri da aiki.

Ƙasar Amurka wuri ne na farko don bincike da injiniyanci na cryptology, haɓakawa da aiwatar da sabbin ayyukan saƙon rubutu. Akwai wata al'umma mai ƙwazo ta Ƙungiyoyin da ba na Gwamnati ba da ke yin muhawara ta ƙasa da ƙasa kan manufofin ɓoyewa. ^[20] Babban tsoma bakin da ke tattare da boye-boye mai karfi da ke faruwa ko kuma ake la'akari da shi ya faru ne a fagen tsaron kasa, tilasta bin doka da harkokin kasashen waje . A wannan yanki da kuma amsa tambayar da ake ta cece-kuce game da ko kuma ta yaya za a iya tabbatar da samun takamaiman hanyar sadarwa ta halal, gwamnatin Amurka ta bayyana manufofinta na duniya a matsayin wanda ke da nufin tabbatar da cewa ''rufe sirrin da aka tura cikin kulawa'' yana taimakawa wajen "amince da damamman abubuwan yau da kullun. rayuka, gami da sadarwar mu masu zaman kansu da kasuwancinmu", amma kuma "domin tabbatar da cewa za a iya ɗaukar masu aikata mugunta ba tare da raunana alƙawarinmu na ɓoye ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen abu ba" .

Jamus

A wani bangare na muhawarar da aka yi a duniya kan boye bayanan sirri a karshen shekarun 1990, an kuma gudanar da muhawara a nan Jamus game da bukata da halaccin sanya dokar hana boye bayanan sirri na gaba daya saboda tasirin binciken da ake yi na aikata laifuka. Akwai shakku mai zurfi game da halaccin tsarin mulki da kuma damuwa game da mummunan sakamakon gaskiyar wannan haramcin. ^[21] A cikin sharuddan inganci, ana ɗaukar haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɓoyewa: sirrin sadarwar sadarwa, bayyana haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam gabaɗaya da kuma, a kaikaice, duk ‘yancin sadarwar da za a iya amfani da su ta hanyar Intanet. Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa mahimman bayanai a cikin 1999 don manufofin rubutun kalmomi na Jamus wanda ya kamata ya ba da tabbaci musamman ga tsaro na ɓoyewa maimakon ƙuntatawa. Bayan kalaman ministan harkokin cikin gida na Jamus game da yiwuwar takurawa nan gaba, Jamus ta yi daidai da matsayin wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman David Kaye kuma ta amince da manufofin rashin takurawa ko cikakkiyar kariya kuma kawai ta amince da hani bisa takamaiman yanayi. A watan Nuwamba 2015 wakilan gwamnati da kuma wakilan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun rattaba hannu kan "Charter don ƙarfafa amintaccen sadarwa ("Charta zur Stärkung der vertrauenswürdigen Kommunikation") tare, a cikin abin da suka ce: "Muna so mu zama Rubutun Yanar Gizo No. 1 a duniya." ^[22] Gwamnatin Jamus ta kuma yi amfani da manufofinta na ketare don haɓaka ƙa'idodin sirri na duniya. ^[15] Musamman ma, Jamus, a wani yunƙuri na haɗin gwiwa da Brazil, ta ƙaddamar da kanta a cikin kwamitin kare hakkin bil adama don nada mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sirri. ^[18] Akwai misalai da yawa na yadda aka yi ƙoƙarin gwamnati don aiwatar da manufofin ɓoyewa. Sun bambanta daga ayyuka na yau da kullun zuwa dokoki da ƙa'idodi: Dokar Tsaro ta IT a cikin 2015, dokar 'De-Mail'. Hakanan akwai ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanki da yawa don ɓoyewa da amincin bayanai a Jamus, kamar Dokar Sadarwa (TKG). Kotun tsarin mulki ta Jamus ta kuma ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga tsarin shari'a na kasa da kasa game da dabarun ɓoyewa tare da haƙƙin IT na asali, wanda, wanda, kotun tsarin mulki ta amince da cewa sassan jikin mutum suna shiga cikin tsarin IT kuma don haka kariya da aka yi amfani da shi ya yi tafiya tare da shi. ^[15]

Indiya

Akwai iyakoki da yawa akan ƙaddamar da ɓoyewa kyauta ta sabis na sadarwar lantarki duk da cewa doka da manufofin Indiya suna haɓakawa kuma suna buƙatar aiwatar da ɓoyayyen ɓoyewa azaman ma'aunin tsaro, kamar a banki, kasuwancin e-commerce da ƙungiyoyi masu kula da hankali. bayanan sirri. Akwai sanannen rashin tabbas na doka game da madaidaicin ikon doka na waɗannan buƙatun lasisi da kuma gwargwadon yadda za su iya yin tasiri na doka akan (amfani da ko turawa) sabis na ƙarshen masu amfani da sabis ɗin da aka rufe. Muhawarar boye-boye ta kunno kai a bainar jama'a a Indiya a cikin 2008 bayan da Gwamnati ta buga wani daftarin tsari tare da iyakoki da dama da aka hango kan amfani da boye-boye. Manufar, wacce aka fitar a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 84A na Dokar Fasahar Watsa Labarai ta Indiya (gyara) 2008 ba ta daɗe ba, amma akwai damuwa game da rashin kariya ga keɓantawa da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki wanda daftarin ya kwatanta. ^[15] Dangane da kukan, gwamnatin Indiya da farko ta kebe "kayan amfanin da aka yi amfani da su wajen ɓoye bayanan jama'a, waɗanda a halin yanzu ake amfani da su a aikace-aikacen yanar gizo, shafukan sada zumunta, da aikace-aikacen kafofin watsa labarun kamar WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter da dai sauransu." Ba da daɗewa ba, ta janye manufofin da aka tsara, kuma ba a bayyana wata sabuwar manufa ba tukuna. ^[15]

Sashe na 84A na Dokar Fasahar Watsa Labarai ta Indiya (gyara) 2008, yana ba gwamnati damar tsara dokoki kan hanyoyin ɓoyewa na hanyar lantarki. Masu sharhi kan shari'a sun lura da rashin fayyace game da nau'ikan amfani da boye-boye da turawa aka halatta kuma ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin dokar Indiya, musamman a fagen ayyukan sadarwar lantarki. Don haka, Gwamnatin Indiya ta Tsakiya tana da, a ka'idar, keɓantaccen keɓantaccen keɓantacce akan hanyoyin sadarwa na lantarki wanda ya haɗa da damar samar da sabis na sadarwa da Intanet a Indiya. ^[15]

Brazil

Bayan fallasa Edward Snowden a cikin 2013, Brazil ta kasance a sahun gaba a cikin kawancen duniya da ke tallata haƙƙin sirri a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da yin Allah wadai da sa idon Amurka. A cikin abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan, Brazil ta nuna maƙasudi iri-iri idan aka zo ga amfani da aiwatar da ɓoyayyen abu. A bangare guda, kasar ita ce kan gaba wajen samar da tsarin doka na Intanet. Amma kuma ta ɗauki matakai da yawa waɗanda za a iya gani don taƙaita yada fasahar ɓoyewa. A cikin 2015, a cikin wani tsari da aka buɗe don yin tsokaci da tattaunawa, dan majalisar Brazil ya tsara sabon lissafin sirri ("proteção de dados pessoais"), wanda aka aika zuwa Majalisar Tarayya ta Brazil a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2016 kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin Bill 5276. shekarar 2016. ^[23] Yana tsarawa da kare bayanan sirri da keɓantawa, gami da ayyukan kan layi kuma ya haɗa da tanadi don ƙarin amintattun hanyoyin kamar ɓoyewa kan kula da bayanan sirri. Har ila yau, dokar ta yi magana game da batutuwan tsaro da kuma aikin da ya wajaba ga kamfanoni su kai rahoton duk wani harin da aka samu da kuma tabarbarewar tsaro. Tare da Marco Civil (2014), wanda ya gabatar da ka'idoji kamar tsaka tsaki, Tsarin 'Yancin Bil'adama na Brazil don Intanet, Brazil na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko da suka fara gabatar da doka, wanda ke nufin hada duk dokokin Intanet a cikin guda ɗaya. Brazil tana da ingantaccen tsarin e-gwamnati: Kayan aikin Maɓalli na Jama'a na Brazil (Infraestrutura de Chaves Públicas Brasileira – ICP-Brasil). ^[24] Tun da 2010 takaddun shaida na ICP-Brasil ana iya haɗa su a cikin ID na Brazil, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don ayyuka da yawa kamar sabis na kudaden shiga na haraji, sabis na shari'a ko ayyukan da suka shafi banki. A aikace, takardar shaidar dijital ta ICP-Brasil tana aiki azaman asalin kama-da-wane wanda ke ba da damar gano amintaccen kuma na musamman na marubucin saƙo ko ma'amala da aka yi a cikin hanyar lantarki kamar yanar gizo. Kotunan kasar Brazil sun dau matakin adawa da rufa-rufa a cikin ayyukan aika saƙon sirri ta hanyar ba da umarnin dakatar da sabis na aika saƙonni akai-akai ta WhatsApp . Tun da ya koma cikakken ɓoye-ɓoye na ƙarshe-zuwa-ƙarshe, ana toshe sabis ɗin lokaci-lokaci sakamakon umarnin kotu a ƙoƙarin sa kamfanin ya bi buƙatun bayanai. ^[15]

Yarjejeniya ta Afirka ( Banjul ) kan 'yancin ɗan adam da jama'a, an amince da ita a cikin yanayin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a cikin 1981. ^[25] Yarjejeniya ta Yarjejeniya ce, wacce ta kafa Kotunan Afirka akan 'Yancin Dan Adam a 1998 kuma ta fara aiki a 2005. A fannin manufofin bayanai, Tarayyar Afirka ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Afirka kan Tsaro ta Intanet da Kariyar bayanan sirri. ^[26] Sharuɗɗa kan kariyar bayanan sirri a cikin wannan Yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya suna bin tsarin Turai don kariyar bayanan sirri kuma ya ƙunshi tanadi da yawa kan amincin sarrafa bayanan sirri. Wani yunƙuri na ƙungiyoyin jama'a ya ɗauki takamaiman sanarwar Afirka game da Haƙƙin Intanet da 'Yancin Intanet "don taimakawa wajen tsara hanyoyin aiwatar da manufofin Intanet da gudanar da mulki a duk faɗin nahiyar". ^[27]

Arewacin Afirka

Kasashe daban-daban a yankin Arewacin Afirka ba su ga wani gagarumin tashin hankali a cikin ayyukan shari'a da ke nufin hana ɓoyayye ba a cikin sauye-sauyen da suka fara a cikin 2011 . Ko da yake sau da yawa dokar ta fara tun kafin sauye-sauyen, aiwatar da doka ya tsananta tun daga lokacin. Ba za a iya ganin wani bambamci a matsayi na cryptography tsakanin ƙasashen da suka sami nasarar juyin juya hali kuma suka shiga sauye-sauyen tsarin mulki da waɗanda ba su yi ba.

Tunisiya tana da dokoki da yawa waɗanda ke iyakance ɓoye suna a kan layi. Labari na 9 da 87 na kundin tsarin sadarwa na 2001 sun haramta amfani da boye-boye tare da bayar da takunkumi na tsawon shekaru biyar a gidan yari saboda sayarwa da amfani da irin wadannan fasahohin ba tare da izini ba. ^[28]

East Africa

Babu takamaiman tanade-tanade da ke aiki a cikin ƙasashe na yankin Gabashin Afirka da ke ƙuntata amfani da fasahar ɓoyewa. Kamar yadda ake yi a sauran kasashen Afirka, babban dalilin da aka bayar na sanya ido ga Jihohi shi ne rigakafin hare-haren ta’addanci . Kenya tare da kusancinta da Somaliya, ta ba da misalin wannan barazanar don ɗaukar matakai na takurawa. Kwanan nan kasar ta yi saurin bin Dokar Komfuta da Laifukan Intanet, da za a amince da ita a karshen shekarar 2016. ^[29] A Uganda an zartar da dokoki da dama da manufofin ICT a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata, babu ɗayansu da ya shafi ɓoyewa. A shekarar 2016, bayan zaben shugaban kasa, gwamnatin Uganda ta rufe shafukan sada zumunta irinsu Twitter, Facebook da WhatsApp.

Afirka ta Yamma

Kasashen yammacin Afirka ba su iyakance shigo da ko fitarwa na fasahar boye-boye ba, ko amfani da su, yawancin kamfanoni na kasa da na waje har yanzu suna dogara ga amfani da VPNs don sadarwar su. Kwanan nan Ghana ta gabatar da daftarin dokar da ke da nufin katse hanyoyin sadarwa na lantarki da na wasiku na 'yan kasar, don taimakawa rigakafin aikata laifuka. Sashi na 4(3) na kudirin da aka gabatar ya baiwa gwamnati izinin shiga sahun kowa bayan an samu odar baka kawai daga jami'in gwamnati. Kwanan nan Hukumar Sadarwa ta Najeriya ta shirya wani kudirin doka game da katsalandan kan ka’idojin sadarwa bisa doka. ^[30] Idan aka amince da kudurin, dokar ta ba da damar kutse duk wata hanyar sadarwa ba tare da sa ido kan shari'a ko umarnin kotu ba kuma ta tilasta wa kamfanonin wayar hannu adana murya da sadarwar bayanai har tsawon shekaru uku. Bugu da ƙari, daftarin yana shirin bai wa Hukumar Tsaro ta Ƙasa dama ta nemi maɓalli don warware duk wata hanyar sadarwa da aka ɓoye.

Kudancin Afirka

Ba a hana masu amfani a Afirka ta Kudu yin amfani da ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen abu ba. Bayar da irin wannan fasaha, duk da haka, yana da ƙayyadaddun tsari ta Dokar Sadarwar Sadarwar Lantarki da Ma'amaloli, 2002. ^[31]

Afirka ta Tsakiya

Kasashe a Afirka ta Tsakiya, kamar Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Gabon da Kamaru har yanzu ba su da ingantaccen tsarin doka da ke magance batutuwan manufofin Intanet. Intanit ya kasance yanki mara tsari.

Tsarin doka na haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da cryptography

Yayin da yawancin haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ke taɓa su ta hanyar Digital Technologies, haƙƙin ɗan adam na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Art. 19 Alkawari na Duniya akan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa [ICCPR]) da 'yancin rayuwa mai zaman kansa (Art. 17 ICCPR) na musamman ga kariyar hanyoyin cryptographic. Sabanin Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) wacce ita ce ' doka mai laushi ' ta ƙasa da ƙasa, ICCPR yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta ɗaure bisa doka .

Ana ba da izinin haƙƙin haƙƙin faɗin albarkacin baki ne kawai a ƙarƙashin sharadi na 19, sakin layi na 3. Doka za ta tanadar da ƙuntatawa kuma za su zama wajibi (a) don mutunta haƙƙin ko mutuncin wasu ko (b) don kare lafiyar ƙasa ko na lafiyar jama'a ko na lafiyar jama'a ko ɗabi'a. An saita ƙarin yiwuwar ƙuntatawa a cikin Art. 20 ICCPR, ^[32] A cikin mahallin iyakancewa akan cryptography, ƙuntatawa galibi za ta dogara ne akan Mataki na 19 (3) (b), watau, haɗari ga tsaron ƙasa da zaman jama'a. Wannan ya haifar da sarƙaƙƙiyar al'amari game da dangantaka, da bambance-bambance, tsakanin tsaron mutum, misali, daga tsoma baki a cikin sadarwar lantarki, da tsaron ƙasa. Haƙƙin sirri ^[33] yana ba da kariya daga 'kutsa kai cikin son rai ko ba bisa ka'ida ba' ga sirrin mutum, danginsa, gida da wasiku. Bugu da ƙari, Mataki na 17 (1) na ICCPR ya ba da kariya daga hare-haren ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a kan mutunci da mutuncin mutum. ^[15] Matsakaicin Mataki na 17 yana da fadi. Ana iya fahimtar sirri a matsayin haƙƙin sarrafa bayanai game da kai. ^[34] Yiwuwar yin rayuwar mutum kamar yadda ya ga dama, a cikin iyakokin da doka ta gindaya, ya dogara da bayanan da wasu ke da su game da mu kuma suke amfani da su don sanar da halayensu zuwa gare mu. Wannan wani bangare ne na ainihin hujja don kare sirri a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam. ^[15]

Baya ga aikin rashin keta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, Jihohi suna da hakki mai kyau na tabbatar da jin daɗin ƴancin fadin albarkacin baki da sirrin kowane mutum a ƙarƙashin ikonsu. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin na iya cin karo da wasu hakkoki da bukatu, kamar mutunci, daidaito ko rayuwa da tsaro na mutum ɗaya ko halaltacciyar maslahar jama'a. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, amincin kowane hakki ko ƙima dole ne a kiyaye shi zuwa iyakar iyaka, kuma duk iyakokin da ake buƙata don daidaitawa dole ne su kasance cikin doka, wajibi kuma daidai (musamman mafi ƙarancin ƙuntatawa) bisa la'akari da halaltacciyar manufa (kamar haƙƙoƙin). na wasu, kyawawan halaye da tsaron kasa).

Ba da garantin "labaran da ba a hana su ba"

Rufewa yana goyan bayan wannan hanyar sadarwa ta kyale mutane su kare mutunci, samuwa da sirrin sadarwar su. Bukatar sadarwar da ba a hana ta ba wani muhimmin sharadi ne na 'yancin yin sadarwa, wanda kotunan tsarin mulki suka amince da shi misali Kotun Koli ta Amurka ^[35] da Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya ta Jamus ^[36] da kuma Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam . ^[37] Musamman ma, sadarwa mai ma'ana yana buƙatar ikon mutane na zabar guntuwar bayanai cikin 'yanci da haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu, salon harshe da zaɓar hanyar sadarwa gwargwadon bukatunsu. Sadarwar da ba a hana ta ba kuma wani sharadi ne don ci gaban mutum mai cin gashin kansa. ’Yan Adam suna haɓaka halayensu ta hanyar sadarwa da wasu. ^[38] Wakilin farko na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sirri, Farfesa Joe Cannataci, ya bayyana cewa "keɓantawa ba wai kawai haƙƙin ba da izini ba ne sabanin kasancewa ƙarshen kanta, amma kuma haƙƙi ne mai mahimmanci wanda ke ba da damar cimma babban haƙƙin 'yanci. ci gaban mutuntaka ba tare da tsangwama ba" . ^[39] Idan an hana irin wannan sadarwar, hulɗar ta kasance mai ban sha'awa saboda sanarwa ba kawai tana nuna ainihin ra'ayin mai magana ba amma yana iya yin tasiri sosai ta hanyar la'akari da bai kamata ya tsara sadarwa ba tun farko. ^[15] Don haka tsarin halittar mutum ta hanyar mu’amala da jama’a ya lalace. A cikin al'umma mai rikitarwa 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ba ya zama gaskiya yayin da mutane ke da 'yancin yin magana. Mataki na biyu na garanti yana buƙatar kare ƙa'idodin yin amfani da 'yancin bayyana kansa. Idan akwai haɗarin sa ido, 'yancin kare 'yancin magana ɗaya ta hanyar ɓoyewa dole ne a la'akari da ɗayan haƙƙoƙin matakin na biyu. Don haka, ƙuntata samuwa da ingancin ɓoyewa kamar haka ya ƙunshi tsangwama ga 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da haƙƙin sirri kamar yadda yake kare rayuwa ta sirri da wasiku. Don haka, dole ne a yi la'akari da halayya, larura da manufa. ^[15]

Tsari da bayyana gaskiya

'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da haƙƙin keɓancewa (gami da haƙƙin sadarwar keɓaɓɓu) ta zahiri suna kare wani hali ko wata ƙasa ta sirri. An kafa shi sosai a cikin ka'idar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin nan waɗanda ke da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi. Waɗancan garantin hanyoyin na iya zama haƙƙoƙi kamar haƙƙin samun ingantaccen magani . Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a san cewa waɗancan haƙƙoƙin tsari dole ne, kwatankwacin haƙƙoƙin haƙƙoƙi, su kasance tare da takamaiman ayyuka na gwamnatoci waɗanda ba tare da haƙƙin za su shuɗe ba. Dole ne a yi la'akari da haƙƙin haƙƙin ta hanyar da su ma suna ɗauke da alhakin tabbatar da tsarin mulki a fili, aƙalla har ya ba 'yan ƙasa damar tantance wanda ya yanke shawara da kuma matakan da aka ɗauka. A wannan yanayin, nuna gaskiya yana tabbatar da yin lissafi. Yana da sharadi don sanin hatsarori na haƙƙoƙin asali da kuma amfani da ƴancin ƴancinsu. ^[15]

Masu shiga tsakani na tsaro

Tasirin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam yana buƙatar sa hannun masu ba da sabis. Waɗannan masu ba da sabis galibi suna aiki azaman masu shiga tsakani waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe magana da sadarwar masu amfani da su iri daban-daban. ^[40] A cikin muhawara game da manufofin sirri, tambayar samun damar gwamnati ta halal - da kuma yanayin da ya kamata a yi irin wannan damar don mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam - yana da hankali a tsaye da na ƙasa. Rikicin ikon mallakar gwamnati na halal yana da mahimmanci kuma yana da wuyar warwarewa har yanzu. Musamman ma, an samu gagarumin sauyi daga halaltacciyar gwamnati ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani ta hanyar kai hari ga masu samar da hanyoyin sadarwa masu karfi na cikin gida, don samun damar yin niyya ta hanyar kai hare-hare na sama da kasa tare da karancin alaka ko sako-sako da hukunce-hukuncen da suke bayarwa. ayyuka ga masu amfani. A waɗanne lokuta irin waɗannan masu ba da sabis na duniya yakamata (su iya) mika bayanan mai amfani da sadarwa ga hukumomin gida. Aiwatar da ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen da masu ba da sabis wani abu ne mai rikitarwa.

Daga hangen nesa na masu ba da sabis, da alama mai yiwuwa ne cewa hanyoyin cryptographic dole ne a tsara su don lissafin kawai samar da bayanan mai amfani bisa ga ingantaccen tsarin shari'a a wasu yanayi. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kamfanoni musamman masu shiga tsakani na kan layi sun sami kansu da yawa a cikin mayar da hankali ga muhawara kan aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Masu tsakiya na kan layi ba wai kawai suna da rawar matsakaici tsakanin masu samar da abun ciki da masu amfani ba har ma da ɗaya daga cikin "Tsaro na Tsaro" a fannoni daban-daban. Ayyukansu da rashin daidaito game da ɓoyewa suna da matukar dacewa da damar mai amfani da kuma amfani da waɗannan fasahohin. Tunda bayanai da yawa suna tafiya ta hanyar masu ba da hanya kuma ana adana su a cikin girgije, suna ba da cikakkun bayanai ga masu leken asiri da wadanda ba na jihar ba. Don haka, su ma, watakila ba tare da son rai ba, suna aiki a matsayin dubawa tsakanin jihar da masu amfani a cikin al'amuran manufofin ɓoyewa. Dole ne a nuna rawar a cikin muhawara game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma yana buƙatar cikakken haɗin tsaro na bayanan mai amfani da sadarwa a cikin tsarin mulkin Intanet mai tasowa na yau.

Intanet duniya

Haƙƙin ɗan adam da ɓoyewa: wajibai da ɗaki don aiki

UNESCO na aiki don inganta amfani da kima na shari'a dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam a lokuta na tsoma baki tare da 'yancin amfani da tura hanyoyin ɓoye. Manufar Intanet Universality, wanda UNESCO ta haɓaka, ya haɗa da ƙarfafawa akan buɗewa, samun dama ga kowa, da kuma halartar masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa. Yayin da waɗannan ƙananan buƙatu da ayyuka masu kyau za su iya dogara ne akan ƙarin bincike na shari'a, waɗannan ƙididdigar dole ne a yi su a cikin takamaiman yanayi. Amintaccen ingantaccen damar samun abun ciki na bainar jama'a, alal misali, kariya ce daga nau'ikan tauhidi da yawa na jama'a da masu zaman kansu kuma yana iyakance haɗarin karya. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin fasaha waɗanda ke ba da damar ingantacciyar hanyar shiga ita ce TLS . Abin da ke da alaƙa da wannan shi ne samun damar samun bayanai ba tare da suna ba. TOR wani tsari ne wanda ke ba da izinin dawo da bayanan da ba a san suna ba akan layi. Dukkan bangarorin biyu na samun damar yin amfani da abun ciki kai tsaye suna amfana da 'yancin tunani da faɗar albarkacin baki. Ƙa'idar tabbacin doka tana da mahimmanci ga kowane tsari na shari'a wanda ya shafi hanyoyin cryptographic ko ayyuka. Ƙa'idar tana da mahimmanci ga kowane nau'i na shiga tsakani da sa ido domin yana iya hana fargabar sa ido mara kyau, kamar lokacin da aka tsara ƙa'idodin doka daidai. Tabbacin shari'a na iya kawar da tasirin sanyi ta hanyar rage wani muhimmin abu mai hana aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na UNESCO. Ci gaba da sabbin abubuwa a fagen cryptography da saiti da yada sabbin matakan fasaha yana da mahimmanci. Ma'auni na sirri na iya ƙare da sauri yayin da ƙarfin kwamfuta ke ƙaruwa. UNESCO ta bayyana cewa ilimi da kuma ci gaba da zamanantar da dabarun rubutun suna da mahimmanci.

Haƙƙin ɗan adam da dabarun ɓoyewa

Hatsari	Abubuwan da suka dace da tallafi na hanyoyin ɓoye bayanan sirri	Ayyuka masu kyau
Ƙuntatawa na fasaha kan samun damar abun ciki (tarewa)	Masu samar da ajiyar girgije	Tabbatar da ingantacciyar damar samun abun ciki na jama'a
Tsangwama	Mai ba da haɗin Intanet	Tabbatar da doka
Hacking ta hanyar masu aikin jiha da wadanda ba na jiha ba	Shafukan masu bugawa	Bayyana gaskiya game da tsangwama
Binciken zirga-zirga da sa ido	Messenger da sabis na sadarwa	Samuwar amintattun hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe
Tsangwama tare da dogaro ko sahihancin abun ciki	Masu bincike	Samun damar shiga ba a san shi ba
		Ilimi, gami da kafofin watsa labarai da ilimin sanin bayanai
		Ka'idoji da sabbin abubuwa

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 James Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Human Rights. Retrieved August 14, 2014
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 The United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, What are human rights?. Retrieved August 14, 2014
↑ "H U M A N R I G H T S R E F E R E N C E H A N D B O O K". Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
↑ Burns H. Weston, March 20, 2014, Encyclopædia Britannica, human rights. Retrieved August 14, 2014
↑ "Software backdoors and the White House NSA panel report". freedom-to-tinker.com. December 19, 2013. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
↑ Article 19, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
↑ Rizk, Rawya (2015). "Two-phase hybrid cryptography algorithm for wireless sensor networks". Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology. 2 (3): 296–313. doi:10.1016/j.jesit.2015.11.005.
↑ name="Human Rights">James Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Human Rights. Retrieved August 14, 2014
↑ "Python（パイソン）の入門から応用までをサポート". Python（パイソン）の入門から応用までをサポート. October 18, 2022.
↑ by Steve Covello - Granite State College (USNH), Concord (2016-01-01). "Chapter 3 – Metadata, Tracking, and the User's Experience" (in Turanci). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
↑ "Bernard Cazeneuve, French Minister of the Interior, Speech at the Joint Press Conference with Thomas de Maizière, German Minister of the Interior, Paris". August 23, 2016.
↑ "Encryption and the terrorists' tracks". Chicago Tribune. December 13, 2015.
↑ Greenleaf 2015. For this count, the inclusion of rules on security was a criterion.
↑ ^15.00 ^15.01 ^15.02 ^15.03 ^15.04 ^15.05 ^15.06 ^15.07 ^15.08 ^15.09 ^15.10 ^15.11 ^15.12 ^15.13 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
↑ "Necessary & Proportionate". Necessary & Proportionate (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-01-21.
↑ Pub. L. No. 103-414, 108 Stat. 4279, codified at 47 USC 1001–1010
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 "Export Controls on Encryption Software". encryption_policies.tripod.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
↑ See Ira Rubinstein and Joris van Hoboken. Privacy and Security in the Cloud, Maine Law Review 2014. Notably, the debate on encryption was already taking place before the Snowden revelations, as US law enforcement actors were arguing for the extension of wiretap obligations (CALEA) for internet services. For a discussion, see Adida et al. 2013.
↑ See e.g. the Encrypt all the Things Campaign.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
↑ Digital Agenda 2014–2017, p. 33.
↑ "Proteção de Dados Pessoais". Proteção de Dados Pessoais (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
↑ "Página Inicial". Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia da Informação (in Harshen Potugis). Retrieved 2021-01-21.
↑ African (Banjul) Charter on Human and People's Rights, Adopted June 27, 1981, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), entered into force October 21, 1986.
↑ African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection, adopted on June 27, 2014. The Convention has currently been signed by 8 of the Member States.
↑ "Declaration | African Declaration on Internet Rights and Freedoms". africaninternetrights.org. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
↑ "WIPO Lex". wipolex.wipo.int. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
↑ See MyGov, Computer and cybercrime law to be in place before end year, June 29, 2016, http://www.mygov.go.ke/?p=10848
↑ Nigerian Communications Commission, Draft Lawful Interception of Communications Regulations, available at http://bit.ly/1du7UKO
↑ "Electronic Communications and Transactions Act, 2002". www.internet.org.za. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
↑ Manfred Nowak, CCPR Commentary, 2nd edition, p. 477. Cf. Michael O'Flaherty. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: interpreting freedom of expression and information standards for the present and the future. in: McGonagle and Donders. The United Nations and Freedom of Expression and Information. chapter 2, p. 69 et seq.
↑ Art. 17 ICCPR; Art. 21 ACHR (Arab); Art. 11 ACHR (America); Art. 21 AHRD.
↑ Fried, Charles (1968). "Privacy". Yale Law Journal. 77 (3): 475–493. doi:10.2307/794941. JSTOR 794941.
↑ See for example New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) and Dombrowskiv. Pfister, 380 U.S. 479 (1965).
↑ See BVerfG NJW 1995, 3303 (3304) and BVerfG NJW 2006, 207 (209).
↑ Cumhuryiet Vafki and others v. Turkey, ECHR August 10, 2013 – 28255/07; Ricci v. Italy, ECHR August 10, 2013 – 30210/06.
↑ Tarlach McGonagle. The United Nations and Freedom of Expression and Information. chapter 1, p. 3.
↑ Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy, Joseph A. Cannataci, A/HRC/31/64.
↑ MacKinnon et al. UNESCO study; Cf. Karol Jakubowicz. Early days: the UN, ICTs and freedom of expression. in: The United Nations and Freedom of Expression and Information. chapter 10, pp. 324 et seq.

[Human_Rights-1] 1.0 ^1.1 James Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Human Rights. Retrieved August 14, 2014

[What_are_human_rights-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 The United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, What are human rights?. Retrieved August 14, 2014

[3] "H U M A N R I G H T S R E F E R E N C E H A N D B O O K". Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2021-01-21.

[4] Burns H. Weston, March 20, 2014, Encyclopædia Britannica, human rights. Retrieved August 14, 2014

[5] "Software backdoors and the White House NSA panel report". freedom-to-tinker.com. December 19, 2013. Retrieved 2021-01-21.

[6] Article 19, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights

[7] Rizk, Rawya (2015). "Two-phase hybrid cryptography algorithm for wireless sensor networks". Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology. 2 (3): 296–313. doi:10.1016/j.jesit.2015.11.005.

[8] ="Human Rights">James Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Human Rights. Retrieved August 14, 2014

[9] "Python（パイソン）の入門から応用までをサポート". Python（パイソン）の入門から応用までをサポート. October 18, 2022.

[10] y Steve Covello - Granite State College (USNH), Concord (2016-01-01). "Chapter 3 – Metadata, Tracking, and the User's Experience" (in Turanci). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[:3-11] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3

[12] "Bernard Cazeneuve, French Minister of the Interior, Speech at the Joint Press Conference with Thomas de Maizière, German Minister of the Interior, Paris". August 23, 2016.

[13] "Encryption and the terrorists' tracks". Chicago Tribune. December 13, 2015.

[14] Greenleaf 2015. For this count, the inclusion of rules on security was a criterion.

[:1-15] 15.00 ^15.01 ^15.02 ^15.03 ^15.04 ^15.05 ^15.06 ^15.07 ^15.08 ^15.09 ^15.10 ^15.11 ^15.12 ^15.13 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1

[16] "Necessary & Proportionate". Necessary & Proportionate (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-01-21.

[17] Pub. L. No. 103-414, 108 Stat. 4279, codified at 47 USC 1001–1010

[encryption_policies.tripod.com-18] 18.0 ^18.1 "Export Controls on Encryption Software". encryption_policies.tripod.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-01-21.

[19] See Ira Rubinstein and Joris van Hoboken. Privacy and Security in the Cloud, Maine Law Review 2014. Notably, the debate on encryption was already taking place before the Snowden revelations, as US law enforcement actors were arguing for the extension of wiretap obligations (CALEA) for internet services. For a discussion, see Adida et al. 2013.

[20] See e.g. the Encrypt all the Things Campaign.

[:0-21] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0

[22] Digital Agenda 2014–2017, p. 33.

[23] "Proteção de Dados Pessoais". Proteção de Dados Pessoais (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2021-01-21.

[24] "Página Inicial". Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia da Informação (in Harshen Potugis). Retrieved 2021-01-21.

[25] African (Banjul) Charter on Human and People's Rights, Adopted June 27, 1981, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), entered into force October 21, 1986.

[26] African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection, adopted on June 27, 2014. The Convention has currently been signed by 8 of the Member States.

[27] "Declaration | African Declaration on Internet Rights and Freedoms". africaninternetrights.org. Retrieved 2021-01-21.

[28] "WIPO Lex". wipolex.wipo.int. Retrieved 2021-01-21.

[29] See MyGov, Computer and cybercrime law to be in place before end year, June 29, 2016, http://www.mygov.go.ke/?p=10848

[30] Nigerian Communications Commission, Draft Lawful Interception of Communications Regulations, available at http://bit.ly/1du7UKO

[31] "Electronic Communications and Transactions Act, 2002". www.internet.org.za. Retrieved 2021-12-07.

[32] Manfred Nowak, CCPR Commentary, 2nd edition, p. 477. Cf. Michael O'Flaherty. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: interpreting freedom of expression and information standards for the present and the future. in: McGonagle and Donders. The United Nations and Freedom of Expression and Information. chapter 2, p. 69 et seq.

[33] Art. 17 ICCPR; Art. 21 ACHR (Arab); Art. 11 ACHR (America); Art. 21 AHRD.

[34] Fried, Charles (1968). "Privacy". Yale Law Journal. 77 (3): 475–493. doi:10.2307/794941. JSTOR 794941.

[35] See for example New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) and Dombrowskiv. Pfister, 380 U.S. 479 (1965).

[36] See BVerfG NJW 1995, 3303 (3304) and BVerfG NJW 2006, 207 (209).

[37] Cumhuryiet Vafki and others v. Turkey, ECHR August 10, 2013 – 28255/07; Ricci v. Italy, ECHR August 10, 2013 – 30210/06.

[Tarlach_McGonagle_p._3-38] Tarlach McGonagle. The United Nations and Freedom of Expression and Information. chapter 1, p. 3.

[39] Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy, Joseph A. Cannataci, A/HRC/31/64.

[40] MacKinnon et al. UNESCO study; Cf. Karol Jakubowicz. Early days: the UN, ICTs and freedom of expression. in: The United Nations and Freedom of Expression and Information. chapter 10, pp. 324 et seq.

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