Tarihin tattalin arzikin Afirka

Tarihin tattalin arzikin Afirka
aspect of history (en)

Rukunin ma'auni na tsohuwar Masar sun yi aiki a matsayin raka'a na kuɗi.

Mutanen farko sun kasance masu farauta da ke zaune a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin iyali. Ko da a lokacin akwai cinikayya mai yawa wanda zai iya rufe nesa mai nisa. Masu binciken tarihi sun gano cewa shaidar cinikayya a cikin abubuwa masu alatu kamar ƙarfe masu daraja da harsashi a duk faɗin nahiyar.

Tarihin tattalin arzikin Afirka sau da yawa Kuma yana mai da hankali kan bayani game da talauci kuma yana rufe wasu fannoni kamar nasarorin manoman Afirka, 'yan kasuwa da jihohi, gami da ingantaccen tsaro na abinci, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na ci gaban tattalin arziki.

Gidajen gona a Malawi, 2010.

Tarihin Da

Afirka tana da tarihin tattalin arziki mafi tsawo kuma mafi tsufa. Da zaran al'ummomin mutane sun kasance, haka kuma ayyukan tattalin arziki sun kasance. Mutanen farko sun kasance masu farauta da ke zaune a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin iyali. Ko da a lokacin akwai cinikayya mai yawa wanda zai iya rufe nesa mai nisa. Masu binciken tarihi sun gano cewa shaidar cinikayya a cikin abubuwa masu alatu kamar karafa da kwarangwal a duk faɗin nahiyar sune manyan sana'o'in mutanen Berber, suna zaune a wuraren da suka bushe kuma sun zama makiyaya, yayin da a cikin gandun daji, amfanin gona da aka noma kuma ta haka ne zama na dindindin zai yiwu. Aikin noma ya goyi bayan manyan garuruwa, kuma a ƙarshe manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci sun bunkasa tsakanin garuruwa.

Asalin aikin gona

Aikin noma na farko a Afirka ya fara ne a kusa da Sahel da kudancin hamadar Sahara, wanda a cikin 5200 BC ya fi danshi da yawa fiye da yau. An haifi nau'o'in asali da yawa, mafi mahimmanci shine lu'u-lu'u, sorghum da cowpeas, waɗanda suka bazu ta Yammacin Afirka da Sahel. Sahara a wannan lokacin ya kasance kamar Sahel a yau. Yankin da aka bude ya sauƙaƙa noma, amma ƙasa mara kyau da iyakantaccen ruwan sama ya sa noma mai zurfi ba zai yiwu ba. Har ila yau, amfanin gona na cikin gida ba su da kyau kuma suna samar da ƙananan adadin kuzari fiye da na wasu yankuna. Wadannan dalilai sun iyakance raguwa kuma sun kiyaye yawan jama'a da warwatse.

Arewacin Afirka ya ɗauki hanya daban-daban daga yankunan kudanci. A yanayin yanayi yana da alaƙa da Gabas ta Tsakiya da Fertile Crescent, kuma an karɓi dabarun noma na wannan yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da amfanin gona daban-daban, kamar alkama, sha'ir, da inabi. Har ila yau, Arewacin Afirka ya sami albarka daga ɗayan yankunan noma mafi arziki a duniya a kwarin Kogin Nilu. Tare da isowar aikin gona, yankin Nilu ya zama ɗayan yankunan da suka fi yawan jama'a a duniya, kuma Masar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin wayewar farko.

Kashewar Sahara ya haifar da babbar shingen tsakanin yankunan arewa da kudancin nahiyar. Muhimman bambance-bambance guda biyu sune Nubian Sudan, wanda ke da alaƙa da Masar ta hanyar Nilu da Habasha, wanda zai iya kasuwanci tare da yankunan arewacin Bahar Maliya. Jihohi masu iko sun girma a cikin waɗannan yankuna kamar Kush a Nubia (yanzu Arewacin Sudan da Kudancin Masar) da Aksum a Habasha. Musamman daga Nubia, ra'ayoyi da fasaha daga Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai sun kai ga sauran Afirka.

Masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa aikin ƙarfe ya ci gaba da kansa a Afirka. Ba kamar sauran nahiyoyi ba Afirka ba ta da lokacin jan ƙarfe da tagulla da ke aiki kafin Iron Age, saboda sun fi dacewa da fasaha. Jan ƙarfe yana da wuya a Afirka yayin da ƙarfe ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. A Nubia da Habasha, ƙarfe, kasuwanci, da albarkatun noma sun haifar da kafa birane da wayewa.

Yaduwar Bantu

Yawancin lokaci, a cikin yankunan da ba su da yawa, wannan lokacin ya ga fadada mutanen da ke magana da Bantu. Yaduwar Bantu ta fara ne a Kudancin Kamaru kimanin shekaru 4000 da suka gabata. Ana magana da harsunan Bantu a can a yau kuma akwai shaidar archaeological ga manoma masu shigowa na Neolithic a Arewacin Gabon c. 3800 BC. An san cewa fadada Bantu ya kasance mai sauri sosai kuma mai girma, amma ainihin injinsa ya kasance mai kawo rigima. Wannan lokacin ya riga ya wuce ƙarfe, wanda ya bayyana a cikin rikodin archaeological ta 2500 BC.

Ɗaya daga cikin fadadawa na farko na Bantu shine ƙaurawar Bubi zuwa Fernando Po (Bioko). Har yanzu suna amfani da fasahar dutse da farko. Matsalolin yanke gandun daji na equatorial don noma sun haifar da shawarar cewa fadadawar farko ta kasance tare da kwarin kogi, ra'ayi da aka goyi bayan nazarin sunayen kifi. Wani abu kuma na iya zama isowar amfanin gona na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman AAB plantain, cocoyam da water-yam. Sake fasalin harshe ya nuna cewa kawai dabbobi da proto-Bantu ke da su shine awaki. A cikin ƙarni duka rabin kudancin Afirka an rufe shi da rukuni, ban da hamadar Kalahari kawai. Yaduwarsu ta ƙare kwanan nan. A cikin shekara ta 1000, 'yan kasuwa Larabawa sun bayyana cewa Bantu ba su kai ga Mozambique ba, kuma mazauna Turai sun lura da fadada Bantu zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin Zulu da sauransu, duk da haka babu wata shaidar archaeological da ke tallafawa da'awar su maimakon haka shaidar ta nuna kasancewar masu magana da Bantu da yawa a baya da sama da shekaru 1800 da sama da 1400 kafin zaman farko na Turai a yankunan Afirka ta Kudu na Mozambique da Afirka ta Kudu bi da bi.

Shigar da kiwo na Bantu ya sake fasalin tattalin arzikin nahiyar. Wani lokaci a cikin karni na farko, wani canji mai mahimmanci ya fara yayin da amfanin gona ya fara zuwa daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Tekun Indiya koyaushe yana buɗewa ga kasuwanci fiye da Atlantic da Pacific. 'Yan kasuwa za su iya hawa iskar ruwan sama ta yamma a farkon shekara kuma su koma gabas daga baya. An yi hasashen cewa waɗannan amfanin gona sun fara zuwa Madagascar, wanda kuma ya karɓi yarukan kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wani lokaci tsakanin AD 300 da 800. Daga tsibirin, amfanin gona ya haye zuwa yankin Great Lakes na Afirka. Sun hada da amfanin gona da yawa, mafi mahimmanci shine ayaba.

Ayaba da sauran amfanin gona sun ba da damar yin noma sosai a yankunan wurare masu zafi na Afirka, wannan ya fi shahara a yankin Great Lakes, yankin da ke da ƙasa mai kyau, wanda ya ga birane da jihohi da yawa sun kasance, ana ciyar da yawan su da yawa

Hanyoyin kasuwanci

Kudin zinare na Aksumite na Endubis.

Hanyoyin kasuwanci na farko na Sahara.

Duk da yake wasu matakan kasuwanci sun ci gaba, haɓakar birane da daular sun sanya shi mafi tsakiya ga tattalin arzikin Afirka. Arewacin Afirka ta kasance tsakiya ga cinikin dukan yankin Bahar Rum. A waje da Misira, wannan kasuwancin ya fi sarrafawa daga Phoenicians waɗanda suka zo su mamaye Arewacin Afirka, tare da Carthage ya zama birni mafi muhimmanci. Helenawa sun mallaki yawancin kasuwancin gabas, gami da Tekun Maliya tare da Habasha. A cikin wannan yankin yawancin biranen kasuwanci na Girka da aka kafa sun yi aiki a matsayin hanyar wayewa da ilmantarwa.

Birnin Iskandariya na Masar (kuma daga baya, Roman) (wanda Alexander the Great ya kafa a 334 BC), yana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin cinikin Bahar Rum na ƙarni da yawa. A cikin karni na 19 Misira ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin da suka fi bunkasa a duniya.

Nubia a Sudan ta yi ciniki tare da ƙasashen Afirka na ciki kamar Chadi da Libya, da kuma Masar, China, Indiya da yankin Larabawa.

Ga mafi yawan karni na 1 AD, Masarautar Axumite a Habasha da Eritrea tana da rundunar sojan ruwa mai ƙarfi da alaƙar kasuwanci har zuwa Daular Byzantine da Indiya. Tsakanin ƙarni na 14 da 17, Ajuran Sultanate wanda ke tsakiyar Somaliya ta zamani ya yi aikin injiniya na ruwa kuma ya haɓaka sabbin tsarin aikin gona da haraji, wanda aka ci gaba da amfani dashi a wasu sassan Horn of Africa har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19.

A gabar gabashin nahiyar 'yan kasuwa Swahili sun haɗa yankin cikin hanyar cinikayya ta Tekun Indiya, suna kawo shigo da tukwane na kasar Sin da masana'antun Indiya don musayar zinariya, hauren giwa, da bayi. Masarautun Swahili sun kirkiro daular kasuwanci mai wadata, inda suka mamaye yankin Kenya, Tanzania da Uganda na zamani. Biranen Swahili sune manyan tashoshin kasuwanci don kasuwanci tare da Gabas ta Tsakiya da Gabas mai nisa.

A cikin Afirka, cinikayya ta fi iyakancewa. Ƙananan yawan jama'a ya sa kasuwanci mai fa'ida ya zama da wahala. Babban shingen gandun daji na Kongo ya fi girma fiye da Sahara, yana hana cinikayya ta tsakiyar nahiyar.

Zuwan sojojin Islama ne ya canza tattalin arzikin yawancin Afirka. Kodayake Musulunci ba shi da tasiri sosai a Arewacin Afirka inda manyan birane, karatu da rubutu, da jihohin tsakiya suka kasance al'ada, Musulmai sun fi tasiri wajen shiga Sahara fiye da Kiristoci. Wannan ya faru ne saboda raƙumi, wanda ya ɗauki fadada Larabawa kuma nan da nan zai ɗauki kasuwanci mai yawa a fadin hamada.

Jerin jihohi sun bunkasa a Sahel a gefen kudancin Sahara wanda ya sami riba mai yawa daga kasuwanci a fadin Sahara. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine Masarautar Ghana, ta kai kololuwa a karni na 12. Ba da daɗewa ba, wasu kamar Daular Mali da Kanem-Bornu, suma sun tashi a yankin. Babban kasuwancin waɗannan jihohin zinariya ne, wanda ya kasance mai yawa a Guinea. Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci shine cinikin bayi na Sahara wanda ya tura adadi mai yawa na bayi zuwa Arewacin Afirka.

600-1600 AD

Wani nau'in Okpoho na Manilla daga mutanen Igbo na kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.

Da yawa daga cikin masu arziki sun girma a kusa da yankunan bakin teku ko manyan koguna waɗanda suka zama wani ɓangare na mahimman hanyoyin kasuwanci. Masarautun Mali da Daular Songhai sun girma tare da Kogin Neja tsakanin 1200 da 1590. 'Yan kasuwa Berber daga Sahel - yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara - sun sayar da kwanakin, jan ƙarfe, dawakai, makamai da zane da suka kawo daga arewacin Afirka a cikin jiragen kasa na Kamel. Ciniki tare da mutanen Berber, da sauran kungiyoyi, sun haifar da ci gaban daular Ghana, wanda ke cinikin zinariya, kwayoyi, da bayi. Mutanen Yammacin Afirka sun haifar da bukatar gishiri, wanda aka tattara a wuraren da ke cikin hamada, kuma wanda suka yi amfani da shi don adana abinci da kuma sabunta shi.

A cikin 1324, Mansa Musa, sarkin Mali, ya yi sanannen Hajj (hajji) zuwa Makka. Akwai babban rukuni da aka shirya don gudanar da Hajji tare da sarki. Ya haɗa da "mutane 60,000, ciki har da ma'aikata 1200" kuma rubuce-rubuce sun nuna cewa Mansa Musa ya ba da zinariya mai yawa a Misira, cewa tattalin arzikinta ya zama mai baƙin ciki.

Tsakanin 1000 da 1500, gandun daji na Yammacin Afirka sun zama wani ɓangare na hanyoyin kasuwanci, musamman a ƙarƙashin mulkin sarakunan Yoruba. Ifé wani muhimmin gari ne na kasuwanci, tare da hanyar daga gandun daji zuwa Djenné, babban cibiyar kasuwanci a Sudan, kusa da wasu manyan biranen kasuwanci kamar Timbuktu da Gao. Yanayin Ifé ya kuma sanya shi kusa da Benin da Tekun Atlantika. Ci gaban Yoruba ya sami goyon baya daga biranen da ke kewaye da gonar noma, amma ci gaban kasuwanci mai yawa ya sa ya wadata.

Mural daga Tsohon Dongola, tsohon babban birnin Makuria, wanda ke nuna yarjejeniyar kudi

A shekara ta 1000, mutanen da ke magana da harshen Bantu na Zimbabwe da Kudancin Afirka sun haɓaka cinikayya ta ƙasashen waje tare da ƙasashe masu nisa kamar China da Indiya, daga inda suka karɓi porcelain, beads, da tukwane na Farisa da Larabawa. Sun sayar da naman sa na gida (maimakon nama daga dabbobi), baƙin ƙarfe, da hauren giwa da zinariya. Birnin Great Zimbabwe, wanda aka kafa a kusa da 1100, shine cibiyar mulkin Shona har zuwa kusa da 1400.

Yawancin kasuwanci a cikin masarautun gandun daji an yi su ne a matakin gida, yawanci ta talakawa Yoruba a kasuwannin gida. A wasu garuruwa ana gudanar da waɗannan kowane kwana 3 ko 4. An sayar da tufafi, kayan lambu, nama, da sauran kayayyaki, kuma an biya su don amfani da ƙananan kwarangwal da ake kira cowries waɗanda aka shigo da su daga Gabashin Afirka. An samar da sandunan jan ƙarfe da ƙarfe, waɗanda ake kira manilas, a cikin daidaitattun siffofi don amfani da su azaman kuɗi. Sauran abubuwa da aka yi amfani da su a kasuwanci a matsayin nau'in kuɗi sun haɗa da gishiri, zane, da sandunan zinariya.

Ciniki tare da Gabas ta Tsakiya ya fara tun farkon Masar ta dā. An gabatar da Islama a yankin Horn da wuri daga yankin Larabawa, jim kadan bayan hijra. Masjid al-Qiblatayn mai mihrab biyu na Zeila ya kasance daga karni na 7. Yaduwar Islama ta kawo 'yan kasuwa Larabawa har zuwa Maroko. Adal Sultanate a yankin Horn kuma ya ci gaba da alakar biyu da Daular Ottoman. Tsarin ma'aikata don cinikayya mai nisa a fadin iyakokin siyasa da al'adu an daɗe ana ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar karɓar Islama a matsayin tushen al'adu da ɗabi'a don amincewa tsakanin da kuma tare da 'yan kasuwa. A kan iyakar Swahili zuwa kudu maso gabas, Sultan na Malindi ya aika da jakadu zuwa fadar sarauta ta kasar Sin a Nanjing Yongle dauke da giraffe da sauran kyaututtuka masu ban sha'awa.

Tasirin Turai

Farkon mulkin mallaka na Turai

Taswirar Afirka ta John Thomson, 1813.

Masu mulkin mallaka na farko na Turai sun zauna a Arewacin Afirka a zamanin d ̄ a. Wadannan masu mulkin mallaka sun hada da Finikiyawa da Helenawa. Mazauna daga tsohuwar Athens da sauran sassan Girka sun kafa kansu a bakin tekun Bahar Rum na Arewacin Afirka. Daga baya masu mulkin mallaka na Daular Roma suka bi su. Mutanen da suka mallaka na Roma "sun yi aiki a matsayin samfurin" don yunkurin mulkin mallaka na Turai zuwa nahiyar.

Portugal ita ce daular Turai ta farko da ta shiga cikin Afirka ta Kudu don kafa yankuna. Yarima Henry the Navigator na Fotigal ya ci gaba da binciken Fotigal na Afirka, wanda sha'awace-sha'awace guda biyu suka motsa shi: yada Kiristanci, da kuma kafa Afirka a matsayin sansanin Kiristanci a kan Daular Ottoman, wanda ke sa yawancin Afirka suka tuba zuwa Islama. An yi amfani da Afirka don dalilai na kasuwanci saboda wani burin Portuguese: neman hanyar zuwa Indiya, wanda zai buɗe duk yankin Tekun Indiya don kai tsaye kasuwanci tare da Portugal. Cin nasarar yankin a Afirka kuma yana nufin cewa Portuguese na iya amfani da zinare na Afirka don tallafawa tafiye-tafiye ta wannan sabuwar hanyar kasuwanci.

Portuguese sun fara kasuwanci mai mahimmanci tare da Yammacin Afirka a karni na 15. Wannan cinikin ya kasance da farko don irin kayan da Larabawa suka saya - zinariya, hauren giwa, da bayi. Portuguese sun sayar da tufafin Indiyawan Afirka da kayan da aka ƙera a Turai amma sun ki sayar musu da bindigogi. Ba da daɗewa ba, duk da haka, wasu ƙasashen Turai kamar Faransa, Denmark, Netherlands da Burtaniya suna haɓaka kasuwancin su da Afirka, kuma suna da ƙuntatawa kaɗan. Manyan ikon mulkin mallaka na Turai a Afirka sune Portugal, Burtaniya, Faransa, kuma zuwa ƙarami Jamus, Belgium, Spain da Italiya. Kasancewar Portugal a Afirka a matsayin ikon mulkin mallaka ya kasance har zuwa shekarun 1970s, lokacin da na karshe daga cikin tsoffin yankunanta suka ayyana 'yancin kai bayan shekaru na yaki.

Cinikin bayi na Atlantic

A bayyane yake, cinikin bayi ya wadatar da bangarorin al'ummar Afirka da ke cinikin bayi. Koyaya, tarihin zamani na bautar ya sauya tsakanin sanduna biyu akan batun tasirin yawan jama'a da tattalin arziki a Afirka gaba ɗaya. Labaran tarihi na farko na cinikin bayi na Atlantic an rubuta su ne ga shahararrun masu sauraro ta hanyar abolitionists da tsoffin bayi kamar Olaudah Equiano waɗanda suka jaddada tasirinsa mai tsanani ga mutanen Afirka. Yayin da karni na 19 ya ci gaba, an kara amfani da asusun mummunar tasirin bautar don jayayya game da mulkin mallaka na Turai na nahiyar. Sabanin haka, akwai wadanda, kamar mai binciken Burtaniya da masanin ilimin ƙasa William Winwood Reade, wanda ya yi amfani da asusun 'yan kasuwa na bayi don jayayya cewa tasirin bautar yana da kyau.

A farkon karni na 20, ra'ayi game da bautar a matsayin mummunar tasiri a Afirka ya kasance tsakanin ƙwararrun masana tarihi a Turai da Amurka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka bayan yakin duniya na biyu, wani rukuni mai tasiri na malamai, karkashin jagorancin JD Fage, sun yi jayayya cewa mummunan tasirin bautar ya wuce gona da iri, kuma fitar da bayi ya ragu ta hanyar yawan jama'a. Walter Rodney, kwararre a kan Upper Guinea Coast, ya kalubalanci cewa bukatar Turai ga bayi ta kara muhimmancin tattalin arziki na cinikin bayi a Yammacin Afirka, tare da mummunan sakamako. Rodney, wanda ke aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Pan-Afirka, ya zargi Fage da farfado da rawar da Turawa ke takawa a Afirka; Fage ya amsa ta hanyar zargin Rodney da soyayya ta kasa.

Tattaunawar game da tasirin tattalin arziki na cinikin Atlantika ya kara karfafawa ta hanyar wallafa littafin Philip Curtin mai suna The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (1969), wanda ya yi jayayya cewa an fitar da bayi miliyan 9.566 daga Afirka ta hanyar cinikin Atlantiki. A cikin shekarun 1970s, muhawara game da tasirin tattalin arziki na cinikin Atlantika ya karu da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a na fitar da bayi dangane da yawan haihuwa na nahiyar. Yawancin malamai yanzu sun yi imanin cewa Curtin ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin lissafinsa, tare da mafi yawan kimantawa tsakanin miliyan 11.5 zuwa miliyan 15.4. Kwanan nan, John K. Thornton ya gabatar da wata gardama kusa da na Fage, yayin da Joseph Inikori, Patrick Manning da Nathan Nunn suka yi jayayya cewa cinikin bayi yana da tasiri mai raɗaɗi na dogon lokaci akan ci gaban tattalin arzikin Afirka.

Manning, alal misali, ya kai ga ƙarshe mai zuwa, bayan lissafin bambancin yanki a cikin fitar da bayi da kuma zaton yawan yawan jama'ar Afirka na shekara-shekara na 0.5.%: yawan mutanen Afirka ta Yamma zai kasance miliyan 100 maimakon ~ miliyan 50 a cikin 1850, idan ba don haɗakar tasirin kasuwancin bayi na waje da na ciki ba. Nunn, a cikin binciken tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan na yankunan fitar da bayi a duk sassan Afirka, ya sami "dangantaka mara kyau tsakanin yawan bayi da aka karɓa daga ƙasa da ci gaban tattalin arziki na gaba". Nunn ya yi jayayya, kuma, cewa wannan ba za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar talauci ba kafin cinikin bayi, saboda yawancin jama'a da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki na Afirka sun koma baya a baya, wuraren fitar da bayi ba a lokacin Atlantic, trans-Saharan, Red Sea da Indian Ocean.

Zamanin mulkin mallaka

1884-1945

Taron Berlin (Jamusanci: Kongokonferenz ko "Taron Kongo") na 1884-85 ya tsara mulkin mallaka na Turai da kasuwanci a Afirka a lokacin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya dace da fitowar Jamus kwatsam a matsayin ikon mulkin mallaka. An kira shi da Portugal kuma Otto von Bismarck, shugaban farko na Jamus, ya shirya shi, sakamakon sa, Babban Dokar Taron Berlin, ana iya ganin shi a matsayin ƙaddamar da Scramble for Africa. Taron ya gabatar da wani lokaci na karuwar ayyukan mulkin mallaka ta ikon Turai, yayin da a lokaci guda ya kawar da mafi yawan nau'ikan da ke akwai na cin gashin kai da cin gashin kansa na Afirka. A wannan lokacin mulkin mallaka, an sake tsara tattalin arzikin Afirka don yin hidima ga Turai da Turai, kuma sarkar masana'antu ta Turai ta fara a Afirka kuma ta ƙare a cikin ɗakunan ajiyar masana'antu na Turai.

Dukkanin Afirka za su fada ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Turai a shekara ta 1914, ban da Habasha da Laberiya. Rarraba yankin Afirka tsakanin gwamnatocin Turai sau da yawa ya keta iyakokin da 'yan Afirka na yankin suka amince da su. Wasu daga cikin jihohin Afirka masu zaman kansu da rabuwa da nahiyar ta shafa sun hada da:  

Tattalin Arziki

Taswirar jirgin kasa ta Afirka, gami da waƙoƙin da aka tsara kuma ana ginawa, The Statesman's Yearbook, 1899.

Ga wasu masu mulkin mallaka, kamar su Burtaniya, kyakkyawan mulkin mallaka ya dogara ne akan tattalin arziki mai budewa, yana aiki sosai a cinikin duniya ta hanyar fitar da albarkatun kasa da shigo da kayayyaki da aka gama. Birtaniya sun yi amfani da manufofin gudanarwa mai sauƙi, suna tilasta ƙananan ka'idoji a kan yankunansu, musamman a cikin batutuwan da ba na tattalin arziki ba. Muddin an cimma burin Burtaniya, an ba 'yan asalin' yanci mafi girma. Babban misali ga wannan shine tsarin ilimin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Ya dogara da albarkatun gida da harsuna a ilimi, yawancin masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje suna gudanar da su ta hanyar 'yan Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da matakan lissafi mafi girma a yankunan da ilimin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ya rinjayi, kuma ta haka ne karuwar babban birnin ɗan adam. Sauran masu mulkin mallaka, kamar Faransanci, sun ɗauki tsarin aiki sosai ga shugabanci, suna ƙarfafawa ko ma suna buƙatar talakawan su su kara daidaitawa da al'adun Faransanci.

A yau, tattalin arzikin Afirka da yawa ya shafi gadon mulkin mallaka. A cikin aikin gona, tsarin shuka da suka gabatar ba za a iya jurewa ba kuma ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar muhalli. Misali, auduga yana rage yawan amfanin ƙasa a duk inda aka girma, kuma yankunan Yammacin Afirka waɗanda ke cike da gonakin auduga yanzu ba su iya canzawa zuwa amfanin gona mai fa'ida ba ko ma samar da abinci saboda lalacewar ƙasa. Kwanan nan, wasu ƙasashe sun fara shirye-shirye don canzawa zuwa al'adun gargajiya, nau'ikan noma masu ɗorewa kamar sauya noma da bishiyoyi don haɓaka isasshen abinci don tallafawa yawan jama'a yayin kiyaye amfanin ƙasa wanda ke ba da damar aikin gona ya ci gaba a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa. (Gyasi) Archived 2010-10-18 at the Wayback Machine

'Yancin kai da Yakin Cold

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, halin Turai game da Afirka ya fara canzawa. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu da farkon yakin sanyi, ikon 'Yamma' sun ƙi ra'ayin yin amfani da cin nasara kai tsaye don haɗa yankin. A lokaci guda, tashin hankali game da mulkin mallaka ya ci gaba a Afirka. Tsakanin 1945 da 1948 akwai jerin yajin aiki da zanga-zangar, a Senegal, Tanzania, a kan tsarin jirgin kasa na Yammacin Afirka na Faransa, da kuma tare da Gold Coast na Yamma.

Kasashen Afirka a hankali sun sami 'yancin kansu (tare da iyakokin zamanin mulkin mallaka), a mafi yawan lokuta ba tare da rikice-rikicen tashin hankali ba (ban da Kamaru, Madagascar da Kenya). Yayin da Yakin Cold ya ci gaba, gwamnatocin Afirka na iya dogaro da goyon baya daga ko dai gwamnatocin Yamma ko masu kula da Kwaminisanci, dangane da akidar su.

Shekaru na farko na 'yancin kai sun tafi da kyau ga yawancin ƙasashen Afirka. Wannan ƙarfin tattalin arziki ya lalace a mafi yawan shekarun da suka gabata. An yi muhawara da yawa don gano dalilai don bayyana faduwar tattalin arzikin kasashe da yawa na Afirka. Halin zuwa ga mulkin jam'iyya daya, haramta adawar siyasa, ya haifar da ci gaba da mulkin kama karya a cikin shekaru da yawa, ci gaba da manufofi da suka gaza. Kudin rance daga gwamnatocin kasashen waje ya zama nauyin rauni ga wasu ƙasashe waɗanda ke da wahalar biyan riba a kan rance. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ciniki da Ci gaba (UNCTAD) ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin 1970 da 2002 "Afirka ta kudu da Sahara ta karɓi dala biliyan 294 a cikin rance, ta biya dala biliyan 268 a cikin sabis na bashi, kuma duk da haka har yanzu tana da bashin dala biliyan 300".

Rikicin irin su Yaƙin Kongo na Biyu, wanda kawai ya kashe kimanin mutane miliyan 2.7-5.4, ya sa tattalin arzikin Afirka ya koma baya.

A lokuta daban-daban a ƙarshen karni na 20, gwamnatocin Afirka sun yi bashin da ke biyowa (yawan suna cikin biliyoyin daloli na Amurka):

• Najeriya (33)
• Afirka ta Kudu (22)
• Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (13)
• Sudan (9)
• Habasha (8)

A cikin shekarun 1980s, rikice-rikicen siyasa ya ɓarke cikin yakin basasa a wasu ƙasashe, kuma rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa ya sa wasu tattalin arziki ya kasance cikin damuwa na shekaru da yawa. Wasu gwamnatocin Afirka sun fuskanci matsaloli masu amfani wajen aiwatar da canjin masana'antu yayin da suke ƙoƙarin inganta tattalin arzikin su cikin sauri; matsalolin tsada da rashin kulawa a aikin gona, masana'antu, da sauran bangarori sun haifar da gazawar ayyukan da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon shi ne ƙasashen Afirka da ke ƙara dogaro da shigo da abinci na ƙasashen waje.

Talauci

Babban tambaya a cikin tarihin tattalin arzikin Afirka shine mayar da hankali kan bayani game da talauci na nahiyar. Masana tattalin arziki a yau suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don bayyana wannan abin da ya faru yawanci ko na waje ko na ciki.

Hanyar waje

Hanyoyin waje yawanci suna mai da hankali kan tsarin ma'aikata a cikin tattalin arziki. Suna ƙoƙari su bayyana ci gaban tattalin arzikin Afirka a matsayin batun yanke shawara na hukumomin Turai na baya. Gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka na Turai ba su da wani dalili don ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin da ke inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki a yankunan Afirka, amma a maimakon haka fitar da tattalin arziki na albarkatun da aka ba su. Har ma a yau, cibiyoyin Afirka har yanzu sun dogara da waɗannan yanke shawara na farko. Misali, a Afirka, ba a kafa ko aiwatar da haƙƙin mallaka ta hanyar inganta ayyukan tattalin arziki ba.

Hanyar ciki

A nan dole ne a rarrabe hanyoyi biyu daban-daban: Wadannan galibi suna fitowa ne daga tsarin al'umma, suna da haɗin kai fiye da mutum ɗaya tare da kabilun ko iyalai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a Afirka. Don haka rarraba haƙƙin mallaka cikas ne ga ci gaban tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan abubuwan da za su sauya wannan tsari zuwa yanayin da ya fi dacewa da tattalin arziki. Ga masu mulki sau da yawa zaɓi ne mai ma'ana don manne wa wannan tsarin haƙƙin mallaka, don haka samun damar cirewa daga mulkin su fiye da inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki. Hanyar ciki ta biyu tana mai da hankali kai tsaye kan kayan aiki a cikin takamaiman yankuna. Rashin aiki har zuwa karni na 20 tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa ya haifar da hanyar noma mai yawa, wanda ya dogara da ƙasa mai yawa maimakon amfani da ma'aikata a ƙasar. Haɗe tare da mugayen cibiyoyin daga zamanin mulkin mallaka ko mulkin mallaka wannan tsarin tattalin arziki yana hana amfani da fasaha sosai kuma ta haka ne ragewa ko ma hana ci gaban tattalin arziki.

Zamani

Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu.

Masu arziki a Afirka a ƙarshen karni na 20 sun kasance suna da ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke aiki a matsayin "masu tsaron gida", suna riƙe da mukamai tare da iko don amincewa da taimakon kasashen waje, taimakon jin kai, da saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa (yawanci na kasashen waje). Cin hanci da rashawa sun zama masu ƙarfi a wasu ƙasashe. Bala'in muhalli da siyasa sun haɗu a cikin yunwa da yawa a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980 a Habasha, Mali, Mauritania da Mozambique. Tasirin fari da hamada na babban bangare na nahiyar ya kai ga jama'a a farkon karni na 21.

Ayyukan jirgin ƙasa suna da mahimmanci a cikin gundumomin hakar ma'adinai daga ƙarshen karni na 19. Babban aikin jirgin kasa da na hanya suna nuna ƙarshen karni na 19. An jaddada hanyoyin dogo a zamanin mulkin mallaka, da hanyoyi a lokutan 'bayan mulkin mallaka'. Jedwab & Storeygard sun gano cewa a cikin 1960-2015 akwai alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin saka hannun jari na sufuri da ci gaban tattalin arziki. Siyasa mai tasiri sun haɗa da tsakiya kafin mulkin mallaka, rarrabuwar kabilanci, sulhu na Turai, dogaro da albarkatun halitta, da dimokuradiyya.

Tattalin arzikin Afirka ya fara tashi ne kawai a farkon shekarun 2000 yayin da yanayin siyasa ya inganta, gwamnatocin ƙasa sun fara murkushe cin hanci da rashawa da tallafawa, an fara aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ci gaban tattalin arziki da nufin inganta yanayin rayuwa, kuma miliyoyin 'yan Afirka sun ci gaba da taruwa zuwa biranen neman ayyuka da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa.

Janar:

• Tarihin Afirka
• Tarihin Afirka

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