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Ahl al-Bayt

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Ahl ul-Bayt
iyali
Bayanai
Sunan asali أَهْلُ الْبَيْتِ
ahl al bayt

Ahlul Baiti ( Larabci: أَهْل ٱلْبَيْت‎ , lit. ' na nufin iyalan gidan Annabi Muhammad, amma kuma an faɗaɗa a mahangar Sunna don ya shafi dukkan zuriyar Banu Hashim (dangin Muhammad) har ma da dukkan musulmi.[1][2] A cikin addinin Shi'a, kalmar ta takaita ga Muhammadu; ƴarsa Fatima, da ɗan'uwsn sa kuma surukinsa Ali, da ƴaƴansu biyu, Hasan da Husaini. Ra'ayin Ahlus-Sunnah gama gari yana ƙarawa da matan Muhammadu akan waɗannan biyar.[3]

Yayin da dukkan musulmi ke girmama Ahlul-baiti, [4] [5] Shi'a ne ke da kima ga Ahlul Baiti ta hanyar ɗaukar su a matsayin shugabannin al'ummar musulmi. Shi'a ƴan Sha biyu kuma sun yi imani da ikon fansa na azaba da shahada da Ahlul Baiti suka sha, musamman na Husaini. [2] [4]

Ma'anarsa

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Lokacin da ahl ( Larabci: أهل‎ ) ya bayyana ga mutum, yana nufin danginsa na jini amma kalmar kuma tana samun ma'ana mai daɗi da sauran sunaye. [6] Musamman, bayt ( Larabci: بَيْت‎ ) an fassara shi azaman mazauni da zama, [7] don haka ainihin fassarar ahl al-bayt shine 'mazaunan gida' (ko tanti). [6] Wato ahl al-bayt ana fassara su a zahiri zuwa ga '(ma'abuta gida) da kuma ƴan gida' idan babu tabbatacciyar ƙasidar al- . [6]

Sauran annabawa

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Kalmar ahl al-bayt sau uku a cikin Alqurani kuma dangane da Ibrahim (11:73), Musa (28:12), da Muhammad (33:33). [6] Ga Ibrahim da Musa, ahl al-bayt a cikin Alqur'ani gaba ɗaya malaman tafsiri sun fahimce su da cewa suna nufin danginsu. [6] Daraja kuma ma'auni ne na kasancewa cikin ahl al-bayt na annabi a cikin Alqur'ani. [7] Wato arna ko marasa aminci daga cikin iyalan annabawan da suka shude ba a kebe su daga azabar Allah. [1] [8] Musamman iyalan Nuhu sun tsira daga ambaliya, sai dai matarsa da daya daga cikin ƴaƴansa, wanda aka yi watsi da rokon Nuhu game da su kamar yadda aya ta 11:46 ta ce: “Ya Nuhu, shi [ɗanka] bai kasance ba. na iyalanka ( ahl ). [8]

A cewar Madelung, iyalan annabawan da suka shuɗe suna da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Alkur'ani. [8] Musamman bayan annabawan da suka shude, Allah yana zabar danginsu a matsayin magada na ruhaniya da na zahiri ga annabawa. [8] Jafri yana da ra'ayi daya. [9]

Asusu

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Iyalan gidan Muhammadu, wanda ake kira Ahl al-Bayt, sun zo a aya ta 33:33 na Alqur'ani, [10] kuma aka fi sani da Ayar tsarkakewa . [11] Nassin ƙarshe na ayar tsarkakewa yana cewa:

Allah na nufin ya tsakake ka ne, ya ku ahl al-bayt, kuma ya tsakake ku baki daya.[12]

Musulmai sun yi sabani kan wanene ahl al-bayt na Muhammad a sama da wane gata ko nauyi na siyasa suke da su. [1]

Hada Ahlul Kisa

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Mafi yawan hadisai da al-Tabari ( d. 923 ) a cikin tafsirinsa ya bayyana Ahlul Baiti tare da Ahlul Kisa, wato, Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, da Husaini. [13] [8] [14] Waɗannan hadisai kuma wasu hukumomin Sunna na farko sun kawo su, ciki har da kuma Ahmad ibn Hanbal ( d. 855 ), al-Suyuti ( d. 1505 ), al-Hafiz al-Kabir, [5] da Ibn Kathir ( d. 1373 ). [15] Hakazalika, tarin Ahlus-Sunnah na Sunnan Tirmidhi ya yi riko da cewa Muhammadu ya takaita Ahlul Baiti ga Ali, Fatima, da ƴaƴansu biyu lokacin da Ayar tsarkakewa ta sauka gare shi. [16]

Matar Muhammadu Ummu Salama ta ruwaito a cikin (wataƙila farkon sigar) [17] Hadisin Kisa cewa Muhammadu ya tara Ali da Fatima da Hasan da Husain a ƙarƙashin rigarsa ya yi addu’a, ya ce: “Ya Allah waɗannan su ne ahl al-bayt da ƴan uwana na kusa, ku kawar da ƙazanta daga gare su, ku tsarkake su gaba ɗaya." [6] [1] Ƙissoshin Sunna Ibn Kathir da al-Suyuti da Shi'a Tabatabai ( d. 1981 ) ta ci gaba da cewa Ummu Salama ta tambayi Muhammad, "Ina tare da kai ya Manzon Allah?" amma sun sami amsa mara kyau, "Za ku sami alheri. Ka samu alheri.” [10] [3] nan akwai fassarar wannan hadisi a madogaran Sunnah inda Ummu Salama ta shiga cikin Ahlul Baiti. a cikin Ahlul Baiti [17]

An ce Muhammad yana karanta nassin ƙarshe na ayar tsarkakewa a duk safiya idan ya wuce gidan Fatima don tunatar da mutanen gidanta sallar fajr . [18] A waki’ar Mubahala, an yi imanin Muhammad ya tara Ali da Fatima da ƴaƴansu a ƙarƙashin rigarsa ya kira su da Ahlul Baiti, kamar yadda Shi’a da wasu majiyoyin Sunna suka faɗa [16] [14] ciki har da Sahih Muslim da Sunan al-Tirmidhi . [16]

Veccia Vaglieri ce ta yi ma'anar wannan kayan shafa na Ahlul-Baiti [18] kuma gabaɗaya ta ruwaito a cikin majiyoyin Shi'a. [3] A cikin ayyukan tauhidin Shi'a, Ahlul Baiti sukan haɗa da sauran Imaman Shi'a. [13] . [13] [19] [20] Shi'a suna kallon ayar tsarkakewa a matsayin hujjar ma'asumin Ahlul Baiti. [13]

Harda matan Muhammad

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Mai yiyuwa ne saboda umarni na farko a cikin Ayar tsarkakewa suna magana ne a kan matan Muhammadu, [1] wasu marubutan Sunna (irin su al-Wahidi) sun keɓanta da Ahlul Baiti a matsayin matan Muhammadu. [13] [6] Wasu kuma sun lura cewa nassi na ƙarshe na wannan ayar bai dace da umarnin da ya gabata a nahawu ba (jam'i na maza da na mata). Don haka Ahlul Baiti ba su keɓanta da matan Muhammadu ba ko kuma ba su kebanta da su ba. [10] [1] [18] Ibn Kathir, misali, ya haɗa da Ali, Fatima, da 'ya'yansu biyu. [13]

Wasu hadisan Ahlus-Sunnah da suka haɗa da wasu daga Ibn Abbas da Ikrima, sun goyi bayan shigar da matan Muhammadu cikin Ahlul Baiti. [8] A madadin haka, Leaman yana ganin cewa auren annabi baya lamunin shiga cikin ahl al-bayt . Ya yi gardama cewa, a cikin aya ta 11:73, [6] Sara ta kasance cikin ahl al-bayt Ibrahim sai bayan ta sami labarin kasancewarta na kusa ga annabawa biyu, Ishaku da Yakubu . Haka nan, Leaman ya nuna cewa an ware mahaifiyar Musa a matsayin memba na ahl al-bayt a aya ta 28:12, ba wai don ta auri Imran ba, amma don kasancewarta mahaifiyar Musa. [7]

Dangane da neman shigarsu cikin Ahlul-Baiti, Abbasiyawa sun yi nuni da cewa, mata masu daraja da tsarki ba za a iya daukarsu a matsayin tushen zuriyarsu ba ( nasab ). Sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa kawun mahaifin Muhammad Abbas daidai yake da mahaifin bayan rasuwar mahaifin Muhammadu. [6] [9]

Fassara mai faɗi

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Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, wasu mawallafa Ahlus-Sunnah sun faɗaɗa amfani da kalmar zuwa shigar cikin Ahlul Baiti dangin Muhammad ( Banu Hashim ), [6] [4] Banu Muttalib, [3] zuriyar baffan Muhammad Abbas. ( Abbasids ), [10] [6] [13] har ma da zuriyar Umayya ( Umayyah ) kanin Hashim . [1] [13] Musamman ma, akwai sigar Abbasiyawa na Hadisin Kisa a madogaran Ahlus-Sunnah wanda kila an yi nufin karfafa da'awar Abbasiyawa na shiga cikin Ahlul Baiti. [13] [21] Wannan magana ita ce ginshiƙin da'awar Abbasiyawa ga halifanci. [6] [1] Hakazalika, Hadisin Thaqalayn na Ahlus- Sunnah ya bayyana Ahlul Baiti tare da zuriyar Ali da ƴan uwansa ( Aqil da Jafar ), da kuma baffan Muhammad, Abbas . [3] [13]

Haka kuma Abubakar da Umar wasu sun saka su a cikin Ahlul Baiti da magoya bayansu kasancewar su surukan Muhammad ne. Wadannan da bayanan da suka shafi shigar Banu Umayyawa cikin Ahlul Baiti mai yiwuwa su kasance daga baya martani ne ga da'awar Abbasiyawa na shigar Ahlul Baiti da neman halaccinsu, a cewar Brunner. [1] Har ila yau, an fassara kalmar a matsayin ƙabilar Kuraishawa, [6] [1] ko kuma dukkanin al'ummar musulmi da wasu. [3] [1] Misali, Paret ya gano bayt ( lit. ' ) a cikin ayar tsarkakewa da Ka'aba, duk da cewa ƙa'idarsa ta sami 'yan magoya baya, musamman Sharon . [6] [1] [8]

Kammalawa

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Howard ya kammala da cewa sabani na Ahlul-Baiti shine fassara Ahlul-Baiti da Ahlul Kisa (Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, Husayn) tare da matan Muhammadu, [3] wanda zai iya nuna mafi rinjayen ra'ayin malaman tafsirin Sunna na zamanin da. [17] Wannan ra'ayi yana cikin binciken Sharon na ra'ayoyi daban-daban [6] kuma Goldziher da mawallafansa suka raba, [13] ko da yake Madelung ya haɗa da Banu Hashim a cikin Ahlul Baiti saboda nasabar su da Muhammadu. [8]

Sabanin haka, Shi’a Musulunci ya iyakance Ahlul-Baiti ga Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, da Husayn, yana nuni da ingantattun hadisai da ake iya samu a madogaran Sunna da Shi’a. [16] [7] Veccia Vaglieri da Jafri suna goyon bayan ra'ayinsu. [18] [9]

Wuri a Musulunci

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A cikin Alqur'ani

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Musulmai suna girmama iyalan Muhammadu. [4] [2] [5] Musamman salati ga iyalan Muhammad ( āl ) ana yin su ne a cikin kowace sallah. [17] A cikin Alqur’ani, iyalai da zuriyar annabawan da suka shude suna da matsayi na musamman. Musamman bayan annabawan da suka gabata, zuriyarsu ta zama magada na ruhaniya da na zahiri don kiyaye alkawuran kakanninsu. [8] [9] Jafri ya nuna cewa tsarkakar iyalan gidan annabi abu ne karɓaɓɓe a lokacin Muhammadu, [9] yayin da Madelung ya yi imanin cewa an ambaci dangin Muhammadu a cikin Alkur'ani a wurare daban-daban. [8]

Ayar Mawaɗɗa

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Aya ta 42:23 na Alqur’ani, wadda aka fi sani da ayar Mawaɗɗa, ta haɗa da nassi.

[O Mohammad!] Say, "I ask not of you any reward for it, save affection among kinsfolk."[22]

Kalmar ƴan uwa ( al-qurba ) a cikin wannan aya ƴan Shi’a sun fassara da Ahlul Baiti. [15] Ibn Ishaq ( d. ( d. ) ya ruwaito cewa Annabi ya bayyana al-qurba a matsayin ƴarsa Fatima, mijinta Ali, da 'ya'yansu biyu, Hasan da Husaini. [5] Kamar yadda Madelung ya ruwaito, Hasan bn Ali ya yi ishara da Ayar Mawadda a jawabinsa na farko a matsayin halifa bayan kashe mahaifinsa a shekara ta 661, yana mai cewa shi na Ahlul Baiti ne “wanda Shi [Allah] yake so. ya wajabta a cikin littafinsa [Alqur'ani]..." [8]

Ayar Mawadda ƴan Shi’a sukan kawo ayar game da daukakar Ahlul Baiti. [8] A cikin Shi’a goma sha biyu, soyayyar da ke cikin wannan aya ita ma ta qunshi biyayya ga Ahlul-Baiti a matsayin tushen shiriya mai tsauri da rugujewa. [5] [15] An yi imani da cewa wannan biyayyar za ta amfanar da muminai da farko, inda aka ba da misali da nassi mai zuwa na aya ta 34:47, [5] wanda ya qunshi nassin, “Ka ce, ‘Ba ni tambayar ku wata lada; ku kasance naku ( fa-huwa la-kum )’” [10]

Wasu malaman tafsirin Sunna sun yarda da ra'ayin Shi'a, ciki har da Baydawi, al-Razi, [16] da Ibn Maghazili. [5] Yawancin marubutan Sunna, duk da haka, sun yi watsi da ra'ayin Shi'a kuma suna ba da hanyoyi daban-daban. [10] Abin da al-Tabari ya fi so shi ne, ayar Mawaɗɗa ta umurci musulmi su so Annabi saboda nasabarsu da shi. [8] [23] A madadin, Madelung ya nuna cewa ayar Mawaɗɗa tana buƙatar soyayya ga dangi gaba ɗaya. [8]

Ayar Mubahala

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Wani misali kuma shine aya ta 3:61 na Alqur'ani. Bayan wata muhawara da ba ta dace ba game da Annabi Isa tare da tawagar Kirista daga Najran, an yanke shawarar yin mubuhala, inda bangarorin biyu za su yi addu'a don la'antar Allah a kan duk wanda ya kasance maƙaryaci. A nan ne aka ruwaito Muhammadu ya karbi aya ta 3:61 na Alqur’ani, wadda aka fi sani da Ayar Mubahala, wadda ke karanta [8] [16] [24]

And to whomsoever disputes with thee over it, after the knowledge that has come unto thee [about Jesus], say, "Come! Let us call upon our sons and your sons, our women and your women, ourselves and yourselves. Then let us pray earnestly, so as to place the curse of God upon those who lie."[25]

Madelung yayi jayayya cewa 'ya'yanmu' a cikin ayar Mubahala dole ne su koma ga jikokin Muhammad, Hasan da Husayn . In haka ne, ya ci gaba da cewa, zai dace a saka iyayensu Ali da Fatima a cikin lamarin. [8] Madelung ya rubuta cewa shigar da Muhammadu ya yi a cikin wannan muhimmin al'ada dole ne ya daga darajar addini a cikin iyalinsa. [8] Irin wannan ra'ayi na Lalani ya yi. [15]

Daga cikin wadanda suka hallara a bangaren Muhammad, hadisai na Shi'a sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa 'matanmu' suna nufin Fatima, 'kanmu' kuma suna nufin Ali. [5] Musamman tun da ayar ta yi nuni da Ali a matsayin Muhammadu, Shi'a na ganin cewa na farko yana da iko irin na annabi. [5] Sabanin haka, mafi yawan bayanan Ahlus-Sunnah na al-Tabari ba su ambaci sunayen mahalarta taron ba, yayin da wasu malaman tarihi na Sunna suka yarda da ra’ayin Shi’a, [8] [16] [24] ciki har da al-Razi da al-Suyuti. . [11]

Wasu bayanai game da waki'ar Mubahala sun kara da cewa Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, da Husayn sun tsaya a karkashin mayafin Muhammad kuma wadannan biyar ana kiransu ahlul-Kisa ( lit. ' ). [16] [14] A Mubahala, an ruwaito Muhammad ya siffanta Ahlul Baiti da Ali, Fatima, da ƴaƴansu biyu, a cewar Shi’a da wasu majiyoyin Sunna, ciki har da littafin Sahih Muslim da Sunan al-Tirmidhi . [16]

Khums

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Haka nan Alqur'ani ya tanadar wa dangin Muhammad kashi na biyar na ganima da wani bangare na fay . Ƙarshen ya ƙunshi filaye da ƙaddarorin da musulmi suka mamaye cikin lumana. [8] Saboda ana kallon sadaka a matsayin aikin tsarkakewa a Musulunci, ana kallon wannan umarni na Alqur'ani a matsayin diyya na keɓe Muhammadu da iyalansa daga idan aka yi zakat da matsayinsu na tsarki a cikin Alqur'ani. [8]

A cikin adabin hadisi

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An ce Muhammad ya sha nanata muhimmancin Ahlul Baiti. Misali shi ne Hadisin al-Thaqalayn, wanda hukumomin Sunna da Shi’a suka ruwaito shi. [16] [5] [26] [27] Musamman sigar Hadisin Thaqalayn da ya zo a cikin Musnad Ibn Hanbal madogaran Ahlus Sunna, shi ne kamar haka;

I left among you two treasures which, if you cling to them, you shall not be led into error after me. One of them is greater than the other: The book of God, which is a rope stretched from Heaven to Earth, and my progeny, my ahl al-bayt. These two shall not be parted until they return to the Pool [of Abundance in Paradise].[28]

Akwai nau'ikan wannan hadisi daban-daban da yawa a cikin majiyoyin Sunna, suna nuna cewa mai yiwuwa Muhammadu ya maimaita wannan magana sau da yawa. Musamman, sigar da ta zo a cikin as-Sunan al-kubra, wani madogarar Ahlus-Sunnah, kuma ya haɗa da gargaɗin, "Ku yi hankali da yadda kuke mu'amala da [taskokin] biyu a bayana." [11] A cikin wasu sigar Ahlus-Sunnah na wannan hadisi, kalmar sunna ta zo a maimakon ahl al-bayt . [3] [1]

Wani misali kuma shi ne Hadisin Jirgin, wanda aka jingina shi ga Muhammadu kuma majiyoyin Shi'a da Sunna suka ruwaito ta nau'i daban-daban, a cewar Momen . [16] Daya daga cikin Hadisin Jirgin yana cewa: “Misalin mutanen Gidana kamar jirgin Nuhu ne, wanda ya hau shi yana da aminci, kuma wanda ya bar shi ya nutse. [16] [10] [6] Kuma an ruwaito ga Muhammad hadisin cewa: “Ina rantsuwa da wanda raina ke hannunSa, imani ba zai taba shiga cikin zuciyar mutum ba har sai ya so su [iyalan Muhammad] saboda Allah da kuma son su. gaskiya su dangina ne." [10]

A cikin al'ummar musulmi

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A yawancin al'ummomin musulmi, ana ba da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa ga mutanen da ke da'awar zuriyar Ali da Fatima. Ana kiran su ya rubuta cewa Ahlus Sunna suna girmama Ahlul Baiti, [4] ko da yake Brunner ya nuna cewa haka lamarin yake har zuwa zamani. [1] Yawancin Sufaye tariq ('yan'uwansu) suna bin sarkar ruhinsu zuwa ga Muhammadu ta hanyar Ali kuma suna girmama Ahlul Kisa a matsayin biyar masu tsarki. [4]

Sai dai su ƴan Shi’a ( Sha biyu da Isma’ili ) ne ke da kima ga Ahlul Baiti, a matsayinsu na jagororin al’ummar musulmi ma’asumai. Haka nan kuma sun yi imani da karfin fansa na azaba da shahada da Ahlul Baiti (musamman na Husaini) suka yi ga wadanda suka ji tausayin lamarinsu da wahalar Ubangijinsu. [2] [4] Shi'a 'yan-sha-biyu suna jiran zuwan Mahdin Almasihu wanda zai kawo zamanin zaman lafiya da adalci ta hanyar kawar da zalunci da zalunci a bayan kasa. [5] [4] Har ila yau, madogara daban-daban na Shi'a sun ba da muhimmanci ga Ahlul Baiti, inda ake kallon su a matsayin dalilin halitta. [3]

A cewar Campo, da dama daga cikin shugabannin ƙasashen musulmi da ƴan siyasa sun yi ikirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito ne daga iyalan Muhammad, ciki har da daular Alawiyyah ta Maroko, da daular Hashimiya ta Iraki da Jordan da kuma jagoran juyin juya halin Iran Khumaini . [4]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Brunner 2014.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Campo 2009.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Goldziher, Arendonk & Tritton 2022.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Campo 2004.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Mavani 2013.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 Sharon 2004.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Leaman 2006.
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 Madelung 1997.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Jafri 1979.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Nasr et al. 2015.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Abbas 2021.
  12. ↑ Nasr et al. 2015, p. 2331.
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 Howard 1984.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Algar 1984.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Lalani 2000.
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 Momen 1985.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Soufi 1997.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Veccia Vaglieri 2022a.
  19. ↑ Esposito 2004.
  20. ↑ Glassé 2003.
  21. ↑ Thurlkill 2008.
  22. ↑ Nasr et al. 2015, p. 2691.
  23. ↑ Gril 2003.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Bar-Asher & Kofsky 2002.
  25. ↑ Nasr et al. 2015, p. 330.
  26. ↑ Amir-Moezzi 2022.
  27. ↑ Veccia Vaglieri 2022b.
  28. ↑ Momen 1985, p. 16.

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