Yaren Biu–Mandara
Yaren Biu–Mandara | |
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Linguistic classification |
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Glottolog | bium1280[1] |
Biu–Mandara | |
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Central Chadic | |
Geographic distribution | Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon |
Linguistic classification |
Tafrusyawit
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Subdivisions |
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Glottolog | bium1280[1] |
Ana magana da Biu – Mandara ko yaren Cadi ta Tsakiya na dangin Afro-Asiatic a cikin Najeriya, Chadi da kuma Kamaru . Wanda aka fi magana dashi Kamwe, tare da masu magana dashi 300,000.
An sake gina Proto-Central Chadic ta Gravina a (2014). [2]
Harsuna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gravina (2014)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gravina a shekarar (2014) ya kuma rarraba yankin Chadi ta Tsakiya kamar haka, a zaman wani ɓangare na sake gina harshe mai kyau. Haruffa da lambobi a cikin maƙalai suna dacewa da rassa a cikin rarrabuwa na baya. Mafi girman canje-canje shine watsewa da sake sanya harsunan tsohuwar reshen Mafa (A.5) da reshen Mandage (Kotoko), (B.1). [3]
- Kudu
- Kudu [4]
- Bata (A.8)
- Bata Daidai: Bacama, Bata, Fali, Gude, Gudu, Holma (†), Jimi, Ngwaba (daga A.1 Tera), Nzanyi, Sharwa
- Tsuvan: Tsuvan, Zizilivakan
- Daba (A.7)
- Daba Dace: Daba, Mazagway Hidi
- Mina: Mina, Mbudum
- Buwal: Buwal, Gavar
- Mafa (= Kudu A.5 Mafa (d)): Mafa, Mefele, Cuvok
- Tera (A.1):
- Gabashin Tera: Boga, Ga'anda, Hwana
- (Yammacin Tera): Jara, Tera
- Sukur (A.6)
- Bata (A.8)
- Kudu [4]
- Hurza
- Hurza (daga A.5 Mafa): Vame, Mbuko
- Arewa
- Margi – Mandara – Mofu
- Margi (A.2)
- Mandara (A.4):
- Wandala: Mandara ( Malgwa ), Glavda
- Dghwede: Cineni, Dghwede, Guduf, Gava, Gvoko
- Podoko: Podoko, Matal (daga A.5 Mafa)
- Mofu (wani yanki na Kudu A.5 Mafa)
- Tokombere: Ouldeme, Mada, Muyang, Molokwo
- Meri: Zulgo, Gemzek, Merey, Dugwor
- Ingantaccen Mofu: Mofu ta Arewa, Mofu-Gudur
- Maroua
- Maroua (wani yanki na Kudu A.5 Mafa (c)): Giziga ta Arewa, Giziga ta Kudu, Mbazla
- Lamang
- Lamang (Yammacin A.4 Wandala): Lamang, Hdi, Mabas
- Higi
- Higi (A.3): Bana, Hya, Psikyɛ, Kamwe, Kirya-Konzel
- Musgum – Arewacin Kotoko
- Tsibirin Kotoko: Buduma
- Kotoko ta Arewa: Mpade, Afaɗə, Malgbe, Maltam
- Musgum (B.2): Musgum, Mbara, Muskum (†)
- Kotoko Center
- Cibiyar Kotoko: Lagwan, Mser
- Kotoko ta Kudu
- Kotoko ta Kudu: Zina, Mazera
- Gidar
- Margi – Mandara – Mofu
Ba a rarraba Jilbe ba, saboda babu wasu tushe.
Blench (2006)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rassan Biu – Mandara a al'adance suna zuwa ko dai sunaye ko haruffa da lambobi a cikin tsarin fasali. Blench (2006) ya tsara su kamar haka: [5]
- Tera (A.1): Tera, Pidlimdi (Hinna), Jara, Ga'anda, Gabin, Boga, Ngwaba, Hwana
- Bura – Higi
- Bura (A.2): Bura-Pabir (Bura), Cibak (Kyibaku), Nggwahyi, Huba (Kilba), Putai (Marghi West), Marghi Central (Margi, Margi Babal), Marghi South
- ? Kofa
- Higi (A.3): Kamwə ( Psikyɛ, Higi), Bana, Hya , ? Kirya-Konzəl
- Wandala – Mafa
- Wandala (Mandara) (A.4)
- Gabas: Wandala (Mura, Mandara, Malgwa), Glavda (Gəlvaxdaxa)
- Parəkwa (Podoko)
- Yammaci: Gəvoko, Guduf-Gava ( Cineni ), Dghweɗe, Hdi (Xədi, Hedi, Tur), Lamang, Woga, Vemgo, Mabas
- Sukur (Sakwun, A.6)
- Mafa (A.5)
- Arewa maso gabashin Mafa: Vame (Pəlasla), Mbuko, Gaduwa
- Matal (Muktele)
- Kudu Mafa
- (a) Wuzlam (Ouldémé), Muyang, Maɗa, Məlokwo
- (b) Zəlgwa-Minew, Gemzek, Ɗugwor, Mikere, Merey
- (c) Giziga ta Arewa, Giziga ta Kudu, Mofu ta Arewa, Mofu-Gudur (Kudancin Mofu), Baldemu (Mbazlam)
- (d) Cuvok, Mafa, Mefele, Shügule
- Wandala (Mandara) (A.4)
- Daba (A.7)
- Arewa Daba: Buwal (Gadala), Gavar (Kortchi)
- Kudu Daba: Mina (Besleri, Hina), Daba ( Mazagway ), Mbədam
- Bata (Gbwata) (A.8): Bacama, Bata (Gbwata), Sharwa, Tsuvan, Gude, Fali na Mubi, Zizilivakan (Ulan Mazhilvən, Fali na Jilbu), Jimi (Jimjimən), Gudu, Holma (†), Nzanyi
- Harshen (Kotoko) (B.1)
- Harshen Kudu: Msər (Kousseri), Lagwan (Logone)
- ? Jilbe
- Yankin Arewa: Afaɗə, Maslam, Malgbe (Gulfey), Mpadə
- Buduma (Yedina)
- Gabas – Tsakiya
- Gidar (Kaɗa)
- Munjuk (B.2): Mbara, Muskum (Muzuk) (†), Mpus, Beege (Jafga), Vulum (Mulwi)
- Mida'a (<B.1): Jina, Majəra
Newman (1977)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsarin Chadi ta Tsakiya ta Newman (1977):
Sunaye da wurare (Najeriya)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin sunayen harshe, yawan jama'a, da wurare (a cikin Najeriya kawai) daga Blench (2019).
Reshe | Lambar | Wuraren farko |
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Tera | A1 | Karamar hukumar Gombi , jihar Adamawa da karamar hukumar Biu , jihar Borno |
Bata | A8 | Mubi LGA, Jihar Adamawa |
Higi | A3 | Michika LGA, Jihar Adamawa |
Mandara | A4 | Karamar hukumar Gwoza , jihar Borno da karamar hukumar Michika , jihar Adamawa |
Kudu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Language | Branch | Cluster | Dialects | Alternate spellings | Own name for language | Endonym(s) | Other names (location-based) | Other names for language | Exonym(s) | Speakers | Location(s) | Notes |
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Daba | Daba | Daba | A single village, less than 1,000. Mostly in Cameroun | Adamawa State, Mubi LGA. Between Mubi and Bahuli | ||||||||
Mafa | Mafa | Mafa (Mofa) in Nigeria. Cameroon dialects divided into West, Central and Eastern. | Mofa | Matakam (not recommended) | 2,000 (1963), 136,000 in Cameroon (1982 SIL) | Borno State, Gwoza LGA; mainly in Cameroon | ||||||
Sakun | Sukur | Sakun, Gemasakun | Gә̀mà Sákún | Sugur | Adikummu Sukur | 5,000 (1952); 10,000 (1973 SIL). 7 villages | Adamawa State, Madgali LGA | |||||
Ga’anda cluster | Tera | Ga’anda | Tlәka’andata pl. Ka’andәca | Kaɓәn | Mokar [name of the place where the rolling pot stopped] | 7,600 (1952); 10,000 (1973 SIL);␣4. Six villages | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA | |||||
Kaɓәn | Tera | Ga’anda | Gabin | Tlәkaɓәnɗa pl. Kaɓәnca | 12 villages | |||||||
Fәrtata | Tera | Ga’anda | Tlәfәrtata pl. Fәrtaca | 5 villages | ||||||||
Boga | Tera | Boka | 5 villages | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA | ||||||||
Hwana | Tera | Hona, Hwona | 6,604 (1952 W&B); 20,000 (1973 SIL), estimate more than 20,000 (Blench 1987) | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA, Guyuk and 30 other villages | ||||||||
Jara | Tera | Jera | 4,000 (SIL) | Borno State, Biu LGA; Bauchi State, Ako LGA | Also refers to the languages of the Jarawan Bantu group including: the Jarawa cluster, Mbárù, Gùra, Rúhû, Gubi, Dulbu, Láb̀r, Kulung, and Gwa | |||||||
Tera cluster | Tera | Tera | 46,000 (SIL); 50,000 (Newman 1970) | Borno State, Biu LGA; Gombe State, Gombi LGA, Kwami district, Ako LGA, Yamaltu and Ako districts, Dukku LGA, Funakaye district | ||||||||
Nyimatli | Tera | Tera | Wuyo-Ɓalɓiya-Waɗe; Deba-Zambuk-Hina-Kalshingi-Kwadon [orthography based on this cluster] | Yamaltu, Nimalto, Nyemathi | Gombe State, Ako, Gombe, Kwami, Funakai, Yamaltu LGAs; Borno State, Ɓayo LGA | |||||||
Pidlimdi | Tera | Tera | Hinna, Hina, Ghәna | Borno State, Biu LGA | ||||||||
Bura Kokura | Tera | Tera | Borno State, Biu LGA | |||||||||
Boga | Tera, Eastern | Boka | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA | |||||||||
Bata cluster | Bata | Bata | ||||||||||
Bwatye | Bata | Bata | Mulyen (Mwulyin), Dong, Opalo, Wa-Duku | Gboare, Bwatiye | Kwaa–Ɓwaare | Ɓwaare | Bachama | 11,250 (1952) 20,000 (1963) | Adamawa State, Numan and Guyuk LGAs, Kaduna State, north east of Kaduna town. Bacama fishermen migrate long distances down the Benue River, with camps as far as the Benue/Niger confluence. | |||
Bata | Bata | Bata | Koboci, Kobotschi (Kobocĩ, Wadi, Zumu (Jimo), Malabu, Bata of Ribaw, Bata of Demsa, Bata of Garoua, Jirai | Batta, Gbwata | 26,400 (1952), est. 2,000 in Cameroon; 39,000 total (1971 Welmers) | Adamawa State, Numan, Song, Fufore and Mubi LGAs; also in Cameroon | ||||||
Fali cluster | Bata | Fali | Fali of Mubi, Fali of Muchella | Vimtim, Yimtim | 4 principal villages. Estimate of more than 20,000 (1990) | Adamawa State, Mubi LGA | ||||||
Vin | Bata | Fali | Uroovin | Uvin | Vimtim | Vimtim town, north of Mubi | ||||||
Huli | Bata | Fali | Bahuli | Urahuli | Huli, Hul | Bahuli town, northeast of Mubi | ||||||
Madzarin | Bata | Fali | Ura Madzarin | Madzarin | Muchella | Muchella town, northeast of Mubi | ||||||
Ɓween | Bata | Fali | Uramɓween | Cumɓween | Bagira | Bagira town, northeast of Mubi | ||||||
Gudu | Bata | Gutu, Gudo | 1,200 (LA 1971) | Adamawa State, Song LGA, 120 km. west of Song. Approximately 5 villages. | ||||||||
Guɗe | Bata | Gude, Goudé | Mubi | Cheke, Tcheke, Mapuda, Shede, Tchade, Mapodi, Mudaye, Mocigin, Motchekin | 28,000 (1952), est. 20,000 in Cameroon | Adamawa State, Mubi LGA; Borno State, Askira–Uba LGA; and in Cameroon | ||||||
Holma | Bata | Holma | Da Holmaci | Bali Holma | 4 speakers (Blench, 1987). The language has almost vanished and has been replaced by Fulfulde. | Adamawa State. Spoken north of Sorau on the Cameroon border | ||||||
Ngwaba | Bata | Gombi, Goba | Fewer than 1000 | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA, at Fachi and Gudumiya | ||||||||
Nzanyi | Bata | Paka, Rogede (Rɨgudede), Nggwoli, Hoode, Maiha, Magara, Dede, Mutidi; and Lovi in Cameroon | Njanyi, Njai, Njei, Zany, Nzangi, Zani, Njeny, Jeng, Njegn, Njeng, | Nzangɨ sg., Nzanyi pl. | Jenge, Jeng, Mzangyim, Kobochi, Kobotshi | 1.B Wur Nzanyi | 14,000 in Nigeria (1952), 9,000 in Cameroon. | Nigeria: Adamawa State, Maiha LGA. Cameroon: West of Dourbeye near Nigerian border in Doumo region, Mayo-Oulo Subdivision, Mayo-Louti Division, North Province. | ||||
Zizilivәkan | Bata | Zilivә | ÀmZírív | Fali of Jilbu | ‘a few hundred’ in Cameroon | Adamawa State, Mubi LGA, Jilbu town; and in Cameroon |
Arewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Language | Branch | Cluster | Dialects | Alternate spellings | Own name for language | Endonym(s) | Other names (location-based) | Other names for language | Exonym(s) | Speakers | Location(s) | Notes |
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Huba | Bura | Luwa | Hәba | Huba | Huba | Chobba Kilba | 32,000 (1952); 100,000 (1980 UBS) | Adamawa State, Hong, Maiha, Mubi and Gombi LGAs | ||||
Margi | Bura | Central: Margi babal = ‘Margi of the Plain’ around Lasa, Margi Dzәrŋu = ‘Margi near the Hill öu’ around Gulak; Gwàrà; Mə̀lgwí (Mulgwe, Molgheu); Wúrgà (Urga); South Margi is counted as a separate language and is more closely related to Huba | Marghi, Margyi | Màrgí | Màrgí | For Margi, Margi South and Putai: 135,000 (1955); 200,000 (1987 UBS) | Borno State, Askira–Uba and Damboa LGAs; Adamawa State, Madagali, Mubi and Michika LGAs | |||||
Nggwahyi | Bura | Ngwaxi, Ngwohi | One village | Borno State, Askira–Uba LGA | ||||||||
Putai | Bura | Margi West | Margi Putai = ‘West Margi’, Margi of Minthla | Language dying out, but ethnic population large | Borno State, Damboa LGA | |||||||
Margi South | Bura | Wamdiu, Hildi | Margi ti ntәm | For Margi, Margi South and Putai: 135,000 (1955) | Borno State, Askira–Uba LGA; Adamawa State, Mubi and Michika LGAs | Hoffmann (1963) relates the language of Margi South to Huba rather than to Margi. | ||||||
Bura–Pabir | Bura | Bura Pela (Hill Bura), Bura Hyil Hawul (Plains Bura) | Bourrah, Burra, Babir, Babur | Mya Bura | Two peoples with one language: the Bura and the Pabir | Kwojeffa, Huve, Huviya | 72,200 (1952 W&B), 250,000 (1987 UBS) | Borno State, Biu and Askira–Uba LGAs | ||||
Cibak | Bura | Chibak, Chibuk, Chibbuk, Chibbak, Kyibaku, Kibaku | Cíbɔ̀k, Kikuk | 20,000 (1973 SIL) | Borno State, Damboa LGA, south of Damboa town | |||||||
Kamwe | Higi | Nkafa, Dakwa (Bazza), Sәna, Wula, Futu, Tili Pte, Kapsiki (Ptsәkɛ) in Cameroon | Vәcәmwe | Higi, Hiji, Kapsiki | 64,000 (1952); 180,000 (1973 SIL) est. 23,000 in Cameroon | Adamawa State, Michika LGA and into Cameroon | ||||||
Mukta | Higi | Kamwe | Mukta | Mukta village | Adamawa State | |||||||
Kirya-Konzәl cluster | Higi | Kirya-Konzәl | Fali | Adamawa State, Michika LGA. | ||||||||
Kirya | Higi | Kirya-Konzәl | myá Kákíryà | ndá Kákìryà pl. Kákìryà | Fali of Kiriya | 7,000 est. 2007. Kirya: 13 villages | ||||||
Konzәl | Higi | Kirya-Konzәl | myá Kónzә̀l | ndá Kónzә̀l pl. Kónzә̀l | Fali of Mijilu | 9000 est. 2007. Konzәl: 15 villages | ||||||
Cinene | Mandara | Cinene | Cinene | 3200 (Kim 2001) | Borno State, Gwoza LGA, east of Gwoza town in the mountains. 5 villages. | |||||||
Dghweɗe | Mandara | Dghwede, Hude, Johode, Dehoxde, Tghuade, Toghwede, Traude | Dghwéɗè | Azaghvana, Wa’a, Zaghvana | 19,000 (1963), 7,900 (TR 1970), 30,000 (1980 UBS) | Borno State, Gwoza LGA | ||||||
Guduf–Cikide cluster | Mandara | Guduf–Cikide | Afkabiye (Lamang) | 21,300 (1963) | Borno State, Gwoza LGA, east of Gwoza town in the mountains. Six main villages. | |||||||
Guduf | Mandara | Guduf–Cikide | Guduf, Cikide (Chikide) | Kәdupaxa | Ɓuxe, Gbuwhe, Latәghwa (Lamang), Lipedeke (Lamang). Also applied to Dghwede. | |||||||
Gava | Mandara | Guduf–Cikide | Gawa | Kәdupaxa | Linggava, Ney Laxaya, Yaghwatadaxa, Yawotataxa, Yawotatacha, Yaxmare, Wakura | |||||||
Cikide | Mandara | Guduf–Cikide | Cikide | Cikide | ||||||||
Gvoko | Mandara | Gәvoko | Ngoshe Ndaghang, Ngweshe Ndhang, Nggweshe | Ngoshe Sama | 2,500 (1963); 4,300 (1973 SIL); estimated more than 20,000 (1990) | Borno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State, Michika LGA | ||||||
Lamang cluster | Mandara | Lamang | Laamang | Waha | 15,000 (TR 1970), 40,000 (1963) | |||||||
Zaladva | Mandara | Lamang | Zaladeva (Alataghwa), Dzuuɓa (Dzuuba), Lәghva (Lughva), Gwózà Wakane (Gwozo) | Zәlәdvә | Lamang North | Borno State, Gwoza LGA | ||||||
Ghumbagha | Mandara | Lamang | Hә̀ɗkàlà (Xәdkala, Hidkala, Hitkala), Waga (Wagga, Woga, Waha) | Lamang Central | Borno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State, Michika LGA; | |||||||
Ghudavan | Mandara | Lamang | Ghudeven, Ghudәvәn | Lamang South | Borno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State, Michika LGA; and in Cameroon | |||||||
Glavda | Mandara | Ngoshe (Ngweshe) | Galavda, Glanda, Gelebda, Gәlәvdә | Wakura | 20,000 (1963); 2,800 in Cameroon (1982 SIL) | Borno State, Gwoza LGA; also in Cameroon | ||||||
Hdi | Mandara | Hidé, Hide, Xide, Xedi | Xәdi | Gra, Tur, Turu, Tourou, Ftour | Borno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State, Michika LGA; and in Cameroon | |||||||
Vemgo–Mabas cluster | Mandara | Vemgo–Mabas | ||||||||||
Vemgo | Mandara | Vemgo–Mabas | Borno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State, Michika LGA; and in Cameroon | |||||||||
Mabas | Mandara | Vemgo–Mabas | A single village on the Nigeria/Cameroon frontier | Adamawa State, Michika LGA. 10 km. S.E. of Madagali | ||||||||
Wandala cluster | Mandara | Wandala | Mandara, Ndara | 19,300 in Nigeria (1970); 23,500 in Cameroon (1982 SIL) | Borno State. Bama, Gwoza LGAs. | |||||||
Wandala | Mandara | Wandala | Wandala | Mandara | Used as a vehicular language in this locality of Nigeria and Cameroon | |||||||
Mura | Mandara | Wandala | Mura | Mora, Kirdi Mora | An archaic form of Wandala spoken by non–Islamized populations | Uncertain if Mura is spoken in Nigeria | ||||||
Malgwa | Mandara | Wandala | Gwanje | Mәlgwa | Malgo, Gamargu, Gamergu | 10,000 (TR 1970) | Borno State, Damboa, Gwoza and Konduga LGAs | |||||
Afaɗә | Mandage | Afade, Affade, Afadee | Afaɗә | Kotoko, Mogari | Twelve villages in Nigeria, estimate Fewer than 20,000 (1990) | Borno State, Ngala LGA; and in Cameroon | ||||||
Jilbe | Mandage | Jilbe | ? 100 speakers (Tourneux p.c. 1999) | Borno State, a single village on the Nigeria Cameroon border, south of Dikwa | ||||||||
Yedina | Yedina | Yedina, Kuri (not in Nigeria) | Yídә́nà | Buduma | 20,000 in Chad; 25,000 total (1987 SIL) | Borno State, islands of Lake Chad and mostly in Chad |
Lambobi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kwatanta lambobi a cikin kowane yare:
Classification | Language | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A, A.1, Eastern | Boga (Boka) | ɨrtà | cə̀p | məkkən | fwəɗà | ɗurmən | tyɛ̀xxɛɬ | mwut | fwotfwə̀ɗà (2 x 4) | hàhìrta (10 – 1) | kum |
A, A.1, Eastern | Ga'anda | ar̃ta (r̃ is a trill) | sur̃r̃i | mahkə̀n | fwəɗà | ɗɨrmən | mɪca | mwùt(n) | fwətfwəɗà (2 x 4) | wə̀nhəhəʔar̃tà (10 – 1) ? | kum |
A, A.1, Eastern | Hwana (Hwona) | tìtal | suɣurì | maxə̀n | faɗà | tuf(ù) | mɪ̀ki | mɨɗ(u) | (w)ùvwəɗà (2 x 4) | wùtàrè (10 – 1) ? | ɡumdìɗi / kum |
A, A.1, Western | Tera (1) | dà / da | rāp / rap | kúnúŋ / kununɡ | vàt / vat | qúrmún / qurmun | ⁿjòŋ / njoŋ | mút / mut | mʲāsī / myaasi | mɨ̄ɮām / mu̠dlam | ɡʷàŋ / ɡwanɡ |
A, A.1, Western | Tera (2) | da | rab | kunuk | fad | ɠurmun | njoŋ | mut | miyasi | milam | ɡwan |
A, A.2 | Nggwahyi (Ngwaxi) | tə̀ŋ | sɪɗà | makùr̃ | fwə̀r̃ | tufù | nkwɔ̀ | mur̃fà | ncis | mɪða | kuma |
A, A.2, 1 | Bura (Bura-Pabir) (1) | ntànɡ | sùɗà | màkə̀r | fwàr | ntìfù | nkwà | mùrfà | cìsù | ùmðlà | kùmà |
A, A.2, 1 | Bura (Bura-Pabir) (2) | ntaŋ | suɗà | makùr̃ | fwar̃ | ntufù | ŋ̀kwà | murfà | ncɨsù | ḿðà | kuma |
A, A.2, 1 | Cibak (Bura-Pabir) | tə̀ŋ / patù / dukù | sudæ̀ | makùr̃ | fwòɗu | tufù | ŋ̀kwà | murɨfwæ̀ | ntsisù | mɨðæ | kuma |
A, A.2, 1 | Putai (West Margi) | duku / təŋ / duɡu | suɗà / fɨɗɛ̀ | makùr | fɔɗu / fwoɗu | tufù | kwa / kwɔ̀ | muɗufā / muɗɨfɛ̀ | cisù / ncɪsù | ḿðà / mðɛ̀ | kuma / kumɛ |
A, A.2, 2 | Huba (Kilba) | dzàŋ | mətlù | màkə̀r / màkərù | fòɗù | tùfù | kwà | məɗəfà | cìsù | dlà | kùmà / kùm |
A, A.2, 2 | Central Marghi | taŋ / paɬu / tɪtɨkù | mɨɬù / sɪɗàŋ | makùr̃ | fwoɗù | ntɪfù | ŋ̀kwà | mɪɗɪfù | ntsisù | ḿðù | kumu |
A, A.3 | Bana (1) | tánə̀ | bákə̀ | máhə̀kánə̀ | fáɗə̀ | cífə̀ | kwáŋ | bə̀rfàŋ | də̀ɣə̀sə̀ | mə̀ɬísɗə̀ | mə̀ŋ |
A, A.3 | Bana (2) | kwətiŋ | bakə | mahkan | faɗə | cifə | kwaŋ | mbərfəŋ | dəghəs | məsliɗ | məŋ |
A, A.3 | Hya (Higi Ghye) | paðɛ / tanɛ | ɓaɡɛ | màŋkɛ | fwaɗɛ | wcivi | kwaŋəy | mbùr̃ùfəŋəy | tùɡùzi | wɨɬti | mùŋəy |
A, A.3 | Kafa (1) | ʔìkkòó | ɡùttòó | kèèmó | áwùddò | ʔùùttʃòó | ʃírìttòó | ʃábààttòó | ʃímìttòó | jììtʼijòó | ààʃìròó |
A, A.3 | Kafa (2) | ʔikko | ɡutto | keemo | ʔauddo | ʔuutʃtʃo | ʃiritto | ʃabaatto | ʃimitto | jiitʼijo | ʔaaʃiro |
A, A.3 | Kafa (3) | ʔikko | ɡutto | keemo | auddo | uuččo | širitto | šabaatto | šimitto | yiitʼtʼio | aaširo |
A, A.3 | Kwame (Fali of Kiria) | ɡutàn / tanəy | ɓwukuʔ | màkun(u) | fwaɗùʔ | (w)cɪfuʔ | ŋkwaŋ | mbùrùfūŋ | tùɣùsùʔ | ǹwɬti(ʔyì) | ɡwùm(ù) |
A, A.3 | Psikye (Kapsiki) | kwetɛŋe | bake | mahekene | wəfaɗe | mcɛfe | ŋkwaŋe | mberefaŋe | deɡhese | mesli | meŋe |
A, A.4, Lamang | Hadi (Hdi) | tèkw | hìs | hə̀kə̀n | fwáɗ | hùtáf | mə̀kúʔ | ndə̀fáŋ | tə̀ɣás | tə̀mbáy / timbe | ɣwàŋ |
A, A.4, Lamang | Lamang | tíuwá / tálá | χésá | χ̀kə́ná | ùfáɗá | χẁtáfá | m̀kwá / m̀kuwá | ə̀lfáŋá | tə̀ɣásá | tə̀mbáyá | ɣwáŋá |
A, A.4, Lamang | Vemgo-Mabas | pál / tékw | hés | xə̀kə̀n | úfáɗ | xútáf | ŋ́ku | lə̀fàŋ | tə̀ɣàs | tə̀mbàj | ɣə̀wàŋ |
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda | Cinene | pàlà | bùʷà | xə̀kə̀rɗà | ùfàɗà | ɮɨ̀ɓà | ŋkʷàxà | ùɗifà | tə̀ɣsà | vaslambàɗà | klawà |
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda | Dghwede | tɨtɨkwì, tekwè | micè | xəkùrè | fiɗì | ðiɓi | ŋ́kwe | wuɗìfi | təɣə̀še / təxəse | təmbə̀ | ɣwàŋɡa |
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda | Glavda | páll | bwa | xkərɗ | ufáɗ | ɮəɓ | ŋkwax | uɗif | tə́xs | vaslambaɗ | klàáwá |
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda | Guduf-Gava | tekʷè / kitakʷè | mitsè | xəkərɗè | ùfəɗè | ɮɨ̀ɓè | ŋkʷaxè | ùɗifè | tə̀ɣəsè | vaslambàɗè | kuləkè |
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda | Gvoko | palò / tekò | xecò | xəkʷarò | fwaɗò | ɮaʔò | ŋkoyò | ntfaŋɡò | tə̀ɣasò | tɨ̀mbayò | ɣʷaŋɡò |
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Mandara | Wandala (Malgwa) | pálle | búwa | kəɠyé | ufáɗe | iiɮəbé | unkwé | vúye | tiise | másə́lmane | kəláwa |
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Podoko | Podoko | kutəra | səra | makəra | ufaɗa | zlama | məkuwa | maɗəfa | za | metɨrəce | jɨma |
A, A.5 | Cuvok (Tchouvok) (1) | ámə̀tà | át͡ʃèw | máákàr | fáɗ | ɮám | máákwà | tásə̀là | t͡ʃáákàr | t͡ʃʉ́ɗ | kùràw |
A, A.5 | Cuvok (Tchouvok) (2) | amta, mta | ɛt͡ʃəw | maakar | faɗ | ɮam | makwa | tasəla | tsaakar | t͡ʃyɗ | kuraw |
A, A.5 | Dugwor | bek | səla | makar | məfaɗ | zlam | mukwa | tsela | tsaamakar | tseuɗ | kurow |
A, A.5 | Zulgo-Gemzek | ilík | súla | màkər | əfáɗ | ə̀zləm | ndílík | təsəlá | tsàmàkə̀r | tswíɗ | kúrwá |
A, A.5 | North Giziga | ɓlà | cêw | màːkàr | m̀fàɗ | ɮòm | mérkêɗ | tàːrnà | dàːɡàfàɗ | nɡòltêr | krô |
A, A.5 | South Giziga | plá | cúw | máakə̀r | mə̀fáɗ | ɮúm | mérkéɗ | tàrnà | dàaŋɡàfáɗ (2 x 4) ? | nɡòltír | kúrú |
A, A.5 | Mada | ftek | séla | mahkaɾ | wfaàë | zzlaèm | mokkoà | slaasélaà | slalahkaàr | oàboèlmboè | dzmoèkw |
A, A.5 | Mafa | sə́táɗ | cew / cecew | makár | fáɗ | zlám | mokwa | tsáraɗ | tsamakaɗ | cœ́ɗ | kula |
A, A.5 | Matal (1) | dì / tēkùlā | sɨ̄là | màkɨ̀r | ùfàɗ | ɨ̀ɮù | mùkʷā | mɨ̀ɗɨf | m̀tìɡìʃ | làdɨ̀ɡà | kùlù |
A, A.5 | Matal (2) | dìì / tékùlá | sə̀là | mákə̀r | úfàɗ | ə́ɮùw | mə̀kwá | mə̀də̀f | mə̀tə̀ɡìʃ | ládə̀ɡá | kùlù |
A, A.5 | Mbuko | kərtek | tsew | maakaŋ | fuɗo | ɗara | mbərka | tsuwɓe | dzəmaakaŋ | dəsuɗo | kuro |
A, A.5 | Mefele | mə̀tá | cécèw | màhkár | fwàɗ | ɮàm | mòkwá | tsə̀làɗ | t͡ʃáhkàr | t͡ʃʉ́ɗ | dùmbók |
A, A.5 | Merey | nə̀tê | súlò | màkàr | fàɗ | ɮàm | m̀kô | tàsə́là | tsàːmàːkàr | cö̂ɗ | krôw |
A, A.5 | Mofu-Gudur | teɗ / ték (counting), pál (enumation) | t͡sew | máakar | məfaɗ | ɮam | maakwáw | maasála | daaŋɡafaɗ | ɮam-leték / ɮam-leteɗ | kúráw |
A, A.5 | North Mofu | nettey | suho | makar | fáɗ | ɮàm | mukó | taasə́lá | tsamakàŋ | tsəɗ | kuro |
A, A.5 | Moloko | bɪ̀lɛ́ŋ | tʃɛ́w | màkáɾ | ùfáɗ / mɔ̀fáɗ | ɮɔ̀m | mʊ̀kʷɔ̀ | ʃɪ̀sɛ́ɾɛ́ | ɬálákáɾ | hɔ́lɔ́mbɔ́ | kʷʊ̀ɾɔ́ |
A, A.5 | Muyang | bílìŋ | tʃỳ | màhkə̄r | fāɗ | ɮàm | mʊ̀kʷū | ādə́skə̄lā | āɮáláxkə̄r | āmbʊ́lmbō | krū |
A, A.5 | Ouldeme (Wuzlam) | ʃɛ̄lɛ́ŋ | brɛ̄tʃâw / tʃâw | mākár | mə̄fáɗ | ɮàm | mōkō | sə̄sə̄lā | fə̄rfáɗ | álɓìt | kōlō |
A, A.5 | Vame (Pelasla) | ɓìlɛ́ | tʃâw | máŋɡàn | fúːɗàw | ɗáːrà | márkà | tʃíɓà | ʒíːrɛ̀ | táhkɛ̀ | dʒɛm |
A, A.6 | Sukur (1) | kə̀lí | bák | ma̋ken | fwáɗ | ɮám | mʊ́kwà | máɗáf | tə̀kə̀z | míçí / míɬí | ʔwàn |
A, A.6 | Sukur (2) | tá.í | bákʼ | máːkə̀n | fwáɗ | ɮám | mə́kkwà | máɗaf | tə́kkəz | məɬi | wàŋ |
A, A.7 | Buwal | tɛ́ŋɡʷʊ̄lɛ̀ŋ | ɡ͡bɑ́k | mɑ̄xkɑ́t̚ | ŋ̀fɑ́t̚ | dzɑ̄ɓɑ́n | ŋ̀ʷkʷɑ́x | ŋ̀ʃɪ́lɛ́t̚ | dzɑ̄mɑ̄xkɑ̄t̚ (5 + 3) | dzɑ́fɑ́t̚ (5 + 4) | wɑ́m |
A, A.7 | Daba | takan | səray | makaɗ | faɗ | jeɓin | koh | cesireɗ | cəfaɗcəfaɗ (4 + 4) | dərfatakan (10 - 1) | ɡuɓ təɓa təɓa |
A, A.7 | Gavar | ŋ̀tɑ́t̚ | ɡ͡bɑ̀k | mɑ̄xkɑ̀t̚ | ŋ̀fɑ̄t̚ | dzɑ̄ɓə̄n | ŋ̀kʷɑ́x | ŋ̀ʃɪ́lít̚ | dzɑ̄mɑ̄xkɑ̄t̚ (5 + 3) | dzɑ́ŋfɑ́t̚ (5 + 4) | wɑ̄m |
A, A.7 | Mbedam | ntɑɗ | bɑk | mɑxkɑɗ | mfɑɗ | dʒəɓɑn | ŋkwɑx | diʃliɗ | dʒɑmɑxkɑɗ (5 + 3) | tsɑfɑɗ (5 + 4) | wɑm |
A, A.7 | Mina (Hina) | ǹtá | suloɗ | mahkaɗ | mfáɗ | dzəbuŋ | ǹkú | dìsùlùɗ | fáɗfáɗ (2 x 4) | varkanta | ɡə̀ɓ |
A, A.8 | Bacama (Bachama) | hiɗò | k͡pe | ḿwɔ̀kun | fwət | tuf | tukwə̀ltaka (5 + 1) | tukòluk͡pe (5 + 2) | fwɔ̂fwət (2 x 4) | ɗɔ̀mbiɗò (10 - 1) | bə̌w |
A, A.8 | Fali (Fali of Mucella) | tɛ̀n / ʔar̃mə | bek / buk | màxk(u) | fwəɗ | tuf | yiɗə̀w | mbùr̃fuŋ | tùɣus | mɪ̀ðɪŋ | ɡùm |
A, A.8 | Gude | tèen / rûŋ | bə̀ráʔy | màkk | ǹfwáɗ | tə́f | kùwà | mə̀ɗə̀f | tə̀ɣə́s | ìllíŋ | puʔ |
A, A.8 | Gudu (Gudo) | ǰə́ŋ | bœ̀k | māːkə́n | fwád | tùf | kwǎ | mīskàtā | fɔ̄rfwād (2 x 4) | žīɛ́tə́pə̀n | pú |
A, A.8 | Jimi (Mwulyen) | híɗò / tɛ̂n | búk / bíkə̌ | mwàkɨ́n / maxkə́n | fwad / fwátʼ | túhf / tɯ́f | túkwàldèáká / bə̌rfǐŋ | túkwàlóʔpé / tɯ̀ʁɯ́s | fwáfwàɗ (2 x 4) / mìɮíɲ | táàmbíɗò / pó? | bù |
A, A.8 | Nzanyi | hɪɗè | buk | mɨ̀dɨfəl | fwət | tuf | kwɔx | mɨ̀skatə̀ | fwəfwaɗè (2 x 4) | təmɓeɗè | pu |
A, A.8 | Zizilivakan | lɪm | sul | màxku | fwəy | mùxtyup | ŋ̀kwaʔ | mbùrfìŋ | tə̀ɣìs | mɨ̀ðì | ɡumù |
B, B.1, Buduma | Buduma (Yedina) | ɡə̀tté | kí | ɡàkə́nnə́ | híɡáy | híŋɟì | hə̀ràkkə́ | tùlwár | wósə́kə́ | hílíɡár | hákkán |
B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North | Afade | sə́rə̀jā | sɗā | ɡàrkə̀ | ɡàɗē | ʃìʃí | və̀nārkə̄ (2 x 3) | kàtùl | vìyāɗē (2 x 4) | dìʃẽ̄ | χkàn |
B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North | Mpade | pál | ɡāsì | ɡòkúrò | ɡāɗè | ʃénsī | ʃéskótē | túlùr < Kanuri | jìlìɡàɗè (2 x 4) | jìàtálà | kán |
B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, South | Lagwan | sə́ɣdia, tkú | χsɗá | ɡǎχkər | ɡǎɗe | ʃēʃí | vɛnǎχkər / vɛnǎχəkər (2 x 3) | kátul | vɛɲáɗe (2 x 4) | diʔiʃén | χkan |
B, B.2 | Mbara | kítáy, ɗów | mòk | ùhú | púɗú | íɬím | ɬírá | mìɡzàk / mùɡizàk | mìsílày / mùsílày | wáːŋá | dòːɡò / dòk |
B, B.2 | Musgu | kítáy, ɗáw | súlú | hú | púɗú | ɬím | ɬàːrà | mìɡzàk / mùɡzàk | mìtwìs / mìtìs | tíklá | dòːɡò |
C | Gidar | tákà | súlà | hókù | póɗò | ɬé | ɬré | bùhúl | dòdòpórò (2 x 4) ? | váyták (10 - 1) ? | kláù |
Kalmomin Proto-Central Chadic[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalmomin Proto-Central Chadic (Proto-Biu-Mandara)[6] da Hausa[7] da Turanci:
Turanci | Proto-Central Chadic | Hausa | Hausa (furucci) |
---|---|---|---|
water | *ɗɨjɨm | ruwa | rúwáa |
sun | *pitsɨ | rana | ráanáa |
moon | *kɨja; *tira | wata | wátàa |
rainbow | *kʷaraj | bakan gizo | bàkán gízòo |
wind | *hɨmɨɗʸ | iska | ískàa |
rain | *vɨn | ruwan sama | rúwán sámàa |
fire | *hakʷ | wuta | wútáa |
ash | *pɨtsiɗ | toka | tòokáa |
extinguish | *mits | kashe | káshèe |
charcoal | *ɣʷɨvɨnʸ | gawayi | gáwàyíi |
man | *zɨɗɨr | namiji | námíjì |
woman | *ᵑgʷɨs | mace | màcè |
girl | *dɨmʸ | yarinya | yáarínyàa |
husband | *zɨɗɨr | miji | míjìi |
mother | *ja; *mama | uwa | úwáa |
grandfather | *dzɨdzɨʸ | kaka | kàakáa |
cow | *ɬa | saniya | sáanìyáa |
sheep | *tɨma | tunkiya | túnkìyáa |
ram | *wɨzim | rago | ràagóo |
goat | *ɗawɨk | akwiya | àkwíyàa |
horse | *pɨrɨsʸ; *takʷ | doki | dóokìi |
donkey | *koro; *ᵐburi; *ziᵑgʷa | jaki | jàakíi |
chicken | *tsɨkʷɨr | kaza; sagara | kàazáa; sàagáráa |
bird | *ɗɨjɨkʷ | tsuntsu | tsúntsúu |
crow | *ᵑgʷɨrhak | hankaka | hànkáakàa |
dog | *kɨri | kare | kàrée |
fish | *kɨrɨpʸ | kifi | kíifíi |
lion | *lɨvari; *mabor; *zɨjɨl | zaki | záakìi |
monkey | *vɨdɨj | biri | bírìi |
elephant | *dzɨwɨnʸ; *gɨwɨn; *ᵐbɨlalaʸ; *nɨvi | giwa | gíiwáa |
camel | *kaligimo; *ɮɨgʷamɨʸ; *ᵑgʲaluba | raƙumi | ràaƙúmíi |
scorpion | *hɨrɨdzʸ | kunama | kùnáamàa |
bee | *ɗawɨm | zuma | zúmàa |
fly (v.) | *vɨr | tashi | ƙúdáa; táashì |
hare | *hʷaⁿdav; *vida | zomo | zóomóo |
butterfly | *pɨri | malam buɗe littafi | máalàm bùuɗè líttáafíi |
grasshopper | *haɗikʷ | fara | fàaráa |
body | *ɣʷɨva | jiki | jìkíi |
hair | *ᵑgʷɨtsʸ; *sɨɓʷɨtiʸ | gashi | gáashìi |
beard | *ɣʷɨmɨɗʸ | gemu | géemùu |
blood | *hambɨzʸ | jini | jíníi |
bone | *ɗiɬ; *kɨrakaɬʸ | ƙashi | ƙàshíi |
horn | *lagan; *mahʷa; *ᵐbɨkʷɨm | ƙaho | ƙàhóo |
tail | *kʷɨtɨrʸ | wutsiya | wútsíyàa |
head | *ɣɨn; *ɣʷɨ | kai | kâi |
brain | *raᵑgaɬʸ | ƙwalƙwalwa | ƙwálƙwálwáa |
face | *kʷɨma | fuska | fúskàa |
cheek | *ɣʷɨlɨm | kunci; kumatu | kúncìi; kúmàatúu |
eye | *hadaj; *tsɨʸ | ido | ídòo |
ear | *ɬɨmɨɗʸ | kunne | kûnnée |
nose | *hʷɨtsɨnʸ | hanci | háncìi |
mouth | *maj | baki | bàakíi |
tongue | *ɗɨrɨnɨhʸ; *ɣanaɗʸ; *naɬɨj | harshe | hárshèe |
tooth | *ɬɨɗɨnʸ | hakori | hákóoríi |
neck | *ɣɨwaj; *wɨraj | wuya | wúyàa |
shoulder | *hɨpaɬʸ | kafaɗa | kàafáaɗàa |
arm | *dzɨvɨʸ; *hɨra | hannu | hánnúu |
armpit | *hɨᵐbɨw | hammata | hámmàtáa |
hand | *hɨra | hannu | hánnúu |
fingernail | *ɗɨkɨnʸ | farce | fárcèe |
claw | *ɗɨkɨnʸ | akaifa | ákàifáa |
leg | *sɨkʸ; *sɨraj | ƙafa | ƙáfàa |
foot | *ʃi | ƙafa | ƙáfàa |
breast | *ɗɨwah | nono | nóonòo |
navel | *zɨᵐbʷiɗ | cibiya | cíibíyàa |
lung | *pakʷaɗɨp | huhu | hùuhúu |
kidney | *ɣʷɨlɨsʸ | ƙoda | ƙóodàa |
stomach | *hʷiɗ | tumbi | tùmbíi |
cough | *hʷɨɗɨɬʸ | yi tari | yí tàaríi |
spit | *tip | tofa | tóofàa |
vomit | *vɨnah | yi amai | yí ámái |
bite | *dzaj; *hʷɨpɨɗ | ciza | cìizáa |
dream | *sɨhʷaniʸ | yi mafarki | yí máfár̃kíi |
die | *mɨts | mutu | mútù |
itch | *pɨn | ƙaiƙayi | ƙàiƙàyíi |
boil | *kʷaɗah | tafasa | màarúurùu; tàfásà |
pus | *wɨrɨɗʸ | mugunya | múgúnyàa |
deaf | *dɨgɨɮam | bebe; kurma | béebée; kúrmáa |
blind | *be; *ɣʷɨrɨp | makafo | màkáafòo |
eat | *zɨm | ci | cí |
drink | *s | sha | sháa; àbín shâa |
suck | *sɨwiɓʸ | lasa; tsotsa | láasàa; tsóotsàa |
swallow | *ⁿda; *sɨɗɨk | haɗe | háɗèe |
cook | *d | dafa | dáfàa |
flour | *ɣʷɨpa | gari | gàaríi |
meat | *ɬɨwɨɗʸ | nama | náamàa |
oil | *mar | mai | mâi |
honey | *ɗawɨm | zuma | zúmàa |
beer | *ɣʷɨzɨm; *ᵐbaɮa; *vɨhʷ | giya; burkutu | gíyàa; bùr̃kùtù |
egg | *ɗɨɬɨj | ƙwai | ƙwái |
razor | *beli; *pɨɗakʷʸ | aska; reza | áskáa; r̃éezàa |
hut | *vɨnʸ | ɗaki | ɗáakìi |
field | *gʷɨvɨh; *ɣʷɨr; *raj; *sɨka | gona | góonáa |
dig | *ra | haƙa; tona | háƙàa; tóonàa |
grain | *hʷɨrɨp | ƙwaya | ƙwàyáa |
grass | *kʷɨsap; *kʷɨzɨnʸ | ciyawa | cìyáawàa |
root | *ɬɨrɨgi | jijiya; saiwa | jíijíyàa; sâiwáa |
leaf | *ɬaᵐbah | ganye | gányée |
tree | *hʷɨp | itace | ítàacée |
work | *ɬinɨ | aiki | áikìi |
untie | *pɨra | kwance | kwáncèe |
cut | *ɬ | yanke | yánkèe |
skin | *haᵐbɨr; *hʷɨtaɗʸ | feɗe | féeɗèe |
wash | *bana | wanke | wánkèe |
broom | *kɨɬɨɗ; *sɨmɨtʸ; *sɨrɨkʷ | mashari | másháaríi |
blow | *v; *vats; *viɮ | busa; hura | búusàa; húuràa |
dance | *ɣʷɨts | yi rawa | yí ráawáa |
run | *hɨwɨj | gudu | gúdù |
send | *ɬɨn | aika | àikáa |
path | *tsɨvɨɗʸ | turba; hanya | túrbàa; hányàa |
give | *v1; *vɨr1 | ba | báa |
market | *kʷasɨkʷa | kasuwa | kàasúwáa |
sit | *ⁿdzah | zauna | záunàa |
hide | *ɓaɣʷ | ɓoye | ɓóoyèe |
left | *gʷɨla; *ɮaɓaj | hagu | hágú |
grow | *gɨr | girma | gírmá |
hole | *gɨʔʷ; *vɨgɨɗʸ | rami | ráamìi |
change | *ᵐbɨɗa | sake; canja | sáakèe; cánjàa |
two | *ɓɨwak; *kasi; *sɨwra1; *tsɨjɨw | biyu | bíyú |
three | *hɨkin | uku | úkù |
four | *wɨpaɗ | huɗu | húɗú |
five | *hʷɨtif; *ɬensi; *ɮɨɗɨm | biyar | bìyár̃ |
six | *kɨwah; *ɬira; *markɨɗʸ | shida | shídà |
seven | *mɨɗɨp; *tasɨraɗ | bakwai | bákwài |
eight | *tɨɣis | takwas | tákwàs |
ten | *hɨkan; *kɨrɨw; *kʷɨm | goma | góomà |
night | *viɗ | dare | dárée |
see | *nɨɣ | gani | gáníi |
white | *ɗakʷaʸ | fari | fáríi |
laugh | *ɣʷɨɓis | dariya | dàaríyáa |
cry | *tsɨwi | kuka | kúuká |
shame | *hʷaraj; *zɨrwaʸ | kunya | kúnyàa |
fear | *ɮɨwɨn | tsoro | tsòoróo |
know | *sɨn | sani | sánìi |
whistle | *pikʷ/*pɨkʷʸ | yi fito | yí fíitòo |
name | *ɬɨmɨɗʸ1 | suna | súunáa |
refuse | *kʷar | ƙi | ƙí |
drum | *daŋ | ganga | gàngáa |
bow | *rɨgɨɗʸ | baka | bàkáa |
steal | *kɨr | sata | sàatáa |
able | *be; *ᵐba | ||
arm, upper | *paɮa | ||
baboon | *hɨrɨgʷɨv | ||
baobab | *kʷɨkaɗ; *ᵐbatuɓ | ||
belch | *gʷɨɗɨɮ | ||
birth, to give | *ᵐbɨw; *wahaj | ||
burn | *dɨr | ||
child | *zɨgʷɨn | ||
cobra, spitting | *gʷavan | ||
cold, to be | *taɬ | ||
compound | *ɣaj | ||
crocodile | *kɨdɨm; *rigɨ | ||
down, to lie | *hɨna | ||
drought | *kʷaraj | ||
drum, small | *gaᵑga | ||
earth | *hʷaɗik | ƙasa | |
faeces | *ɣʷɨvi; *ᵑgʷɨ; *zaj | ||
fly (n.) | *dzɨwɨɗʸ | ƙuda | |
fry | *sɨwra | ||
grinding stone | *wɨvɨn | ||
guinea fowl | *dzavɨn | ||
hair, grey | *ɗakʷɨr | ||
hat | *dzagʷa | ||
hatch | *ɗɨɬʸ; *tsaɬʸ | ||
hearth | *rɨwɨtsʸ | ||
hedgehog | *hʷisɨs | ||
horn, animal | *dɨrɨm | ƙaho | |
human | *ⁿdɨw | mutum | |
hump | *dzɨgʷɨr | ||
hunger | *maj1 | ||
jealousy | *sɨrɨkʸ | ||
leopard | *dɨɣʷɨvan | ||
locust | *dzaraj | ||
millet | *daw; *hɨjɨ; *vɨjaw | ||
millet ball | *ɗap | ||
mortar | *hɨdzɨnʸ | ||
mouse | *katakam; *kʷɨhɨm; *kʷɨsɨm | ||
porcupine | *dzɨmɨkʷʸ; *tsɨhʷɨɗʸ | ||
quiver | *ɣʷadzi | ||
rainy season | *vɨja | ||
rat | *madɨwan | ɓera | |
ripen | *nɨh | ||
roast | *tɨsaw | ||
smell bad | *z | ||
squirrel, ground | *hajaɣ | ||
stay | *ⁿdzah | ||
string | *zɨwɨɗʸ | ||
tamarind tree | *ᵐbɨwran | ||
thorn | *hadik | ||
tomb | *dzɨvaj | ||
urine | *kʷɨnɨj | ||
well | *get ᵐbɨr | ||
woman, young | *daɣɨlɨj |
Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bayanan kula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Albarkatun kasar Chadi ta tsakiya a africanlanguages.org
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bium1280
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missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Cite error: Invalid<ref>
tag; name "Glottolog" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Gravina, Richard. 2014. Proto-Central Chadic Lexicon Archived 2021-01-20 at the Wayback Machine. Webonary.
- ↑ Gravina, R. (2014). The phonology of Proto-Central Chadic: the reconstruction of the phonology and lexicon of Proto-Central Chadic, and the linguistic history of the Central Chadic languages (Doctoral dissertation, LOT: Utrecht).
- ↑ Languages are closer to each other than are those of the northern branch
- ↑ Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms)
- ↑ Gravina, Richard. 2014. Proto-Central Chadic Lexicon Archived 2021-01-20 at the Wayback Machine. Webonary.
- ↑ Ari Awagana, H. Ekkehard Wolff (with Doris Löhr). 2009. Hausa vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 1668 entries.